基于面元法的船舶减阻研究
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摘要
随着近年来国际海事组织(IMO)针对船舶节能减排提出了一系列新标准和新规则，世界各国都掀起了一场绿色船舶的革命。阻力性能是船舶节能关心的首要问题，船舶阻力由粘性阻力和兴波阻力构成。其中，对于给定的船速，粘性阻力与船舶湿表面积成正比。一般来讲，湿表面积随船型改变和纵倾浮态调整变化不大。相反，在一定的Froude数范围内，兴波阻力对船型、纵倾状态、船舶局部型线(如球首等)的变化相当敏感，对上述因素进行适当调整，有可能得到较优的船舶兴波阻力性能。因此，本文试图通过基于兴波阻力的船型优化、船舶航行纵倾调整和给定压力分布形式物面设计研究，为船舶减阻节能的发展提供一些新的思路。
本文第一部分研究工作中针对长期以来三维绕流问题面元节点速度势计算误差较大的问题，考虑节点立体角，引入系数δ来分析该问题。通过对圆球表面考虑立体角前后节点速度势与解析解的比较，说明了系数δ在三维节点速度势求解中的重要作用。
本文第二部分研究工作是采用一种二次双曲线表达母型船，并通过数学推导证明纵剖线和水线的光顺性，在此基础上采用Michell积分进行兴波阻力计算。适当调整船型横剖面面积曲线，重新生成船型表达，通过反复计算来实现船型优化。随后对去球鼻艏的DTMB5415船型进行设计优化，得到了特定速度范围内较优的船型方案。对母型和优化方案的模型阻力试验研究结果表明，通过对数学船型的横剖面进行局部优化，就能够使当前船型的中高速段兴波阻力性能得到明显提高。
本文的第三部分研究工作是以减小兴波阻力为目标的纵倾预报。与其他减阻方式不同，纵倾调整只需调整船舶首尾吃水差来实现减阻节能效果。从船舶兴波阻力入手，考虑不同纵倾状态船舶的兴波阻力变化，并给出船舶航行中兴波阻力较优的纵倾状态。以Rankine源为格林函数基本解，分别采用Dawson方法和直接面元法对不同纵倾下的船舶兴波阻力进行计算，通过分析船长方向波高分布曲线、波形图和兴波阻力变化曲线，给出船舶的较优纵倾。最后，针对Dawson方法给出的某船型纵倾调整方案，进行了模型阻力试验，并通过三因次换算给出了兴波阻力系数。试验结果表明，Dawson方法和直接面元法能够实现以减小兴波阻力为目标的船舶航行纵倾预报，通过两种方法给出的较优纵倾方案在实际中也具有较佳的兴波阻力性能。
本文第四部分研究工作是给定压力分布形式的物面设计。兴波阻力是通过沿物面的压力分布进行积分求解，当兴波阻力不满足要求时，对物面压力进行调整，然后设计出满足目标压力分布形式的物面形状，这就是船舶水动力研究中逆问题。采用直接面元法和模型修正函数，在初始物面上，加载给定的压力分布形式，建立速度势变化和模型修正量之间的相互约束模型，经过反复的计算迭代，给出满足压力分布要求的物面模型。首先通过二维圆、椭圆和翼型设计、三维球体和椭球的设计来验证物面设计方法。最后，通过给定压力分布形式，实现了Wigley船型设计，初步解决了自由面绕流情况下的物面设计问题。
A revolution about green ship is processed in the world as the International MaritimeOrganization (IMO) proposed a series of new criteria for ship energy saving. The mostimportant case that ship energy saving concerns is the resistance, which is consisted ofwave resistance and viscous resistance. For a given speed of the ship, the viscousresistance is proportional to the wetted surface area which is generally not very sensitiveto the small change of ship lines and float condition. In contrast, in a certain range ofFroude number, wave resistance is quite sensitive to the two factors. Some smallmodification of any of the two factors may lead to great improvement in ship waveresistance. Therefore, this paper attempts to propose some new ideas for the ship dragreducing and energy saving by optimizing hull lines, modifying trim condition and bodydesigning with giving pressure distribution.
The first part of the present study aimes at that calculation of node potential in flowaround body always causes large errors. With inner angle of nodes taken into account, acoefficient δ is intrduced to slove the problem. Comparisons of annalitic results andnumerical results of sphere nodes are presented and calculation results with considerationof inner angle show more accuracy than that without inner angle.
In the second part of present study, a kind of quadratic curve is use to generate acertain hull of the minimum wetted surface. An optimization algorithm is used to modifycross section of the hull and Michell integral is applied to solve the wave resistance in theoptimization procedure. Numerical calculation and comparative experiments for themodified DTMB5415hull model are conducted to access the availability of the method.
Trim operation is studied as a new method for ship energy saving in the third part ofthe research. One of most noticeable characters of the trim operation is that the resistanceof ship could get obvious improvement with out any modification to hull lines. TheDawson method and a type of direct panel method for a boundary-value problem with thefree surface are proposed to predict ship wave resistance under different trim conditionsbased on Rankine source. The free surface boundary condition is linearized with respect tothe oncoming flow, and computed by a four-point finite difference scheme. Samplecomputations for Wigley hull and Series60are carried out to demonstrate theeffectiveness and the robustness of the methods. A hull model is taken into account at twodifferent displacements with respect to trim conditions of lower wave resistance. It is demonstrated by calculation and experiment that the wave resistance under the trimconditions provided by the proposed methods is lower than that under the initialconditions.
Body design with certain pressure distribution is researched in the forth part of thestudy. The wave-making theory for ship can be used to solve the problem ofhydrodynamics performance prediction and wave resistance often is calculated byintegration along the body surface. Researchers may do some modification to thecalculated pressure distribution while the wave resistance is not so satisfactory. How tofind a body surface corresponding to the modified pressure distribution is one of the majorissues studied in the paper. A type of direct panel method is use to calculate Rankinesource intensity, which is applied to compute the geometry modification of current body.An equation of velocity potential and geometry modification is created, and an iterativealgorithm is use to solve the equation. Design sample of ellipse, circle and wing section isconducted to verify two dimensional design procedures while sphere and ellipsoid designis applied for three-dimensional verification. Finally, the method is use to design theWigley hull with known pressure distribution along the body surface.
本文第一部分研究工作中针对长期以来三维绕流问题面元节点速度势计算误差较大的问题，考虑节点立体角，引入系数δ来分析该问题。通过对圆球表面考虑立体角前后节点速度势与解析解的比较，说明了系数δ在三维节点速度势求解中的重要作用。
本文第二部分研究工作是采用一种二次双曲线表达母型船，并通过数学推导证明纵剖线和水线的光顺性，在此基础上采用Michell积分进行兴波阻力计算。适当调整船型横剖面面积曲线，重新生成船型表达，通过反复计算来实现船型优化。随后对去球鼻艏的DTMB5415船型进行设计优化，得到了特定速度范围内较优的船型方案。对母型和优化方案的模型阻力试验研究结果表明，通过对数学船型的横剖面进行局部优化，就能够使当前船型的中高速段兴波阻力性能得到明显提高。
本文的第三部分研究工作是以减小兴波阻力为目标的纵倾预报。与其他减阻方式不同，纵倾调整只需调整船舶首尾吃水差来实现减阻节能效果。从船舶兴波阻力入手，考虑不同纵倾状态船舶的兴波阻力变化，并给出船舶航行中兴波阻力较优的纵倾状态。以Rankine源为格林函数基本解，分别采用Dawson方法和直接面元法对不同纵倾下的船舶兴波阻力进行计算，通过分析船长方向波高分布曲线、波形图和兴波阻力变化曲线，给出船舶的较优纵倾。最后，针对Dawson方法给出的某船型纵倾调整方案，进行了模型阻力试验，并通过三因次换算给出了兴波阻力系数。试验结果表明，Dawson方法和直接面元法能够实现以减小兴波阻力为目标的船舶航行纵倾预报，通过两种方法给出的较优纵倾方案在实际中也具有较佳的兴波阻力性能。
本文第四部分研究工作是给定压力分布形式的物面设计。兴波阻力是通过沿物面的压力分布进行积分求解，当兴波阻力不满足要求时，对物面压力进行调整，然后设计出满足目标压力分布形式的物面形状，这就是船舶水动力研究中逆问题。采用直接面元法和模型修正函数，在初始物面上，加载给定的压力分布形式，建立速度势变化和模型修正量之间的相互约束模型，经过反复的计算迭代，给出满足压力分布要求的物面模型。首先通过二维圆、椭圆和翼型设计、三维球体和椭球的设计来验证物面设计方法。最后，通过给定压力分布形式，实现了Wigley船型设计，初步解决了自由面绕流情况下的物面设计问题。
A revolution about green ship is processed in the world as the International MaritimeOrganization (IMO) proposed a series of new criteria for ship energy saving. The mostimportant case that ship energy saving concerns is the resistance, which is consisted ofwave resistance and viscous resistance. For a given speed of the ship, the viscousresistance is proportional to the wetted surface area which is generally not very sensitiveto the small change of ship lines and float condition. In contrast, in a certain range ofFroude number, wave resistance is quite sensitive to the two factors. Some smallmodification of any of the two factors may lead to great improvement in ship waveresistance. Therefore, this paper attempts to propose some new ideas for the ship dragreducing and energy saving by optimizing hull lines, modifying trim condition and bodydesigning with giving pressure distribution.
The first part of the present study aimes at that calculation of node potential in flowaround body always causes large errors. With inner angle of nodes taken into account, acoefficient δ is intrduced to slove the problem. Comparisons of annalitic results andnumerical results of sphere nodes are presented and calculation results with considerationof inner angle show more accuracy than that without inner angle.
In the second part of present study, a kind of quadratic curve is use to generate acertain hull of the minimum wetted surface. An optimization algorithm is used to modifycross section of the hull and Michell integral is applied to solve the wave resistance in theoptimization procedure. Numerical calculation and comparative experiments for themodified DTMB5415hull model are conducted to access the availability of the method.
Trim operation is studied as a new method for ship energy saving in the third part ofthe research. One of most noticeable characters of the trim operation is that the resistanceof ship could get obvious improvement with out any modification to hull lines. TheDawson method and a type of direct panel method for a boundary-value problem with thefree surface are proposed to predict ship wave resistance under different trim conditionsbased on Rankine source. The free surface boundary condition is linearized with respect tothe oncoming flow, and computed by a four-point finite difference scheme. Samplecomputations for Wigley hull and Series60are carried out to demonstrate theeffectiveness and the robustness of the methods. A hull model is taken into account at twodifferent displacements with respect to trim conditions of lower wave resistance. It is demonstrated by calculation and experiment that the wave resistance under the trimconditions provided by the proposed methods is lower than that under the initialconditions.
Body design with certain pressure distribution is researched in the forth part of thestudy. The wave-making theory for ship can be used to solve the problem ofhydrodynamics performance prediction and wave resistance often is calculated byintegration along the body surface. Researchers may do some modification to thecalculated pressure distribution while the wave resistance is not so satisfactory. How tofind a body surface corresponding to the modified pressure distribution is one of the majorissues studied in the paper. A type of direct panel method is use to calculate Rankinesource intensity, which is applied to compute the geometry modification of current body.An equation of velocity potential and geometry modification is created, and an iterativealgorithm is use to solve the equation. Design sample of ellipse, circle and wing section isconducted to verify two dimensional design procedures while sphere and ellipsoid designis applied for three-dimensional verification. Finally, the method is use to design theWigley hull with known pressure distribution along the body surface.
引文
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