杨属五大派树种苗期形态与生理性状的遗传变异
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摘要
杨树生长快、产量高,是世界上重要的工业用材树种之一。杨树分布范围广,基因资源极其丰富,对杨树基因资源的评价研究具有重要意义。本文首次对杨属五大派18个树种1年生苗木在同一环境条件下的生长性状及生理性状等进行了评价,揭示了杨属树种在生长、光合生理、水分和养分利用等方面的遗传差异。为充分了解杨树的基因资源特性,挖掘、创制和利用特异种质资源奠定了基础。主要研究结论如下:
1、叶片性状及生长性状的遗传变异。18个树种功能叶大小、株高、地径和生物量差异极显著(p<0.01),生长指标综合评价排在前5位的树种为银白杨、美洲黑杨(P12)、欧洲黑杨(P11)和美洲黑杨(P10)、青杨。
2、光合生理性状的遗传变异。18个树种叶绿素总含量、叶片气孔频度、瞬时光合参数(Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、WUEi)、叶绿素荧光参数(Fo、Fm、Fv/Fo)种间差异极显著。各树种的光合潜力也有很大差异,欧洲黑杨(P11)、美洲黑杨(P14)、欧洲黑杨(16)、欧洲黑杨(15)、美洲黑杨(P12)具有较高的光饱和点、较低的CO_2饱和点,是具有较高的光能生产潜力的树种,可为杨树高光效新品种的培育提供优良基因资源。
3、营养生理性状的遗传变异。18个树种生长旺盛期N、P、K含量差异极显著,养分含量叶片>根>茎,N含量>K含量>P含量。全株N、P、K贮量较低的树种为大叶杨、毛果杨、小叶杨、胡杨,较高的为中国山杨。落叶后不同树种营养元素转移率也存在较大差异,N转移率较高的为欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P16),P转移率较高的为大叶杨和毛果杨,K转移率较高的为欧洲黑杨(P15)和美洲黑杨(P12)。营养转移率综合评价值由高至低排在前5位的分别是美洲黑杨(P14)、欧洲黑杨(P15)、欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P16)、银白杨,从整体来看黑杨派的营养转移率较高。
4、水分利用效率的遗传变异。18个树种的δ(13)~C值种间差异极显著,δ(13)~C值的变化范围为-30.47‰～-33.78‰。其中δ(13)~C较高的树种有滇杨、大叶杨、大青杨、小叶杨、银白杨,较低的树种为欧洲黑杨(P15)、美洲黑杨(P10)、川杨、毛果杨、欧洲黑杨(P13)。
5、木材物理性状的遗传变异。杨树主要树种木材在基本密度、微纤丝角、纤维长、纤维宽及纤维长宽比上差异极显著。基本密度变化范围为0.34 g·cm~(-3)～0.48g·cm~(-3),密度较大的树种有马氏杨、滇杨、美洲黑杨(P10)、欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P16),微纤丝角的变化范围为18.90°～22.28°,微纤丝角较小的树种有欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P15)、青杨、中国山杨,纤维长的变化幅度为612.32～753.86μm,纤维较长的树种有银白杨、美洲黑杨(P10)、美洲黑杨(P14)、欧洲黑杨(P13)、欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P15)。
Poplars (Populus L.), are fast-growing and high-yielding tree species,very important to industrial plantations in the world. The natural genetic resources of poplars are quire rich and widely distributed. The evaluation of poplar genetic resources is very important. In this study, phenotypic variation of 18 species, belonging to five sections of poplar, was evaluated for the first time, to show their genetic differences in growth, photosynthesis, water and nutrient utilization etc. Results obtained laid a good foundation for understanding the characteristics of poplar genetic resources and provided useful imformation in mining, creating and utiliziing those special germplasms.
The main results are described as follows:
1、Genetic variations in foliage traits and plant growth. Leaf size, growth traits (height, DBH, biomass) of 18 poplar species were remarkbly different(p<0.01). The top 5 fast growth species were P. alba, P. deltoides M."P12, P. nigra L."P11, P. deltoides M."P10, P. cathayana by comprehensive evaluation based on growth traits.
2、Genetic variation in photosynthetic characteristics. Total chlorophyll content, stomatal frequency, gas exchange parameters (Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr, Pn/Ci) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters(Fo, Fm, Fv/Fo) were remarkbly different between species. Big difference was also found in the photosynthetic potential of those species. Species such as P. nigra L."P11, P. deltoides"P14, P. nigra L."P16, P. nigra L."P15, P. deltoides M."P12, had higher light saturation point and lower CO_2 saturation point, were potential high photosynthetic production species. Those species are good genetic resources for the production of high light effciency new varieties.
3、Genetic variation in nutrient accumulation and resorption. Main nutrients (N, P and K) concentration in 18 poplar species is remarkbly different. The nutrient concentration in leaves was higher than that of in roots and stems, and N concentration in popar organs was higher than K and P concentration. Species, such as P. lasiocarpa, P.trichocarpa, P. simonii and P. euphratica, were the low nutrient strorage tree species, while P. davidiana were high nutrient strorage species. After leaf shedding, transfer rates of N, P and K from the abscised leaves were also have remarkble difference in those poplar species. P. nigra L."P11 and P. nigra L."P15 had relatively higher N transfer rate, P. lasiocarpa. and P. trichocarpa had relatively higher P transfer rate and P. nigra L."P16 and P. deltoides M."P12 had higher K transfer rate. Comprehensive evaluation based on the transfer rate of N, P and K showed that P. deltoides M."P14, P. nigra L."P15, P. nigra L."P11, P. nigra L."P16, and P. alba were the high nutrient transfer efficiency species. In general, the nutrition transfer rate of species in Aigeiros is higher than others.
4、Genetic variation in water use efficiency(WUE). Remarkble difference was found in theδ(13)~C values of the 18 poplar species. The range of theδ(13)~C values varied from -30.47‰to -33.77‰. Species such as P. lasiocarpa and P. trichocarpa had higherδ(13)~C values, P. nigra L."P15, P. deltoides M."P10, P. szechwan, P. trichocarpa, P. nigra L."P13 had relatively lowerδ(13)~C values.
5、Genetic variation in wood physical properties. 18 poplar species had remarkble difference in basic density, fiber wire angle, fiber length, fiber width and fiber aspect ratio.Basic density varied from 0.34 g·cm~(-3) to 0.48 g·cm~(-3), and the density the P. maximowiczii, P. yvnnanensis, P. deltoides M."P10, P. nigra L."P11 and P. nigra L."P15, is higher than others. Fiber wire angle varied from 18.90°to 22.28°, fiber wire angle of P. nigra L."P11, P. nigra L."P15, P. cathayana and P. davidiana is smaller than others. The range of fiber length is 612.32μm to 753.86μm, P. alba, P. deltoides M."P10, P. deltoides M."P14, P. nigra L."P13, P. nigra L."P11 and P. nigra L."P15 had longer fiber than others.
1、叶片性状及生长性状的遗传变异。18个树种功能叶大小、株高、地径和生物量差异极显著(p<0.01),生长指标综合评价排在前5位的树种为银白杨、美洲黑杨(P12)、欧洲黑杨(P11)和美洲黑杨(P10)、青杨。
2、光合生理性状的遗传变异。18个树种叶绿素总含量、叶片气孔频度、瞬时光合参数(Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、WUEi)、叶绿素荧光参数(Fo、Fm、Fv/Fo)种间差异极显著。各树种的光合潜力也有很大差异,欧洲黑杨(P11)、美洲黑杨(P14)、欧洲黑杨(16)、欧洲黑杨(15)、美洲黑杨(P12)具有较高的光饱和点、较低的CO_2饱和点,是具有较高的光能生产潜力的树种,可为杨树高光效新品种的培育提供优良基因资源。
3、营养生理性状的遗传变异。18个树种生长旺盛期N、P、K含量差异极显著,养分含量叶片>根>茎,N含量>K含量>P含量。全株N、P、K贮量较低的树种为大叶杨、毛果杨、小叶杨、胡杨,较高的为中国山杨。落叶后不同树种营养元素转移率也存在较大差异,N转移率较高的为欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P16),P转移率较高的为大叶杨和毛果杨,K转移率较高的为欧洲黑杨(P15)和美洲黑杨(P12)。营养转移率综合评价值由高至低排在前5位的分别是美洲黑杨(P14)、欧洲黑杨(P15)、欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P16)、银白杨,从整体来看黑杨派的营养转移率较高。
4、水分利用效率的遗传变异。18个树种的δ(13)~C值种间差异极显著,δ(13)~C值的变化范围为-30.47‰～-33.78‰。其中δ(13)~C较高的树种有滇杨、大叶杨、大青杨、小叶杨、银白杨,较低的树种为欧洲黑杨(P15)、美洲黑杨(P10)、川杨、毛果杨、欧洲黑杨(P13)。
5、木材物理性状的遗传变异。杨树主要树种木材在基本密度、微纤丝角、纤维长、纤维宽及纤维长宽比上差异极显著。基本密度变化范围为0.34 g·cm~(-3)～0.48g·cm~(-3),密度较大的树种有马氏杨、滇杨、美洲黑杨(P10)、欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P16),微纤丝角的变化范围为18.90°～22.28°,微纤丝角较小的树种有欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P15)、青杨、中国山杨,纤维长的变化幅度为612.32～753.86μm,纤维较长的树种有银白杨、美洲黑杨(P10)、美洲黑杨(P14)、欧洲黑杨(P13)、欧洲黑杨(P11)、欧洲黑杨(P15)。
Poplars (Populus L.), are fast-growing and high-yielding tree species,very important to industrial plantations in the world. The natural genetic resources of poplars are quire rich and widely distributed. The evaluation of poplar genetic resources is very important. In this study, phenotypic variation of 18 species, belonging to five sections of poplar, was evaluated for the first time, to show their genetic differences in growth, photosynthesis, water and nutrient utilization etc. Results obtained laid a good foundation for understanding the characteristics of poplar genetic resources and provided useful imformation in mining, creating and utiliziing those special germplasms.
The main results are described as follows:
1、Genetic variations in foliage traits and plant growth. Leaf size, growth traits (height, DBH, biomass) of 18 poplar species were remarkbly different(p<0.01). The top 5 fast growth species were P. alba, P. deltoides M."P12, P. nigra L."P11, P. deltoides M."P10, P. cathayana by comprehensive evaluation based on growth traits.
2、Genetic variation in photosynthetic characteristics. Total chlorophyll content, stomatal frequency, gas exchange parameters (Pn, Gs, Ci, Tr, Pn/Ci) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters(Fo, Fm, Fv/Fo) were remarkbly different between species. Big difference was also found in the photosynthetic potential of those species. Species such as P. nigra L."P11, P. deltoides"P14, P. nigra L."P16, P. nigra L."P15, P. deltoides M."P12, had higher light saturation point and lower CO_2 saturation point, were potential high photosynthetic production species. Those species are good genetic resources for the production of high light effciency new varieties.
3、Genetic variation in nutrient accumulation and resorption. Main nutrients (N, P and K) concentration in 18 poplar species is remarkbly different. The nutrient concentration in leaves was higher than that of in roots and stems, and N concentration in popar organs was higher than K and P concentration. Species, such as P. lasiocarpa, P.trichocarpa, P. simonii and P. euphratica, were the low nutrient strorage tree species, while P. davidiana were high nutrient strorage species. After leaf shedding, transfer rates of N, P and K from the abscised leaves were also have remarkble difference in those poplar species. P. nigra L."P11 and P. nigra L."P15 had relatively higher N transfer rate, P. lasiocarpa. and P. trichocarpa had relatively higher P transfer rate and P. nigra L."P16 and P. deltoides M."P12 had higher K transfer rate. Comprehensive evaluation based on the transfer rate of N, P and K showed that P. deltoides M."P14, P. nigra L."P15, P. nigra L."P11, P. nigra L."P16, and P. alba were the high nutrient transfer efficiency species. In general, the nutrition transfer rate of species in Aigeiros is higher than others.
4、Genetic variation in water use efficiency(WUE). Remarkble difference was found in theδ(13)~C values of the 18 poplar species. The range of theδ(13)~C values varied from -30.47‰to -33.77‰. Species such as P. lasiocarpa and P. trichocarpa had higherδ(13)~C values, P. nigra L."P15, P. deltoides M."P10, P. szechwan, P. trichocarpa, P. nigra L."P13 had relatively lowerδ(13)~C values.
5、Genetic variation in wood physical properties. 18 poplar species had remarkble difference in basic density, fiber wire angle, fiber length, fiber width and fiber aspect ratio.Basic density varied from 0.34 g·cm~(-3) to 0.48 g·cm~(-3), and the density the P. maximowiczii, P. yvnnanensis, P. deltoides M."P10, P. nigra L."P11 and P. nigra L."P15, is higher than others. Fiber wire angle varied from 18.90°to 22.28°, fiber wire angle of P. nigra L."P11, P. nigra L."P15, P. cathayana and P. davidiana is smaller than others. The range of fiber length is 612.32μm to 753.86μm, P. alba, P. deltoides M."P10, P. deltoides M."P14, P. nigra L."P13, P. nigra L."P11 and P. nigra L."P15 had longer fiber than others.
引文
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