男性同性恋的相关问题研究
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摘要
根据《中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准,第3版(CCMD-3)》的定义,同性恋是指“在正常生活条件下对同性成员持续表现性爱倾向,包括思想、感情和性爱行为,对异性缺乏或减弱性爱倾向,也可有正常的性行为”。本课题从1994年10月起,历时10年,对男性同性恋的人群发生率、性行为特征、性定向的神经生物学和神经心理学进行了系统研究。
本课题采用定点观察法和捕获----再捕获法,对男性同性恋的人群进行两次调查;采用DPC公司的药盒,以放射免疫测定法进行了男性同性恋组进行了血清性激素水平(TT、E2、PRL、FSH、LH)测定,并与正常男女对照组进行对照;采用韦克斯勒成人智能调查量表——中国修订版(WAIS-RC)对男性同性恋组进行智能检测,并与男女对照组进行对照,分析了男性同性恋者的智能结构以及其性别倾向性分析;采用美国明尼苏达多相人格测验——中国修订版(MMPI)对男性同性恋组进行了人格检测,并且和男女对照组进行对照,检测男性同性恋者心理健康水平,并且进行了男性同性恋明尼苏达多项人格调查表共性因子性别倾向分析。
本课题研究结果是:(1)男性同性恋的人群“浮现率”为0.58%,推测男性同性恋人口发生率至少在1%～2%以上;(2)男性同性恋的血清雄激素水平比男性对照组明显为低,而且TT/E2比值也较男性对照组为低:(3)男性同性恋组的智能结构以语言智能为优势,与女性对照组相似,而与男性对照组有较为明显的差异;(4)男性同性恋往往采用与女性相似的心理反应方式,并以自我否定/寻求帮助作为第一反应方式(第一共性因子负荷癔病、疑病、抑郁、精神病态和精神衰弱等五个临床量表)。而男性对照组的第一心理反应方式是抗争型的(第一共性因子负荷癔病、精神病态、精神衰弱和精神分裂四个临床量表);(5)男性同性恋者的心理健康水平明显降低。MMPI得分结果表明,男性同性恋有抑郁、精神病态、男女性化、妄想、精神分裂和精神衰弱6个项目上的T分上超过70分。显示了男性同性恋者全面的心理健康水平下降问题;(6)男性同性恋者中,具有性伴侣数量大的特点。每个男性同性恋者在1年内平均与7.34±5.61个男性同性恋者产生性行为;(7)男性同性恋者对性伴侣的了解程度明显偏低。只有13.70%的被调查者了解对方的健康状态,且主要还是通过对方告知的方式获悉;(8)男性同性恋者与同性间采取的主要性行为方式依次为相互手淫、口交、肛交。极少数采取了口一生殖器接触。而与异性性伴侣采取的性行为主要方式为阴道性交。也有为数不少的男性同性恋者在与异性性行为时采取肛交、相互口交、相互手淫等行为方式;(9)只有11.11%的男性同性恋者在每次肛交时使用安全套。而绝大多数男性同性恋者在与同性发生性行为时偶然或根本不采取安全措施。而在与异性发生性行为时,几乎不采取安全性行为;(10)男性同性恋者与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比例达到了46.70%。并且有17.79%的男性同性恋者在1年内与异性保持着性关系。但在与异性阴道性交时,绝大多数(92.51%)偶然或不使用安全套。
我们的研究表明:(1)男性同性恋在人群中的“浮现率”大约为0.58%,人口发生率大约为1%～2%以上;(2)男性同性恋者雌/雄激素平衡失调,雄激素水平低于对照组男性;(3)男性同性恋智能结构趋向“女性化”;(4)男性同性恋者的心理反应方式和一般女性相似;(5)男性同性恋者心理健康水平明显下降;(6)男性同性恋者性伴侣数量大、与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比例高、虽然具有较高艾滋病相关知识,但仍然采取高危险性行为。
According to《Chinese Catalogue of Mental Disorder-Ⅲ》,homosexuality is defined as showing persistent sexual disposition in the aspects of thinking,emotion and sexual behavior towards the same sex under normal living conditions,but has no or reduced tendency towards the opposite sex,whether have normal sexual behavior to opposite sex or not.In the past 10 years,starting from October 1994,we have studied the population,sexual behavior features,neurobiological and neuropsychological characteristics of sexual orientation of male homosexuals in China.
With fixed-point observation and capture-recapture method,we had investigated the male homosexual population twice;by using the testing kit provided by DPC company(U.S.A.)and radioimmunoassay(RIA),we had determined the serum level of sex hormones:including TT,E2,PRL,FSH and LH in the male homosexuals,and compared the results to control;by using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS-RC), we had assessed the intelligence status of the male homosexuals,and compared the results to control to analyze and comprehend the intelligence structure and sexual orientation of male homosexuals;by using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),we had measured the personality of the male homosexuals,and compared the results to control to understand the mental health level of male homosexuals,besides, we had also performed the MMPI common factors analysis relating sexual disposition of the male homosexuals.
The results of present research showed that(1)The emergence rate of male homosexuals in the population is 0.58%,therefore it is presumed that the proportion of male homosexuals population exceeds 1%～2%;(2)The serum levels of androgen in the male homosexuals were much lower than the male control,moreover,the TT/E2 ratio is also lower than the male control;(3)The intelligence structure of male homosexuals with verbal intelligence predominated showed similarity to female control,on the other hand showed significant difference to male control;(4)Male homosexuals intended to manifest the psychological reacting patterns that similar to female when facing problems,as well as displayed self-denial/seeking-help as the first reacting pattem, while the male control displayed contend/challenge as the first psychological reacting pattern;(5)Mental health level of male homosexuals obviously declined.MMPI scores indicated that among the 10 clinical scales,male homosexuals had T-scores greater than 70 in 6 scales which including depression(D),psychopathic deviate(Pd), masculinity-femininity(Mr),paranoia(Pa),schizophrenia(Sc)and psychosthenia(Pt), this revealed the degression of mental health level in male homosexuals;(6)Male homosexuals were having great number of sex partners:each male homosexual generally had sexual behaviors towards 7.34±5.61 male homosexual partners in one year;(7)Male homosexuals lacked in knowledge on the health condition of sex partners, only 13.70%of the participants in our survey understood the health conditions of their partners,which mainly notified by the partners;(8)The major sexual behaviors for male homosexuals towards same-sex partners were inter-masturbation,oral sex and anal sex, in proper order.Very few of them had oral-anal sex.While the main sexual behavior for them towards opposite-sex partners was vaginal sex,many of them also had anal sex, oral sex and inter-masturbation;(9)Only 11.11%of the male homosexuals used condom each time when they were having anal sex,most of the male homosexuals rarely or never used safety measure when having sex with same-sex partners,furthermore,they mostly ignored protective when having sex with opposite-sex partners;(10)46.70%of the male homosexuals married(or ever)opposite-sex,and 17.79%of the male homosexuals were keeping sexual relationship with opposite-sex partners in the past one year,however when they were having sex with their partners,most of them (92.51%)had rarely or never used protective.
In brief,we concluded that(1)The emergence rate of male homosexuals in the population is approximately 0.58%,and the proportion of male homosexuals population exceeds 1%～2%;(2)There are estrogen-androgen disturbance in male homosexuals, that the serum level of androgen of whom is lower than the male control;(3)The intelligence structure of male homosexuals inclines to feminism;(4)Male homosexuals is similar in psychological reacting patterns to females;(5)Mental health level of male homosexuals obviously declines;(6)Male homosexuals have great number of sex partners,and many of them married opposite sex,though they possess good knowledge of AIDS,they still prefer sexual risk behaviors.
本课题采用定点观察法和捕获----再捕获法,对男性同性恋的人群进行两次调查;采用DPC公司的药盒,以放射免疫测定法进行了男性同性恋组进行了血清性激素水平(TT、E2、PRL、FSH、LH)测定,并与正常男女对照组进行对照;采用韦克斯勒成人智能调查量表——中国修订版(WAIS-RC)对男性同性恋组进行智能检测,并与男女对照组进行对照,分析了男性同性恋者的智能结构以及其性别倾向性分析;采用美国明尼苏达多相人格测验——中国修订版(MMPI)对男性同性恋组进行了人格检测,并且和男女对照组进行对照,检测男性同性恋者心理健康水平,并且进行了男性同性恋明尼苏达多项人格调查表共性因子性别倾向分析。
本课题研究结果是:(1)男性同性恋的人群“浮现率”为0.58%,推测男性同性恋人口发生率至少在1%～2%以上;(2)男性同性恋的血清雄激素水平比男性对照组明显为低,而且TT/E2比值也较男性对照组为低:(3)男性同性恋组的智能结构以语言智能为优势,与女性对照组相似,而与男性对照组有较为明显的差异;(4)男性同性恋往往采用与女性相似的心理反应方式,并以自我否定/寻求帮助作为第一反应方式(第一共性因子负荷癔病、疑病、抑郁、精神病态和精神衰弱等五个临床量表)。而男性对照组的第一心理反应方式是抗争型的(第一共性因子负荷癔病、精神病态、精神衰弱和精神分裂四个临床量表);(5)男性同性恋者的心理健康水平明显降低。MMPI得分结果表明,男性同性恋有抑郁、精神病态、男女性化、妄想、精神分裂和精神衰弱6个项目上的T分上超过70分。显示了男性同性恋者全面的心理健康水平下降问题;(6)男性同性恋者中,具有性伴侣数量大的特点。每个男性同性恋者在1年内平均与7.34±5.61个男性同性恋者产生性行为;(7)男性同性恋者对性伴侣的了解程度明显偏低。只有13.70%的被调查者了解对方的健康状态,且主要还是通过对方告知的方式获悉;(8)男性同性恋者与同性间采取的主要性行为方式依次为相互手淫、口交、肛交。极少数采取了口一生殖器接触。而与异性性伴侣采取的性行为主要方式为阴道性交。也有为数不少的男性同性恋者在与异性性行为时采取肛交、相互口交、相互手淫等行为方式;(9)只有11.11%的男性同性恋者在每次肛交时使用安全套。而绝大多数男性同性恋者在与同性发生性行为时偶然或根本不采取安全措施。而在与异性发生性行为时,几乎不采取安全性行为;(10)男性同性恋者与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比例达到了46.70%。并且有17.79%的男性同性恋者在1年内与异性保持着性关系。但在与异性阴道性交时,绝大多数(92.51%)偶然或不使用安全套。
我们的研究表明:(1)男性同性恋在人群中的“浮现率”大约为0.58%,人口发生率大约为1%～2%以上;(2)男性同性恋者雌/雄激素平衡失调,雄激素水平低于对照组男性;(3)男性同性恋智能结构趋向“女性化”;(4)男性同性恋者的心理反应方式和一般女性相似;(5)男性同性恋者心理健康水平明显下降;(6)男性同性恋者性伴侣数量大、与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比例高、虽然具有较高艾滋病相关知识,但仍然采取高危险性行为。
According to《Chinese Catalogue of Mental Disorder-Ⅲ》,homosexuality is defined as showing persistent sexual disposition in the aspects of thinking,emotion and sexual behavior towards the same sex under normal living conditions,but has no or reduced tendency towards the opposite sex,whether have normal sexual behavior to opposite sex or not.In the past 10 years,starting from October 1994,we have studied the population,sexual behavior features,neurobiological and neuropsychological characteristics of sexual orientation of male homosexuals in China.
With fixed-point observation and capture-recapture method,we had investigated the male homosexual population twice;by using the testing kit provided by DPC company(U.S.A.)and radioimmunoassay(RIA),we had determined the serum level of sex hormones:including TT,E2,PRL,FSH and LH in the male homosexuals,and compared the results to control;by using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(WAIS-RC), we had assessed the intelligence status of the male homosexuals,and compared the results to control to analyze and comprehend the intelligence structure and sexual orientation of male homosexuals;by using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),we had measured the personality of the male homosexuals,and compared the results to control to understand the mental health level of male homosexuals,besides, we had also performed the MMPI common factors analysis relating sexual disposition of the male homosexuals.
The results of present research showed that(1)The emergence rate of male homosexuals in the population is 0.58%,therefore it is presumed that the proportion of male homosexuals population exceeds 1%～2%;(2)The serum levels of androgen in the male homosexuals were much lower than the male control,moreover,the TT/E2 ratio is also lower than the male control;(3)The intelligence structure of male homosexuals with verbal intelligence predominated showed similarity to female control,on the other hand showed significant difference to male control;(4)Male homosexuals intended to manifest the psychological reacting patterns that similar to female when facing problems,as well as displayed self-denial/seeking-help as the first reacting pattem, while the male control displayed contend/challenge as the first psychological reacting pattern;(5)Mental health level of male homosexuals obviously declined.MMPI scores indicated that among the 10 clinical scales,male homosexuals had T-scores greater than 70 in 6 scales which including depression(D),psychopathic deviate(Pd), masculinity-femininity(Mr),paranoia(Pa),schizophrenia(Sc)and psychosthenia(Pt), this revealed the degression of mental health level in male homosexuals;(6)Male homosexuals were having great number of sex partners:each male homosexual generally had sexual behaviors towards 7.34±5.61 male homosexual partners in one year;(7)Male homosexuals lacked in knowledge on the health condition of sex partners, only 13.70%of the participants in our survey understood the health conditions of their partners,which mainly notified by the partners;(8)The major sexual behaviors for male homosexuals towards same-sex partners were inter-masturbation,oral sex and anal sex, in proper order.Very few of them had oral-anal sex.While the main sexual behavior for them towards opposite-sex partners was vaginal sex,many of them also had anal sex, oral sex and inter-masturbation;(9)Only 11.11%of the male homosexuals used condom each time when they were having anal sex,most of the male homosexuals rarely or never used safety measure when having sex with same-sex partners,furthermore,they mostly ignored protective when having sex with opposite-sex partners;(10)46.70%of the male homosexuals married(or ever)opposite-sex,and 17.79%of the male homosexuals were keeping sexual relationship with opposite-sex partners in the past one year,however when they were having sex with their partners,most of them (92.51%)had rarely or never used protective.
In brief,we concluded that(1)The emergence rate of male homosexuals in the population is approximately 0.58%,and the proportion of male homosexuals population exceeds 1%～2%;(2)There are estrogen-androgen disturbance in male homosexuals, that the serum level of androgen of whom is lower than the male control;(3)The intelligence structure of male homosexuals inclines to feminism;(4)Male homosexuals is similar in psychological reacting patterns to females;(5)Mental health level of male homosexuals obviously declines;(6)Male homosexuals have great number of sex partners,and many of them married opposite sex,though they possess good knowledge of AIDS,they still prefer sexual risk behaviors.
引文
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[10]LeVay-S, et al. A Difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men . Science. 1991, 253 (5023): 1034-7
[11]Elias-AN, et al. Are all males equal? Anatomic and functional basis for sexual orientation in males. Med- Hypotheses. 1992, 39(1): 85-7
[12]Byne-W.Human sexual orientation. The biological theories reappraised. Arch-Gen-Psychiatry. 1993 Mar; 50(3): 228-39
[13]Gooren-L etc.Development of male gender identity/role and a sexual orientation towards woman in a 46,XY subject with an incomplete form of theandrogen insensitivity syndrom. Arch-sex-Behav 1991, 20(5):459-70
[14]Elias-AN; Are all males equal? Anatomic and functional basis for sexual orientation in males. Med- Hypotheses'. 1992 , 39(1): 85-7
[15] Dorner-GNeuroedocrineresponse to estrogen and brain differentiation in ' heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals. Arch-Sex-Behav.1988, 1.7(1): 57-75
[16]Money-J Bisexually concordant, heterosexually and homosexually discordant: a matched-pair comparison of male and female adrenogenital syndrome. Psychiatry. 1987, 50(2): 97-111
[17]Koukounas E,McCabe M. Sexual and emotional variables influencing sexual response to erotica.Behav Res Ther. 1997, 35:221-231
[18]Murnen SK,StocktonM. Gender and self-reported sexual arousal in response to sexual stimuli:a meta-analytic review.Sex Roles. 1997, 37:135-153
[19]Kupfermann. Hypothealamus and limbic system:peptidergic neurons,homeostasis ,and emotional behavior.In:Kandel ER,Schwartz JH,Jessell TM,editors.Princioles of neural science.Norwalk:Appletonand Lange. 1991, p735-749
[20]Pfaff DW,Schwartz-Giblin S,McCarthy MM,Kow L-M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors.In:Knobil E,Neill JD,editors.Physiology of reproduction.New York:Raven Press. 1994. p107-220
[21]Sachs BD,Meisel RL. The physiology of male sexual behavior.In:KnobilE,Neill JD,editor.Physiology of reproduction.New York:Raven Press. 1994, p3-105
[22]Karma S,Lecours AR,LeroUx J-M,Bourgouin P,Beaudoin G,Joubert S,Beauregard M. Areas of brain activation in males and females during viewing of erotic film excerpts.Hum Brain Mapping.2002, 16:1-13
[23]Sakheim DK,Barlow DH,Beck JG,Abrahamson DJ. The effect of an increased awareness of erectile cues on sexual arousal.Behav Res Ther. 1984, 22:151-158
[24]Leutmezer F,Serles W,Bacher J,Groppel G,Paaraia E,Aull S,and others. Genital automatisms in complexs partial seizures .Am Acad Neurol. 1999, 52:1118.
[25]Hamann S,Herman R,Nolan C,Wallen K. Men and women differ in amygdale response to visual sexual stimuli.Nat Neurosci. 2004, 7:411-6
[26] Savic, I., Berglund, H., Lindstrom, P.. Brain response to putative pheromones in homosexual men. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005,102:7356-7361..
[27] Kranz, F., Ishai, A.. Face perception is modulated by sexual preference. Curr. Biol. 2006,16:63-68.
[28] Ponseti J, Bosinski HA, Wolff S, et al. A functional endophenotype for sexual orientation in humans. Neuroimage. 2006, 33: 825- 833
[29] Safron A, Barch B, Bailey M, et al. Neural correlates of sexual arousal in homosexual and .heterosexual men. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2007, 121(2): 237-248
1 许毅主编.性的奥秘.北京:人民卫生出版社,2000
2 《苏联大百科全书》第一版第17卷,1930年出版(转译自英文)
3 《苏联大百科全书》第二版第12卷,1952年出版(转译自英文)
4 王伟,高玉兰著.性伦理学.北京:人民出版社,1996
5 薛兆英,许又新,马晓年主编.现代性医学.北京:人民军医出版社,1995
6 Sadock BJ,Kaplan HI,Freedman AM.The Sexual Experience.Baltimore:The Williams & Wilkins Company,1976
7 霭理士著.性心理学.北京:三联书店,1987
8 张北川著.同性爱.山东:山东科学技术出版社,1994
2 中华医学会精神科分会编.中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准(第3版).济南:山东科学技术出版社,2001
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5 张北川著.同性爱.山东:山东科学技术出版社.1994
6 薛兆英,许又新,马晓年,主编.现代性医学.北京:人民军医出版社,1995
7 Rowse.A.L.Homosexuals in History:A New View.New York:Macmillan,1977
8 夏镇夷,翟书涛,徐韬园主编.临床精神医学(精神医学丛书 第2卷).长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1984.536-536
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12 程治平,主编.内分泌生理学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1984,303-307
13 中国卫生部和联合国艾滋病中国专题组:《中国艾滋病防治联合评估报告》2003.12.1
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[1]陈彦方,主编.中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第三版)(CCMD-3).山东:山东科学技术出版社,2001
[2]Gorski RA,Gordon JH,Shryne JE,Southam AM.Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain.Brain Res,1978,148:333-346.
[3]Swaab DF, et al. Gender and sexual orientation in relation to hypothalamic structures. Horm-Res. 1992,38(2): 51-61
[4]Allen-LS, et al. Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proc-Natl-Sci-U-S-A. 1992,89(15):7199-202
[5]Bakker J, Baum UJ, Slob AK. Neonatal inhibition of brain estrogen synthesis alters adult neural Fos responses to mating and pheromonal stimulation in the male rat. Neuroscience, 1996, 74(1): 251-267.
[6]Polston EK, Gu G, Simerly RB. Neurons in the principal nucleus of the bed nuclei of the stria terrninalis provide a sexually dimorphic GABAergic input to the antero ventral peri ventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neuroscience, 2004, 123: 793-803.
[7]McClellan KM, Parker KL, Tobet S. Development of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 2006 (in press).
[8]Byne W, Lasco MS, Kemether E, Shinwari A, Edgar MA, Morgello S, Jones LB, Tobet S. The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: an investigation of sexual variation in volume and cell size, number and density. Brain Res, 2000, 856: 254-258.
[9]Ishunina TA, Fisser B, Swaab DF. Sex differences in androgen receptor immunoreactivity in basal forebrain nuclei of elderly and Alzheimer patients. Experimental Neurology, 2002, 176: 122-132.
[10]LeVay-S, et al. A Difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men . Science. 1991, 253 (5023): 1034-7
[11]Elias-AN, et al. Are all males equal? Anatomic and functional basis for sexual orientation in males. Med- Hypotheses. 1992, 39(1): 85-7
[12]Byne-W.Human sexual orientation. The biological theories reappraised. Arch-Gen-Psychiatry. 1993 Mar; 50(3): 228-39
[13]Gooren-L etc.Development of male gender identity/role and a sexual orientation towards woman in a 46,XY subject with an incomplete form of theandrogen insensitivity syndrom. Arch-sex-Behav 1991, 20(5):459-70
[14]Elias-AN; Are all males equal? Anatomic and functional basis for sexual orientation in males. Med- Hypotheses'. 1992 , 39(1): 85-7
[15] Dorner-GNeuroedocrineresponse to estrogen and brain differentiation in ' heterosexuals, homosexuals, and transsexuals. Arch-Sex-Behav.1988, 1.7(1): 57-75
[16]Money-J Bisexually concordant, heterosexually and homosexually discordant: a matched-pair comparison of male and female adrenogenital syndrome. Psychiatry. 1987, 50(2): 97-111
[17]Koukounas E,McCabe M. Sexual and emotional variables influencing sexual response to erotica.Behav Res Ther. 1997, 35:221-231
[18]Murnen SK,StocktonM. Gender and self-reported sexual arousal in response to sexual stimuli:a meta-analytic review.Sex Roles. 1997, 37:135-153
[19]Kupfermann. Hypothealamus and limbic system:peptidergic neurons,homeostasis ,and emotional behavior.In:Kandel ER,Schwartz JH,Jessell TM,editors.Princioles of neural science.Norwalk:Appletonand Lange. 1991, p735-749
[20]Pfaff DW,Schwartz-Giblin S,McCarthy MM,Kow L-M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of female reproductive behaviors.In:Knobil E,Neill JD,editors.Physiology of reproduction.New York:Raven Press. 1994. p107-220
[21]Sachs BD,Meisel RL. The physiology of male sexual behavior.In:KnobilE,Neill JD,editor.Physiology of reproduction.New York:Raven Press. 1994, p3-105
[22]Karma S,Lecours AR,LeroUx J-M,Bourgouin P,Beaudoin G,Joubert S,Beauregard M. Areas of brain activation in males and females during viewing of erotic film excerpts.Hum Brain Mapping.2002, 16:1-13
[23]Sakheim DK,Barlow DH,Beck JG,Abrahamson DJ. The effect of an increased awareness of erectile cues on sexual arousal.Behav Res Ther. 1984, 22:151-158
[24]Leutmezer F,Serles W,Bacher J,Groppel G,Paaraia E,Aull S,and others. Genital automatisms in complexs partial seizures .Am Acad Neurol. 1999, 52:1118.
[25]Hamann S,Herman R,Nolan C,Wallen K. Men and women differ in amygdale response to visual sexual stimuli.Nat Neurosci. 2004, 7:411-6
[26] Savic, I., Berglund, H., Lindstrom, P.. Brain response to putative pheromones in homosexual men. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2005,102:7356-7361..
[27] Kranz, F., Ishai, A.. Face perception is modulated by sexual preference. Curr. Biol. 2006,16:63-68.
[28] Ponseti J, Bosinski HA, Wolff S, et al. A functional endophenotype for sexual orientation in humans. Neuroimage. 2006, 33: 825- 833
[29] Safron A, Barch B, Bailey M, et al. Neural correlates of sexual arousal in homosexual and .heterosexual men. Behavioral Neuroscience. 2007, 121(2): 237-248
1 许毅主编.性的奥秘.北京:人民卫生出版社,2000
2 《苏联大百科全书》第一版第17卷,1930年出版(转译自英文)
3 《苏联大百科全书》第二版第12卷,1952年出版(转译自英文)
4 王伟,高玉兰著.性伦理学.北京:人民出版社,1996
5 薛兆英,许又新,马晓年主编.现代性医学.北京:人民军医出版社,1995
6 Sadock BJ,Kaplan HI,Freedman AM.The Sexual Experience.Baltimore:The Williams & Wilkins Company,1976
7 霭理士著.性心理学.北京:三联书店,1987
8 张北川著.同性爱.山东:山东科学技术出版社,1994
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