性定向研究
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摘要
根据《中国精神疾病分类方案与诊断标准，第3版(CCMD-3)》的定义，同性恋是指“在正常生活条件下对同性成员持续表现性爱倾向，包括思想、感情和性爱行为，对异性缺乏或减弱性爱倾向，也可有正常的性行为”。本课题从1994年10月起，历时10年，对男性同性恋的人群发生率、性行为特征、性定向的神经生物学和神经心理学进行了系统研究。
本课题采用定点观察法和捕获——再捕获法，对男性同性恋的人群进行两次调查；采用DPC公司的药盒，以放射免疫测定法进行了男性同性恋组进行了血清性激素水平(TT、E2、PRL、FSH、LH)测定，并与正常男女对照组进行对照；采用韦克斯勒成人智能调查量表——中国修订版(WAIS-RC)对男性同性恋组进行智能检测，并与男女对照组进行对照，分析了男性同性恋者的智能结构以及其性别倾向性分析；采用美国明尼苏达多相人格测验——中国修订版(MMPI)对男性同性恋组进行了人格检测，并且和男女对照组进行对照，检测男性同性恋者心理健康水平，并且进行了男性同性恋明尼苏达多项人格调查表共性因子性别倾向分析；采用自行设计并构建大鼠性偏爱及性行为视频跟踪观察系统，对大脑性分化前性激素对大鼠成年后性定向及下丘脑性别二型结构的影响进行了研究。
本课题研究结果是：(1)男性同性恋的人群“浮现率”为0.58％，推测男性同性恋人口发生率至少在1％～2％以上；(2)男性同性恋的血清雄激素水平比男性对照组明显为低，而且TT／E2比值也较男性对照组为低；(3)男性同性恋组的智能结构以语言智能为优势，与女性对照组相似，而与男性对照组有较为明显的差异；(4)男性同性恋往往采用与女性相似的心理反应方式，并以自我否定／寻求帮助作为第一反应方式(第一共性因子负荷癔病、疑病、抑郁、精神病态和精神衰弱等五个临床量表)。而男性对照组的第一心理反应方式是抗争型的(第一共性因子负荷癔病、精神病态、精神衰弱和精神分裂四个临床量表)；(5)男性同性恋者的心理健康水平明显降低。MMPI得分结果表明，男性同性恋有抑郁、精神病态、男女性化、妄想、精神分裂和精神
加介决妒博士毕业论文
衰弱6个项目上的T分上超过70分。显示了男性同性恋者全面的心理健康水平下降问题;(6)
男性同性恋者中，具有性伴侣数量大的特点。每个男性同性恋者在1年内平均与7.34士5.61
个男性同性恋者产生性行为;(7)男性同性恋者对性伴侣的了解程度明显偏低。只有13.70%的被
调查者了解对方的健康状态，且主要还是通过对方告知的方式获悉:(8)男性同性恋者与同性间
采取的主要性行为方式依次为相互手淫、口交、肛交。极少数采取了口一生殖器接触。而与异
性性伴侣采取的性行为主要方式为阴道性交。也有为数不少的男性同性恋者在与异性性行为时
采取肛交、相互口交、相互手淫等行为方式:(9)只有n 11%的男性同性恋者在每次肛交时使用
安全套。而绝大多数男性同性恋者在与同性发生性行为时偶然或根本不采取安全措施。而在与
异性发生性行为时，几乎不采取安全性行为;00)男性同性恋者与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比
例达到了46.70%。并且有17.79%的男性同性恋者在1年内与异性保持着性关系。但在与异性
阴道性交时，绝大多数(92.51%)偶然或不使用安全套;ODMiceGrayAut。软件实现了大鼠性偏
爱视频数据自动处理功能，MiceGrayManu软件实验了大鼠性行为图象分析功能;曲大脑性分化
前高剂量的雄激素有促雌鼠雄性化和去雌性化的作用，并表现为同性性倾向，建立了雌鼠同性
恋模型;的在雄鼠大脑性分化前外周给予雌激素对成年后的性偏爱和性行为未产生明显影响;
a4)在雄鼠大脑性分化前外周给予雌激素拮抗剂明显削弱雄性性行为，阻碍了雄性性偏爱，但雌
性行为无明显变化，雄鼠的同性恋模型还有待进一步调整和改进;的高剂量雄激素处理的雌鼠
SDN一POA体积明显大于对照雌鼠组，而AVPV体积明显小于对照雌鼠组。
我们的研究表明:(1)男性同性恋在人群中的“浮现率”大约为0.5既，人口发生率大约
为l%~2%以上;(2)男性同性恋者雌/雄激素平衡失调，雄激素水平低于对照组男性;(3)男性同
性恋智能结构趋向“女性化”:(4)男性同性恋者的心理反应方式和一般女性相似;(5)男性同性
恋者心理健康水平明显下降;(6)男性同性恋者性伴侣数量大、与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比
例高、虽然具有较高艾滋病相关知识，但仍然采取高危险性行为;(7)外源激素可以改变大鼠性
定向和性行为方式，表明性定向具有生物学基础。
According to 《Chinese Catalogue of Mental Disorder-III》 , homosexuality is defined as showing persistent sexual disposition in the aspects of thinking, emotion and sexual behavior towards the same sex under normal living conditions, but has no or reduced tendency towards the opposite sex, whether have normal sexual behavior to opposite sex or not. In the past 10 years, starting from October 1994, we have studied the population, sexual behavior features, neurobiological and neuropsychological characteristics of sexual orientation of male homosexuals in China.
With fixed-point observation and capture-recapture method, we had investigated the male homosexual population twice; by using the testing kit provided by DPC company (U.S.A.) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), we had determined the serum level of sex hormones including TT, E2, PRL, FSH and LH in the male homosexuals, and compared the results to control; by using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-RC), we had assessed the intelligence status of the male homosexuals, and compared the results to control to analyze and comprehend the intelligence structure and sexual orientation of male homosexuals; by using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), we had measured the personality of the male homosexuals, and compared the results to control to understand the mental health level of male homosexuals, besides, we had also performed the MMPI common factors analysis relating sexual disposition of the male homosexuals; by using the video-computer assisted experimental system for observation of sexual preferenc
e and sexual behavior of rats, we had studied the effects of exogenous sex hormones before brain sexual differentiation on sexual orientation and hypothalamic sexually dimorphic structures.
The results of present research showed that (1) The emergence rate of male homosexuals in the population is 0.58%, therefore it is presumed that the proportion of male homosexuals population exceeds 1 %~2%; (2) The serum levels of androgen in the male homosexuals were much lower than the male control, moreover, the TT/E2 ratio is also lower than the male control; (3) The intelligence structure of male homosexuals with verbal intelligence predominated showed similarity to female control, on the other hand showed significant difference to male control; (4) Male homosexuals intended to manifest the psychological reacting patterns that similar to female when facing problems, as well as displayed self-denial/seeking-help as the first reacting pattern, while the male control displayed contend/challenge as the first psychological reacting pattern; (5) Mental health level of male homosexuals obviously declined. MMPI scores indicated that among the 10 clinical scales, male homosexuals had T-scores greater than 70 in 6 scales which including depression (D), psychopathic deviate (Pd), masculinity-femininity (Mf), paranoia (Pa), schizophrenia (Sc) and psychosthenia (Pt), this revealed the degression of mental health level in male homosexuals; (6) Male homosexuals were having great number of sex partners: each male homosexual generally had sexual behaviors towards 7.34 + 5.61 male homosexual partners in one year; (7) Male homosexuals lacked in knowledge on the health condition of sex partners, only 13.70% of the participants in our survey understood the health conditions of their partners, which mainly notified by the partners; (8) The major sexual behaviors for male homosexuals towards same-sex partners were inter-masturbation, oral sex and anal sex, in proper order. Very few of them had oral-anal sex. While the main sexual behavior for them towards opposite-sex partners was vaginal sex, many of them also had anal sex, oral sex and inter-masturbation; (9) Only 11.11% of the male homosexuals used condom each time when they were having anal sex, most of the male homosexuals rarely or never used safety measure when having sex with same-sex partners, furthermore, they mostly ignored protective when having sex with opposite-sex part
本课题采用定点观察法和捕获——再捕获法，对男性同性恋的人群进行两次调查；采用DPC公司的药盒，以放射免疫测定法进行了男性同性恋组进行了血清性激素水平(TT、E2、PRL、FSH、LH)测定，并与正常男女对照组进行对照；采用韦克斯勒成人智能调查量表——中国修订版(WAIS-RC)对男性同性恋组进行智能检测，并与男女对照组进行对照，分析了男性同性恋者的智能结构以及其性别倾向性分析；采用美国明尼苏达多相人格测验——中国修订版(MMPI)对男性同性恋组进行了人格检测，并且和男女对照组进行对照，检测男性同性恋者心理健康水平，并且进行了男性同性恋明尼苏达多项人格调查表共性因子性别倾向分析；采用自行设计并构建大鼠性偏爱及性行为视频跟踪观察系统，对大脑性分化前性激素对大鼠成年后性定向及下丘脑性别二型结构的影响进行了研究。
本课题研究结果是：(1)男性同性恋的人群“浮现率”为0.58％，推测男性同性恋人口发生率至少在1％～2％以上；(2)男性同性恋的血清雄激素水平比男性对照组明显为低，而且TT／E2比值也较男性对照组为低；(3)男性同性恋组的智能结构以语言智能为优势，与女性对照组相似，而与男性对照组有较为明显的差异；(4)男性同性恋往往采用与女性相似的心理反应方式，并以自我否定／寻求帮助作为第一反应方式(第一共性因子负荷癔病、疑病、抑郁、精神病态和精神衰弱等五个临床量表)。而男性对照组的第一心理反应方式是抗争型的(第一共性因子负荷癔病、精神病态、精神衰弱和精神分裂四个临床量表)；(5)男性同性恋者的心理健康水平明显降低。MMPI得分结果表明，男性同性恋有抑郁、精神病态、男女性化、妄想、精神分裂和精神
加介决妒博士毕业论文
衰弱6个项目上的T分上超过70分。显示了男性同性恋者全面的心理健康水平下降问题;(6)
男性同性恋者中，具有性伴侣数量大的特点。每个男性同性恋者在1年内平均与7.34士5.61
个男性同性恋者产生性行为;(7)男性同性恋者对性伴侣的了解程度明显偏低。只有13.70%的被
调查者了解对方的健康状态，且主要还是通过对方告知的方式获悉:(8)男性同性恋者与同性间
采取的主要性行为方式依次为相互手淫、口交、肛交。极少数采取了口一生殖器接触。而与异
性性伴侣采取的性行为主要方式为阴道性交。也有为数不少的男性同性恋者在与异性性行为时
采取肛交、相互口交、相互手淫等行为方式:(9)只有n 11%的男性同性恋者在每次肛交时使用
安全套。而绝大多数男性同性恋者在与同性发生性行为时偶然或根本不采取安全措施。而在与
异性发生性行为时，几乎不采取安全性行为;00)男性同性恋者与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比
例达到了46.70%。并且有17.79%的男性同性恋者在1年内与异性保持着性关系。但在与异性
阴道性交时，绝大多数(92.51%)偶然或不使用安全套;ODMiceGrayAut。软件实现了大鼠性偏
爱视频数据自动处理功能，MiceGrayManu软件实验了大鼠性行为图象分析功能;曲大脑性分化
前高剂量的雄激素有促雌鼠雄性化和去雌性化的作用，并表现为同性性倾向，建立了雌鼠同性
恋模型;的在雄鼠大脑性分化前外周给予雌激素对成年后的性偏爱和性行为未产生明显影响;
a4)在雄鼠大脑性分化前外周给予雌激素拮抗剂明显削弱雄性性行为，阻碍了雄性性偏爱，但雌
性行为无明显变化，雄鼠的同性恋模型还有待进一步调整和改进;的高剂量雄激素处理的雌鼠
SDN一POA体积明显大于对照雌鼠组，而AVPV体积明显小于对照雌鼠组。
我们的研究表明:(1)男性同性恋在人群中的“浮现率”大约为0.5既，人口发生率大约
为l%~2%以上;(2)男性同性恋者雌/雄激素平衡失调，雄激素水平低于对照组男性;(3)男性同
性恋智能结构趋向“女性化”:(4)男性同性恋者的心理反应方式和一般女性相似;(5)男性同性
恋者心理健康水平明显下降;(6)男性同性恋者性伴侣数量大、与异性结婚(或曾经结婚)的比
例高、虽然具有较高艾滋病相关知识，但仍然采取高危险性行为;(7)外源激素可以改变大鼠性
定向和性行为方式，表明性定向具有生物学基础。
According to 《Chinese Catalogue of Mental Disorder-III》 , homosexuality is defined as showing persistent sexual disposition in the aspects of thinking, emotion and sexual behavior towards the same sex under normal living conditions, but has no or reduced tendency towards the opposite sex, whether have normal sexual behavior to opposite sex or not. In the past 10 years, starting from October 1994, we have studied the population, sexual behavior features, neurobiological and neuropsychological characteristics of sexual orientation of male homosexuals in China.
With fixed-point observation and capture-recapture method, we had investigated the male homosexual population twice; by using the testing kit provided by DPC company (U.S.A.) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), we had determined the serum level of sex hormones including TT, E2, PRL, FSH and LH in the male homosexuals, and compared the results to control; by using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-RC), we had assessed the intelligence status of the male homosexuals, and compared the results to control to analyze and comprehend the intelligence structure and sexual orientation of male homosexuals; by using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), we had measured the personality of the male homosexuals, and compared the results to control to understand the mental health level of male homosexuals, besides, we had also performed the MMPI common factors analysis relating sexual disposition of the male homosexuals; by using the video-computer assisted experimental system for observation of sexual preferenc
e and sexual behavior of rats, we had studied the effects of exogenous sex hormones before brain sexual differentiation on sexual orientation and hypothalamic sexually dimorphic structures.
The results of present research showed that (1) The emergence rate of male homosexuals in the population is 0.58%, therefore it is presumed that the proportion of male homosexuals population exceeds 1 %~2%; (2) The serum levels of androgen in the male homosexuals were much lower than the male control, moreover, the TT/E2 ratio is also lower than the male control; (3) The intelligence structure of male homosexuals with verbal intelligence predominated showed similarity to female control, on the other hand showed significant difference to male control; (4) Male homosexuals intended to manifest the psychological reacting patterns that similar to female when facing problems, as well as displayed self-denial/seeking-help as the first reacting pattern, while the male control displayed contend/challenge as the first psychological reacting pattern; (5) Mental health level of male homosexuals obviously declined. MMPI scores indicated that among the 10 clinical scales, male homosexuals had T-scores greater than 70 in 6 scales which including depression (D), psychopathic deviate (Pd), masculinity-femininity (Mf), paranoia (Pa), schizophrenia (Sc) and psychosthenia (Pt), this revealed the degression of mental health level in male homosexuals; (6) Male homosexuals were having great number of sex partners: each male homosexual generally had sexual behaviors towards 7.34 + 5.61 male homosexual partners in one year; (7) Male homosexuals lacked in knowledge on the health condition of sex partners, only 13.70% of the participants in our survey understood the health conditions of their partners, which mainly notified by the partners; (8) The major sexual behaviors for male homosexuals towards same-sex partners were inter-masturbation, oral sex and anal sex, in proper order. Very few of them had oral-anal sex. While the main sexual behavior for them towards opposite-sex partners was vaginal sex, many of them also had anal sex, oral sex and inter-masturbation; (9) Only 11.11% of the male homosexuals used condom each time when they were having anal sex, most of the male homosexuals rarely or never used safety measure when having sex with same-sex partners, furthermore, they mostly ignored protective when having sex with opposite-sex part
引文
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34 McCormick-CM. A cognitive profile of homosexual men compared to heterosexual men and women. Psychonuroedocrinology, 1991: 16(6): 459-73
35 Cheryl M. Left-handedness in homosexual men and women: neuroendocrine implication. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1990: 15: 69-76
36 Beret S. Lateralization of brain function, in S. B. Filskov: Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Jone Wiley & Sons Inc. 1981, 74-101
37 Turkheim E. A reanalysis of gender differences in IQ scores following unilateral brain lesions. Psychological Assessment, 1992, 4: 498-501
38 Bernstein IH; Teng G; Grannemann BD. Invariance in the MMPI's component structure.: J Pers Assess, 1987 Win, 51: 4, 522-31
39 邹义壮等，明尼苏达多相人格调查表的因子分析研究．心理学报，1989，3，267-273
40 Snowden LR; Campbell DR; Nelson LS. The MMPI and problem drinking: statistical controls and multifactor criteria. J Pers Assess, 1984 Jun, 48:3,271-8
41 许毅等．男性同性恋智力结构的性别倾向性分析．中华精神科杂志，1999，32(3)，176-178
42 H.H.Feder. Hormones and sexual behavior. Ann. Rev. Psychol, 1984,35:165-200
43 Giordano G, et al. Hormones and psychosexual differentiation. Minerva Endoefinol, 1995 Sep, 20(3): 165-193
44 Fridman, R.C., et al. Neurobiology and sexual orientation: current relationships. J Neuropsyehiatry ClinNeurosci, 1993 Spring, 5(2): 131-153
45 Thomas, D. A., Barfield, R. J., Etgen, A.M. Inflence of androgen on the development of sexual behavior in rats. Horm. Behav, 1982, 16: 443-454
46 Maclusky NJ, Naftolin F. Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science, 1981, 211: 1294-1303
47 Merkx, J. Effects of castration and subsequent treatment with testosterone, dihydrotesterone and estradiol on sexual preference behavior in the male rat. Behav.Brain Res, 1984,
11:59-65
48 Lenea A. Jarred, et al. Evidence that estrogens directly alter androgen-regulated prostate development. Endocrinology, 2000, 141(9): 3471-3477
49 Greco B, Ewards DA, Michael RP, et al. Androgen receptors and Estrogen receptors are colocalized in male rat hypothalamic and limbic neurons that express Fos immunoreactivity induced by mating. Neuroendocrinology, 1998, 67: 18-28
50 Reuben W. R, Hamid N. Al-Saleh, Edward W. K, et al. Relationship between sexual behavior and sexually dimorphic structures in the anterior hypothalamus in control and prenatally stressed male rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 1999, 50(3):193-199
51 Anders Agmo. Male rat sexual behavior. Brain Research Protocols, 1997, 1:203-209
52 J. Vega Matuszczyk, A. Fernaneez-Guasti, K.Larsson. Sexual orientation, proceptivity, and receptivity in the male rat as a function of neonatal hormonal manipulation. Horm. Behav, 1988, 22: 362-378
53 Matuszczyk JV, Larsson K. Experience modulates the influence of gonadal hormones on sexual orientation of male rats. Physiol Behav, 1994 Mar, 55(3): 527-531
54 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk, B. Silverin, K.Larsson. Inflence of environmental Events immediately after birth on postnatal testerone secretion and adult sexual behavior in the male rat. Horm. Behav, 1990,24:450-458
55 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk. Sexual behavior and partner preference the male rat. Sweden: Graphic Systems, 1993, 11-19
56 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk, R.S.Appa, K.Larsson. Postnatal testicular secretions partially restore the disturbances in reproductive activity caused by prenatal hormonal manipulation. Physiology Behavior, 1997, 62(1): 137-143
57 Gotz F, Tonjes R, Maywald J, Dorner G. Short- and long-term effects of a dopamine agonist (lisuride) on sex-specific behavioural patterns in rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol, 1991,98(2): 111-121
58 Fernartdez-Guasti, A., Vega Matuszczyk, J. Larsson, K. synergistic action of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone on rat proceptive behavior. Physiol Behav, 1991,50:1007-1011
59 Brand T, Slob AK. On the organization of partner preference behavior in female Wistar rats. Physiol Behav, 1991 Mar, 49(3): 549-55
60 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk, K.Larsson.Elias Eriksson. The selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor fluoxetine reduces sexual motivation in male rats. Pharmacology Bio. Behav, 1998,2:527-532
61 Bakker J, Baum U.J, Slob A.k. Neonatal inhibition of brain estrogen synthesis alters adult neural Fos responses to mating and pheromonal stimulation in the male rat. Neuroscience, 1996, 74(1): 251-267
62 P.F. Frohlich, C.M. Meston. Evidence that serotonin affects female sexual functioning via peripheral mechanisms. Physiology. Behav, 2000, 71: 383-393
63 Lynda Uphouse. Female gonadal hormones, serotonin, and sexual receptivity. Brain Research Riviews, 2000, 3: 242-257
64 Lauryn R. Zipse, Erica M. Brandling-Bennett, Ann S. Clark. Paced mating behavior in the naturally cycling and the hormone-treated female rat. Physiology Behav, 2000, 70:205-209
65 Dorner G, Docke F, Gotz F, et al. Sexual differentiation of gonadotrophin secretion and gender role behavior. J steroid Biochem, 1987,27(4-6): 1081-1087
66 McEwen B.S. Neurnal gonadal steroid actions. Science, 1981, 211:1303-1311
67 Plapinger, L. McEwen, B.S., Clemens, L.E. Ontogency of estradiol-binding sites in rat brain. Ⅱ. Charactersitics of a neonatal binding macromolecue. Endocrinology 1973; 93:1129-1139
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3 Hirschfeld, M. Sexual Pathology. New York: Emerson Books, 1939
4 Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., and Martin, C. E. Sex Behavior in the Human Man. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1948
5 张北川著．同性爱．山东：山东科学技术出版社．1994
6 薛兆英，许又新，马晓年，主编．现代性医学．北京：人民军医出版社，1995
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8 夏镇夷，翟书涛，徐韬园主编．临床精神医学(精神医学丛书第2卷)．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1984．536-536
9 Loraine, J.A., Adamopoulos DA; Kirkham KE et al: Patterns of hormone excretion in male and female homosexuals. Nature 234: 552～555, 1971
10 Meyer-bahlbueg, HFL. Homosexual orientation in women and men: a hormone basis? In Parsons, J. E., editor: The psychobiology of sex differences and sex roles, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1980, 98-125
11 Doerr, P. , Kockott G, Vogt HJ, et al: Plasma testosterone, estradiol, and semen analysis in male homosexuals. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 29:829-833, 1973
12 程治平，主编．内分泌生理学．北京：人民卫生出版社，1984，303-307
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14 Kaufman J, Jing J. China and AIDS-the time to act is now. Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2339-40.
15 Kerr-Pontes LR, Gondim R, Mota RS, Martins TA, Wypij D. Self-reported sexual behaviour and HIV risk taking among men who have sex with men in Fortaleza, Brazil AIDS. 1999 Apr 16; 13(6):709-17.
16 Chng CL, Wong FY, Park RJ, Edberg MC, Lai DS. A model for understanding sexual health among Asian American/Pacific Islander men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States. AIDS Educ Prev. 2003 Feb;15(1 Suppl A):21-38.
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20 MMPI全国协作组．中国人使用明尼苏达多相个性测验表的结果分析．心理学报，1985，4：346-354
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22 心理学百科全书．杭州：浙江教育出版社，1995；P1757
23 凌文诠．心理测验．北京：北京科技出版社，1984，134-135
24 Pakesch G, Pfersmann D, Loimer W, et al. Neuropsychoiogical changes and psychopathological characteristics of HIV-1 patients of various risk groups. Fortschr neuroi psychiatr. 1992, 60: 17-27
25 Schneider SG, Taglor SE, Los Angeles. Factor influencing suicide intent in gay and bisexual suicides: differing models for men with and without human immunodefieiency virus. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991, 61: 776-88
26 鲁龙光．同性恋1000例临床分析．中国心理卫生杂志，1992，6：132-134
27 戴晓阳、龚耀先．韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本与原量表(WAIS和WAIS-R)因素分析的比较研究．心理学报，1987，19：70-78．
28 Kaufman A.S. Factor analysis of the WISC-R at 11 age levels between 6 1/2 and 16 1/2 years. J. Consul. Clini. Psychology. 1975, 43, 135-147
29 程灶火、唐秋萍，韦氏智力量表因素建构的再分析，中国临床心理学杂志，1995，3，185-190
30 戴晓阳等，几种精神神经科病人WAIS-RC测验的标准因子分比较研究．中国神经精神疾病杂志 1989；15：68-71
31 杨德森主编．基础精神医学．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1994，514-514
32 Sanders G, Wright M. Sexual orientation differences in cerebral asymmetry and in theperformance of sexually dimophic cognitive and motor tasks. Archives of sexual Behavior, 1997 Oct, 26: 5, 463-80
33 Gordon E. Sexual orientation and cognitive Abilities. Archives of sexual Behavior, 1991 Oct, 20: 3, 307-317
34 McCormick-CM. A cognitive profile of homosexual men compared to heterosexual men and women. Psychonuroedocrinology, 1991: 16(6): 459-73
35 Cheryl M. Left-handedness in homosexual men and women: neuroendocrine implication. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1990: 15: 69-76
36 Beret S. Lateralization of brain function, in S. B. Filskov: Handbook of Clinical Neuropsychology. Jone Wiley & Sons Inc. 1981, 74-101
37 Turkheim E. A reanalysis of gender differences in IQ scores following unilateral brain lesions. Psychological Assessment, 1992, 4: 498-501
38 Bernstein IH; Teng G; Grannemann BD. Invariance in the MMPI's component structure.: J Pers Assess, 1987 Win, 51: 4, 522-31
39 邹义壮等，明尼苏达多相人格调查表的因子分析研究．心理学报，1989，3，267-273
40 Snowden LR; Campbell DR; Nelson LS. The MMPI and problem drinking: statistical controls and multifactor criteria. J Pers Assess, 1984 Jun, 48:3,271-8
41 许毅等．男性同性恋智力结构的性别倾向性分析．中华精神科杂志，1999，32(3)，176-178
42 H.H.Feder. Hormones and sexual behavior. Ann. Rev. Psychol, 1984,35:165-200
43 Giordano G, et al. Hormones and psychosexual differentiation. Minerva Endoefinol, 1995 Sep, 20(3): 165-193
44 Fridman, R.C., et al. Neurobiology and sexual orientation: current relationships. J Neuropsyehiatry ClinNeurosci, 1993 Spring, 5(2): 131-153
45 Thomas, D. A., Barfield, R. J., Etgen, A.M. Inflence of androgen on the development of sexual behavior in rats. Horm. Behav, 1982, 16: 443-454
46 Maclusky NJ, Naftolin F. Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science, 1981, 211: 1294-1303
47 Merkx, J. Effects of castration and subsequent treatment with testosterone, dihydrotesterone and estradiol on sexual preference behavior in the male rat. Behav.Brain Res, 1984,
11:59-65
48 Lenea A. Jarred, et al. Evidence that estrogens directly alter androgen-regulated prostate development. Endocrinology, 2000, 141(9): 3471-3477
49 Greco B, Ewards DA, Michael RP, et al. Androgen receptors and Estrogen receptors are colocalized in male rat hypothalamic and limbic neurons that express Fos immunoreactivity induced by mating. Neuroendocrinology, 1998, 67: 18-28
50 Reuben W. R, Hamid N. Al-Saleh, Edward W. K, et al. Relationship between sexual behavior and sexually dimorphic structures in the anterior hypothalamus in control and prenatally stressed male rats. Brain Research Bulletin, 1999, 50(3):193-199
51 Anders Agmo. Male rat sexual behavior. Brain Research Protocols, 1997, 1:203-209
52 J. Vega Matuszczyk, A. Fernaneez-Guasti, K.Larsson. Sexual orientation, proceptivity, and receptivity in the male rat as a function of neonatal hormonal manipulation. Horm. Behav, 1988, 22: 362-378
53 Matuszczyk JV, Larsson K. Experience modulates the influence of gonadal hormones on sexual orientation of male rats. Physiol Behav, 1994 Mar, 55(3): 527-531
54 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk, B. Silverin, K.Larsson. Inflence of environmental Events immediately after birth on postnatal testerone secretion and adult sexual behavior in the male rat. Horm. Behav, 1990,24:450-458
55 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk. Sexual behavior and partner preference the male rat. Sweden: Graphic Systems, 1993, 11-19
56 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk, R.S.Appa, K.Larsson. Postnatal testicular secretions partially restore the disturbances in reproductive activity caused by prenatal hormonal manipulation. Physiology Behavior, 1997, 62(1): 137-143
57 Gotz F, Tonjes R, Maywald J, Dorner G. Short- and long-term effects of a dopamine agonist (lisuride) on sex-specific behavioural patterns in rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol, 1991,98(2): 111-121
58 Fernartdez-Guasti, A., Vega Matuszczyk, J. Larsson, K. synergistic action of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone on rat proceptive behavior. Physiol Behav, 1991,50:1007-1011
59 Brand T, Slob AK. On the organization of partner preference behavior in female Wistar rats. Physiol Behav, 1991 Mar, 49(3): 549-55
60 Josepha Vega Matuszczyk, K.Larsson.Elias Eriksson. The selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor fluoxetine reduces sexual motivation in male rats. Pharmacology Bio. Behav, 1998,2:527-532
61 Bakker J, Baum U.J, Slob A.k. Neonatal inhibition of brain estrogen synthesis alters adult neural Fos responses to mating and pheromonal stimulation in the male rat. Neuroscience, 1996, 74(1): 251-267
62 P.F. Frohlich, C.M. Meston. Evidence that serotonin affects female sexual functioning via peripheral mechanisms. Physiology. Behav, 2000, 71: 383-393
63 Lynda Uphouse. Female gonadal hormones, serotonin, and sexual receptivity. Brain Research Riviews, 2000, 3: 242-257
64 Lauryn R. Zipse, Erica M. Brandling-Bennett, Ann S. Clark. Paced mating behavior in the naturally cycling and the hormone-treated female rat. Physiology Behav, 2000, 70:205-209
65 Dorner G, Docke F, Gotz F, et al. Sexual differentiation of gonadotrophin secretion and gender role behavior. J steroid Biochem, 1987,27(4-6): 1081-1087
66 McEwen B.S. Neurnal gonadal steroid actions. Science, 1981, 211:1303-1311
67 Plapinger, L. McEwen, B.S., Clemens, L.E. Ontogency of estradiol-binding sites in rat brain. Ⅱ. Charactersitics of a neonatal binding macromolecue. Endocrinology 1973; 93:1129-1139
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