绵羊放牧对草原土壤呼吸的作用及其主要影响因子分析
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摘要
草原占黄土高原土地总面积的27.3%-67.5%,以放牧利用为主,是重要的农业生产资料和生态屏障。本研究在陇东黄土高原丘陵沟壑区进行,主要研究不同季节、不同放牧率的滩羊轮牧小区土壤呼吸特征,并分析土、草、畜等主要影响因子对土壤呼吸的作用。
1夏季,不同放牧率的草地土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线。暖季放牧地最大值出现在14∶00左右,冷季放牧地最大值出现在16∶00左右,最小值均出现在01∶00-06∶00。暖季放牧地土壤平均日呼吸速率为1.12-1.58μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),随放牧率增加而减小;冷季放牧地土壤平均日呼吸速率为1.26-1.44μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),随放牧率增加而增大;封育地土壤平均日呼吸速率为2.08μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。正弦函数Rs=a×sin(ωt+φ)+b较好地模拟了土壤呼吸日动态,暖季放牧地最大日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小0.21%-4.57%,最小日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小1.87%-8.34%;冷季放牧地最大日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小1.38%-4.60%,最小日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小3.13%-10.99%:封育地最大日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小0.82%,最小日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小4.99%。
2暖季和冷季放牧地土壤呼吸的季节动态为8月＞5月＞11月;8月、5月和11月,暖季放牧地和冷季放牧地的土壤呼吸速率分别为1.35、0.79、0.43μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和1.36、0.78、0.42μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),不同放牧率之间差异极显著(P＜0.01)。
3运用通径分析研究丰要影响因子对土壤呼吸的作用,暖季放牧地各直接影响因子对草地土壤呼吸的通径系数依次为:土壤水分(0.52)＞地下生物量(0.49)＞土壤温度(0.42),放牧对土壤呼吸的间接通径系数依次为:地下生物量(-0.089)＞土壤水分(-0.059)＞土壤温度(-0.006);冷季放牧地各直接影响因子的通径系数依次为:土壤温度(0.67)＞地下生物量(0.42)＞土壤含水量(0.39),放牧对土壤呼吸的间接通径系数依次为:地下生物量(0.052)＞土壤温度(0.042)＞土壤水分(-0.004)。不论是暖季放牧地还是冷季放牧地,季节对土壤呼吸的影响都大于放牧率,放牧主要是通过地下生物量作用于土壤呼吸。
暖季放牧减少土壤呼吸,冷季放牧增加土壤呼吸;暖季放牧主要通过减少碳的输入来影响土壤呼吸,冷季放牧主要通过减少碳的输出来影响土壤呼吸。本文的研究为天然草地碳库和草地CO_2排放量确立合理的管理方式提供了基础资料。
The rangeland in Loess Plateau which accounts for 27.3%-67.5% of land area is mainly used for pasture, and plays an important role in livestock production and ecological protection. This research carried on the steppe grassland ecosystem of the eastern Gansu, Loess Plateau, and mainly studied on the characteristic of soil respiration in rotation paddocks under different seasons and different stocking rates, also analyzed the effect of soil, grass and livestock on soil respiration.
1 In summer, the diurnal curve of soil respiration of paddocks closely resembled a unimodal curve. The soil respiration rates in warm pastures peaked at around 14:00 h and at around 16:00 h in cold pastures, and then dropped rapidly to its minimum at 01:00-06:00 h. In warm pastures, the soil respiration rate lay in 1.12-1.58μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), and it decreased with the increase of stocking rates. In cold pastures, the soil respiration rate lay in 1.26-1.44μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), and it was positively correlated with stocking rates. The soil respiration rate in exclosure plots was 2.08μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1). We simulated the diurnal dynamic of soil respiration by the sine function Rs=a×sin(ωt+φ)+b, and obtained good effect. In warm pastures, the maximum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 0.21%-4.57%, and the minimum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 1.87%-8.34%; in cold pastures, the maximum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 1.38%-4.60%, and the minimum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 3.13%-10.99%; and in exclosures, the maximum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 0.82%, and the minimum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 4.99%.
2 The pattern of seasonal dynamics of soil respiration was August > May > November, whether in warm pastures or in cold pastures. In warm pastures and cold pastures, the CO_2 efflux (in descending order) was as follows: 1.35、0.79、0.43μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1) and 1.36、0.78、0.42μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1), respectively, and the difference of stocking rate was remarked significant (P<0.01).
3 Path analysis was used to assess the effects of important impact factors on soil respiration. Our analysis indicated that the path coefficients of the influence factors affecting soil respiration in warm pastures were as follows (in descending order): soil moisture (0.52), underground biomass (0.49) and soil temperature (0.42), and the indirect path coefficients of grazing affecting soil respiration in warm pastures were as follows (in descending order): underground biomass (-0.089), soil moisture (-0.059) and soil temperature (-0.006); the path coefficients of the influence factors in cold pastures were as follows (in descending order): soil temperature (0.67), underground biomass (0.42) and soil moisture (0.39), and the indirect path coefficients of grazing affecting soil respiration in cold pastures were as follows (in descending order): underground biomass (0.052), soil temperature (0.042) and soil moisture (-0.004). The seasonal variation had great influence on soil respiration than stocking rate whether in warm pastures or in cold pastures, and grazing affected soil respiration manly by changing the underground biomass.
In warm pastures, the soil respiration rate decreased with the increase of stocking rates; but in cold pastures, the soil respiration rate was positively correlated with stocking rates. The warm grazing effected soil respiration mainly by reducing the input of carbon and the cold grazing effected soil respiration mainly by reducing the output of carbon. This research could provide base information for the establishment of reasonable style of management which could estimate the grassland carbon pool and the emissions of CO_2 from grassland soil.
1夏季,不同放牧率的草地土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线。暖季放牧地最大值出现在14∶00左右,冷季放牧地最大值出现在16∶00左右,最小值均出现在01∶00-06∶00。暖季放牧地土壤平均日呼吸速率为1.12-1.58μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),随放牧率增加而减小;冷季放牧地土壤平均日呼吸速率为1.26-1.44μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),随放牧率增加而增大;封育地土壤平均日呼吸速率为2.08μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)。正弦函数Rs=a×sin(ωt+φ)+b较好地模拟了土壤呼吸日动态,暖季放牧地最大日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小0.21%-4.57%,最小日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小1.87%-8.34%;冷季放牧地最大日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小1.38%-4.60%,最小日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小3.13%-10.99%:封育地最大日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小0.82%,最小日呼吸速率理论值比实测值小4.99%。
2暖季和冷季放牧地土壤呼吸的季节动态为8月＞5月＞11月;8月、5月和11月,暖季放牧地和冷季放牧地的土壤呼吸速率分别为1.35、0.79、0.43μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1)和1.36、0.78、0.42μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1),不同放牧率之间差异极显著(P＜0.01)。
3运用通径分析研究丰要影响因子对土壤呼吸的作用,暖季放牧地各直接影响因子对草地土壤呼吸的通径系数依次为:土壤水分(0.52)＞地下生物量(0.49)＞土壤温度(0.42),放牧对土壤呼吸的间接通径系数依次为:地下生物量(-0.089)＞土壤水分(-0.059)＞土壤温度(-0.006);冷季放牧地各直接影响因子的通径系数依次为:土壤温度(0.67)＞地下生物量(0.42)＞土壤含水量(0.39),放牧对土壤呼吸的间接通径系数依次为:地下生物量(0.052)＞土壤温度(0.042)＞土壤水分(-0.004)。不论是暖季放牧地还是冷季放牧地,季节对土壤呼吸的影响都大于放牧率,放牧主要是通过地下生物量作用于土壤呼吸。
暖季放牧减少土壤呼吸,冷季放牧增加土壤呼吸;暖季放牧主要通过减少碳的输入来影响土壤呼吸,冷季放牧主要通过减少碳的输出来影响土壤呼吸。本文的研究为天然草地碳库和草地CO_2排放量确立合理的管理方式提供了基础资料。
The rangeland in Loess Plateau which accounts for 27.3%-67.5% of land area is mainly used for pasture, and plays an important role in livestock production and ecological protection. This research carried on the steppe grassland ecosystem of the eastern Gansu, Loess Plateau, and mainly studied on the characteristic of soil respiration in rotation paddocks under different seasons and different stocking rates, also analyzed the effect of soil, grass and livestock on soil respiration.
1 In summer, the diurnal curve of soil respiration of paddocks closely resembled a unimodal curve. The soil respiration rates in warm pastures peaked at around 14:00 h and at around 16:00 h in cold pastures, and then dropped rapidly to its minimum at 01:00-06:00 h. In warm pastures, the soil respiration rate lay in 1.12-1.58μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), and it decreased with the increase of stocking rates. In cold pastures, the soil respiration rate lay in 1.26-1.44μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1), and it was positively correlated with stocking rates. The soil respiration rate in exclosure plots was 2.08μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1). We simulated the diurnal dynamic of soil respiration by the sine function Rs=a×sin(ωt+φ)+b, and obtained good effect. In warm pastures, the maximum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 0.21%-4.57%, and the minimum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 1.87%-8.34%; in cold pastures, the maximum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 1.38%-4.60%, and the minimum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 3.13%-10.99%; and in exclosures, the maximum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 0.82%, and the minimum of predicted soil respiration rate is lower than the measured by 4.99%.
2 The pattern of seasonal dynamics of soil respiration was August > May > November, whether in warm pastures or in cold pastures. In warm pastures and cold pastures, the CO_2 efflux (in descending order) was as follows: 1.35、0.79、0.43μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1) and 1.36、0.78、0.42μmolCO_2·m~(-2)·s~(-1), respectively, and the difference of stocking rate was remarked significant (P<0.01).
3 Path analysis was used to assess the effects of important impact factors on soil respiration. Our analysis indicated that the path coefficients of the influence factors affecting soil respiration in warm pastures were as follows (in descending order): soil moisture (0.52), underground biomass (0.49) and soil temperature (0.42), and the indirect path coefficients of grazing affecting soil respiration in warm pastures were as follows (in descending order): underground biomass (-0.089), soil moisture (-0.059) and soil temperature (-0.006); the path coefficients of the influence factors in cold pastures were as follows (in descending order): soil temperature (0.67), underground biomass (0.42) and soil moisture (0.39), and the indirect path coefficients of grazing affecting soil respiration in cold pastures were as follows (in descending order): underground biomass (0.052), soil temperature (0.042) and soil moisture (-0.004). The seasonal variation had great influence on soil respiration than stocking rate whether in warm pastures or in cold pastures, and grazing affected soil respiration manly by changing the underground biomass.
In warm pastures, the soil respiration rate decreased with the increase of stocking rates; but in cold pastures, the soil respiration rate was positively correlated with stocking rates. The warm grazing effected soil respiration mainly by reducing the input of carbon and the cold grazing effected soil respiration mainly by reducing the output of carbon. This research could provide base information for the establishment of reasonable style of management which could estimate the grassland carbon pool and the emissions of CO_2 from grassland soil.
引文
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