大型韧性走滑作用与祁连加里东造山带的形成
摘要
祁连加里东造山带是阿拉善地体、祁连微地体和柴达木地体在加里东时期相互会聚、碰撞的产物。北祁连加里东俯冲碰撞杂岩带和柴北缘俯冲碰撞杂岩带分别位于祁连微地体的南北边界。北祁连加里东俯冲碰撞杂岩带以发育蛇绿岩，与俯冲有关的花岗岩、岛弧火山岩和高压变质岩石及弧前增生楔为特征；柴北缘俯冲碰撞杂岩带以产出岛弧火山岩，俯冲成因的花岗岩和柯石英相超高压变质岩为特征。两带均形成于早古生代祁连洋的关闭，所不同的是北祁连洋的关闭仅仅发生洋—陆之间的俯冲，而南祁连洋在关闭后出现了陆—陆深俯冲，形成了超高压变质岩石，具有较北带更复杂的形成历史。
祁连微地体的南北边界均为大型韧性走滑剪切带。本论文旨在通过调查这两条韧性剪切带的空间分布、几何学和运动学特征，形成的温压条件、时代，探讨这些大型韧性走滑剪切作用的特征、性质，形成机制，以及它们对造山作用的贡献。
祁连微地体北部边界韧性剪切带称之为北祁连南缘右行韧性走滑剪切带，南部边缘韧性剪切带称之为柴北缘右行韧性走滑剪切带。两者均以糜棱面理往北陡倾、近水平的拉伸线理、右行剪切应变及在YZ面上的挤压为基本特征，为韧性“右行挤压转换型”剪切带。北祁连南缘韧性右行韧性走滑剪切带地球化学分析表明糜棱岩原岩为泥、砂质岩和火成岩。石榴石微区成分变化、黑云母中高TiO_2含量(约2wt％)和矽线石相变质作用均说明韧性剪切带的形成温度较高。根据剪切带内石英优选方位具高温柱面滑移系、中温菱面滑移系及低温底面轴滑移系，推测剪切带形成高温(＞650℃)及中高温(400℃-650℃)的条件，后经历一次退变质作用，与GBIMSPL温压计和Thermocalc温压计计算出韧性剪切带中段(宝库河)糜棱岩形成的温度T=542℃-763℃(P=6.2Kbar-8.4Kbar)基本吻合。剪切带内长英质条带沿糜棱面理产出，具有与剪切带糜棱岩完全一致的构造变形特征。它们是在剪切作用过程中剪切热引起原岩温度升高并导致岩石部分熔融形成的，是同构造熔融作用的产物。
糜棱岩单颗锆石U-Pb同位素上交点年龄965-956Ma代表原岩的形成时代，与祁连微地体变质基底的形成时代一致。剪切带切割了俯冲碰撞杂岩带，穿过加里东期花岗岩体，并被石炭纪地层覆盖。钾长石、黑云母Ar-Ar同位素年龄、单颗锆石U-Pb同位素下交点年龄等表明北祁连南缘右行韧性走滑剪切带形成于410-394Ma，与柴北缘右行韧性走滑剪切带形成时代(406-401Ma)相一致，两者均为加里东造山作用晚期的产物。大型韧性走滑剪切带的形成时代为早中泥盆世，分别为410-394Ma和406-401Ma，表明大型韧性右行挤压转换作用是加里东造山作用的继续，是在加里东期间陆陆正向会聚碰撞→陆陆斜向会聚碰撞转换过程中形成的。在青藏高原中，地体边界上普遍叠置大型转换挤压型走滑剪切带(或断裂)，表明陆—陆斜向碰撞产生走滑剪切带，伴随山脉的形成和隆升，可能是造山过程中的一种普遍规律。
There are two subduction and collision related complex belts, which occur at the north borderand south border, respectively, of the Qilian microcontinent, formed by the collision between theAlxa micro-continent, the Qilian micro-continent and the Qaidam micro-continent in the EarlyPaleozoic period. The north one is called the North Qilian Caledonian subduction-collisioncomplex belt (NQCB), and the south one is called the South Qilian subduction-collision complexbelt (SQCB). The NQCB is characterized by the occurrence of ophiolite, subduction relatedgranites, island arc volcanic rocks, high pressure metamorphic rocks and accretionary wedges,whereas the SQCB is characterized by the occurrence of island arc volcanic rocks and subductionrelated granites, ultrahigh pressure rocks. These two belts were formed by the close of the Qilianocean basin, and the different is that ocean-continent subduction occurred at the NQCB whereas atthe SQCB the oceanic crust subduction was followed by continental subduction.
This thesis is aimed to study the two boundary ductile shear zones of the Qilianmicrocontinent, both of them are large ductile strike-slip shear zones, and to understand thecharacteristics and nature of shearing, original mechanism, and their contribution to the orogen,through the investigation of their spatial distribution, geometry, structural analysis, chemicalcomposition of mylonite and syntectonic anatexis, and geochronology.
The north boundary shear zone is called the North Boundary Ductile Strike-slipping ShearZone of Qilihn (NBSZ), and the south boundary shear zone is called the South Boundary DuctileStrike-slipping Shear Zone of Qilian (SBSZ). The foliations of mylonites in the two zones deeplydip to the north with nearly horizontal stretch lineation, dextral shear sense, and compressionaldeformation in the YZ face.
The geochemical compositions show that the protolith of mylonite in NBSZ probably waspelite, sandstone and volcanic rocks. The compositional features of garnets, high TiO2 (about 2wt%) in biotite and sillimanite occurs in the mylonite suggest a high temperature environment ofthe shearing. The hightemperature prismatic glide system, middle temperature rhombic glidesystem and low temperature based glide system for the preferred orientation of quartz inNBSD indicate the shear zone formed in a high temperature (above 650℃), and a middle-hightemperature (400-600℃), after undergoing a retrogressive metamorphism, which is accordancewith the temperature T=542-753℃(P=6.2-8.4 kbar) of mylonite calculated by GBIMSPL andThermocalc geothermobarometers. The felsic bands in ductile shear zone are ubiquitous, distributeisolated along foliation, and the deformation features of felsic bands are the same with mylonite,which show that was formed by partial melting resulted from shear heat energy during shearing.They are products of syntectonic melting during dextral strike-slip shearing.
Geochronology study shows that the formational age of NBSZ is 410-394Ma, dated by U-Pbmethod of zircon from felsic mylonite, and the age of SBSZ is 406-401 Ma, both suggest a lateCaledonian age. The NBSZ and SBSZ formed during transformation from normal to obliqueintrocontinental subduction between the micro-continents. Since large size shearing fault zones arecommonly developed in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, "oblique introcontinental subduction"probably is a mechanism for the formation of the shearing fault, and the latter causes the formationand uplift of mountains as well as plateau.
祁连微地体的南北边界均为大型韧性走滑剪切带。本论文旨在通过调查这两条韧性剪切带的空间分布、几何学和运动学特征，形成的温压条件、时代，探讨这些大型韧性走滑剪切作用的特征、性质，形成机制，以及它们对造山作用的贡献。
祁连微地体北部边界韧性剪切带称之为北祁连南缘右行韧性走滑剪切带，南部边缘韧性剪切带称之为柴北缘右行韧性走滑剪切带。两者均以糜棱面理往北陡倾、近水平的拉伸线理、右行剪切应变及在YZ面上的挤压为基本特征，为韧性“右行挤压转换型”剪切带。北祁连南缘韧性右行韧性走滑剪切带地球化学分析表明糜棱岩原岩为泥、砂质岩和火成岩。石榴石微区成分变化、黑云母中高TiO_2含量(约2wt％)和矽线石相变质作用均说明韧性剪切带的形成温度较高。根据剪切带内石英优选方位具高温柱面
糜棱岩单颗锆石U-Pb同位素上交点年龄965-956Ma代表原岩的形成时代，与祁连微地体变质基底的形成时代一致。剪切带切割了俯冲碰撞杂岩带，穿过加里东期花岗岩体，并被石炭纪地层覆盖。钾长石、黑云母Ar-Ar同位素年龄、单颗锆石U-Pb同位素下交点年龄等表明北祁连南缘右行韧性走滑剪切带形成于410-394Ma，与柴北缘右行韧性走滑剪切带形成时代(406-401Ma)相一致，两者均为加里东造山作用晚期的产物。大型韧性走滑剪切带的形成时代为早中泥盆世，分别为410-394Ma和406-401Ma，表明大型韧性右行挤压转换作用是加里东造山作用的继续，是在加里东期间陆陆正向会聚碰撞→陆陆斜向会聚碰撞转换过程中形成的。在青藏高原中，地体边界上普遍叠置大型转换挤压型走滑剪切带(或断裂)，表明陆—陆斜向碰撞产生走滑剪切带，伴随山脉的形成和隆升，可能是造山过程中的一种普遍规律。
There are two subduction and collision related complex belts, which occur at the north borderand south border, respectively, of the Qilian microcontinent, formed by the collision between theAlxa micro-continent, the Qilian micro-continent and the Qaidam micro-continent in the EarlyPaleozoic period. The north one is called the North Qilian Caledonian subduction-collisioncomplex belt (NQCB), and the south one is called the South Qilian subduction-collision complexbelt (SQCB). The NQCB is characterized by the occurrence of ophiolite, subduction relatedgranites, island arc volcanic rocks, high pressure metamorphic rocks and accretionary wedges,whereas the SQCB is characterized by the occurrence of island arc volcanic rocks and subductionrelated granites, ultrahigh pressure rocks. These two belts were formed by the close of the Qilianocean basin, and the different is that ocean-continent subduction occurred at the NQCB whereas atthe SQCB the oceanic crust subduction was followed by continental subduction.
This thesis is aimed to study the two boundary ductile shear zones of the Qilianmicrocontinent, both of them are large ductile strike-slip shear zones, and to understand thecharacteristics and nature of shearing, original mechanism, and their contribution to the orogen,through the investigation of their spatial distribution, geometry, structural analysis, chemicalcomposition of mylonite and syntectonic anatexis, and geochronology.
The north boundary shear zone is called the North Boundary Ductile Strike-slipping ShearZone of Qilihn (NBSZ), and the south boundary shear zone is called the South Boundary DuctileStrike-slipping Shear Zone of Qilian (SBSZ). The foliations of mylonites in the two zones deeplydip to the north with nearly horizontal stretch lineation, dextral shear sense, and compressionaldeformation in the YZ face.
The geochemical compositions show that the protolith of mylonite in NBSZ probably waspelite, sandstone and volcanic rocks. The compositional features of garnets, high TiO2 (about 2wt%) in biotite and sillimanite occurs in the mylonite suggest a high temperature environment ofthe shearing. The hightemperature prismatic glide system
Geochronology study shows that the formational age of NBSZ is 410-394Ma, dated by U-Pbmethod of zircon from felsic mylonite, and the age of SBSZ is 406-401 Ma, both suggest a lateCaledonian age. The NBSZ and SBSZ formed during transformation from normal to obliqueintrocontinental subduction between the micro-continents. Since large size shearing fault zones arecommonly developed in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, "oblique introcontinental subduction"probably is a mechanism for the formation of the shearing fault, and the latter causes the formationand uplift of mountains as well as plateau.
引文
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