保险市场竞争的法律规制
摘要
保险市场竞争规制是现代市场经济发展的客观要求，也是保险业发展的必要条件。在法治社会，国家通过法律手段，利用公权力保障公平自由的市场秩序，主要是制定和实施市场规制法。本文首先从市场规制法基本原理的角度探讨了有关的基本理论问题，接着介绍和分析了美、英、日三国的相关立法及实践，以借鉴其在规制保险业垄断和不正当竞争方面的经验。
就我国保险业的垄断问题而言，从法律解释的角度看，工商行政管理部门认定保险公司为“独占地位的经营者”的做法并非于法无据，但是所依据的保险市场准入受到严格限制的理由不充分。问题的实质是如何将“独占地位”的含义予以具体化。从立法论的角度考虑，我国应当借鉴美国的经验，在未来相关法律中明确规定保险业为反垄断适用除外的行业，但联合抵制、强制和胁迫等情形除外。
我国现行保险市场竞争规制与WTO法律制度的有关要求不符，而且在实践中还存在对保险市场不正当竞争的重复规制问题。为解决此问题，规制部门应当遵守以下三个原则：特别法优先于一般法原则、行政权力不可推定原则、一事不再罚原则。
总之，在我国加入WTO后，切实履行与保险有关的协议，积极应对国际保险市场的挑战，需要我们按照市场化理念和国际化理念，不断完善我国保险竞争规制。只有这样，我们才能克服现行保险市场竞争规制模式的不足，在未来竞争中取胜。
Regulation of insurance market competition is the result of the development of modern market economy. It is also necessary for the development of insurance industry. In a rule of law-society, to make and implement market regulation law is a main form that a state uses its power to safeguard fair and free market order by law. At first the paper discusses concerned fundamental theoretical problems, then introduces and analyzes concerned legislations and practices of America. England and Japanese in order to learn from their experiences in regulating monopoly and unfair competition in insurance industry.
As far as the problem of monopoly in the insurance industry is concerned, from the standpoint of law interpretation, the decision that Industry and Business Administrative Bureau treated insurance company as monopolist is not unreasonable according to law, but the reason that the entry into insurance industry is strictly prohibited is inadequate. The essence of problem is how to make the meaning of "monopoly" explicit. From the standpoint of legislation, we should learn from American experiences and specify insurance industry exempts from anti-monopoly except the case of boycott. coercion and intimidation.
There are many things that don't conform to law system of WTO in our country's nowadays-insurance market competition regulation. Furthermore, there is repeated regulation against unfair competition. In order to resolve the problem of repeated regulation, the regulatory department should comply with the following three principles: the principle of special law superior to general law. the principle that administrative power can not be inferred and the principle that an action can not be punished repeatedly.
In a word, after entry into WTO, we must specifically perform agreements concerning insurance and actively deal with challenges from international insurance market, which makes it necessary to continually improve the regulation according to the ideas of market and internationalizing. Only in this way can we overcome the defaults in the nowadays-insurance market regulation system and succeed in the future competition.
就我国保险业的垄断问题而言，从法律解释的角度看，工商行政管理部门认定保险公司为“独占地位的经营者”的做法并非于法无据，但是所依据的保险市场准入受到严格限制的理由不充分。问题的实质是如何将“独占地位”的含义予以具体化。从立法论的角度考虑，我国应当借鉴美国的经验，在未来相关法律中明确规定保险业为反垄断适用除外的行业，但联合抵制、强制和胁迫等情形除外。
我国现行保险市场竞争规制与WTO法律制度的有关要求不符，而且在实践中还存在对保险市场不正当竞争的重复规制问题。为解决此问题，规制部门应当遵守以下三个原则：特别法优先于一般法原则、行政权力不可推定原则、一事不再罚原则。
总之，在我国加入WTO后，切实履行与保险有关的协议，积极应对国际保险市场的挑战，需要我们按照市场化理念和国际化理念，不断完善我国保险竞争规制。只有这样，我们才能克服现行保险市场竞争规制模式的不足，在未来竞争中取胜。
Regulation of insurance market competition is the result of the development of modern market economy. It is also necessary for the development of insurance industry. In a rule of law-society, to make and implement market regulation law is a main form that a state uses its power to safeguard fair and free market order by law. At first the paper discusses concerned fundamental theoretical problems, then introduces and analyzes concerned legislations and practices of America. England and Japanese in order to learn from their experiences in regulating monopoly and unfair competition in insurance industry.
As far as the problem of monopoly in the insurance industry is concerned, from the standpoint of law interpretation, the decision that Industry and Business Administrative Bureau treated insurance company as monopolist is not unreasonable according to law, but the reason that the entry into insurance industry is strictly prohibited is inadequate. The essence of problem is how to make the meaning of "monopoly" explicit. From the standpoint of legislation, we should learn from American experiences and specify insurance industry exempts from anti-monopoly except the case of boycott. coercion and intimidation.
There are many things that don't conform to law system of WTO in our country's nowadays-insurance market competition regulation. Furthermore, there is repeated regulation against unfair competition. In order to resolve the problem of repeated regulation, the regulatory department should comply with the following three principles: the principle of special law superior to general law. the principle that administrative power can not be inferred and the principle that an action can not be punished repeatedly.
In a word, after entry into WTO, we must specifically perform agreements concerning insurance and actively deal with challenges from international insurance market, which makes it necessary to continually improve the regulation according to the ideas of market and internationalizing. Only in this way can we overcome the defaults in the nowadays-insurance market regulation system and succeed in the future competition.
引文
[1]谢伏瞻，张承恩，刘妍方等．关于改善我国保险市场监管的若干政策建议．中国经济时报．2002-01-01
[2]袁宗蔚．保险学—危险与保险．第一版．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002，52
[3][日]厚谷襄儿，丹宗昭信．第一版．垄断禁止法的基础．青林书院新社，1983，80
[4][奥]A·哈耶克．个人主义与经济秩序．第一版．贾湛译．北京：北京经济学院出版社，1989，898-899
[5]韩忠谟．法学绪论．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2002，123
[6]赵万一．商法基本问题研究．第一版．北京；法律出版社，2002，165-166
[7]杨紫炬．经济法．第一版．北京：高等教育出版社，北京大学出版社，1999，171
[8]黄茂荣．法学方法与现代民法．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，45
[9]王全兴．经济法基础理论专题研究．第一版．北京：中国检察出版社，2002，583-584
[10][英]丹宁勋爵．法律的训诫．第一版．杨百揆，刘庸安，丁健译．北京：法律出版社，1997，71
[11]Catharine M. Johnson. The changing structure of the life insurance industry and the intemational financial crisis. Resource, 1998, 45(11): 34
[12]邓成明、阳建勋．论保险资金运营立法的目标价值协调．湖南税务高等专科学校学报，2003，02：36-39
[13]张文显．法哲学范畴研究．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，60
[14]L. Friedman. An introduction to American law. U.S.A: Stanford University Press, 1984, 46
[15]史际春，邓峰．经济法总论．第一版．北京：法律出版社，1998，14
[16][德]拉德布鲁赫．法学导论．第一版．米健，朱林译．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1997．77-78
[17][德]卡尔·拉伦茨．德国民法通论(上册)．第一版．王晓晔，邵建东，程建英等译．北京：法律出版社，2003，4-5
[18]刘定华，邓成明．保险法通论．第二版．长沙：湖南人民出版社，2000，17
[19]Brock, Elzinga. Antitrust, the Market, and the State. M. E Shrpe. Inc. 1991,85
[20]William A. Lovett. Bank and financial institution law in a nutshell. U.S.A: West Group, 1997, 351
[21]Spencer L. Kimball. Cases and materials on insurance law. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996, 620
[22]陈欣．保险法．第一版．北京：北京大学出版社，2000，351
[23]John F. Dobbyn. Insurance law in a nutshell. U. S. A: West Group, 1996,370-371
[24]曹士兵．反垄断法研究．第一版．北京：法律出版社，1996，77
[25]江蒲．全球经济中的结构主义和行为主义．见：第十届全国经济法理论研讨会论文集．长沙：湖南大学法学院编，2002，771
[26]Thomas W. Dunfee, Frank F. Gibson. Antitrust and Trade Regulation. U.S. A: John Wiley &. Sons, 1989, 1
[27]邓成明．中外保险法律制度比较研究．第一版．北京：知识产权出版社，2002，279
[28]云月秋．英国金融服务法对我国保险法修改的启示．经济与法，2002，(10)：44-45
[29]陈景．论国有保险公司的股份制改造．保险研究，2001，(06)：1-4
[30]唐运祥．保险中介概论．第一版．北京：商务印书馆，2000，3
[31]曹凤岐．中国金融改革、发展与国际化．第一版．北京：经济科学出版社，1999，202-204
[32]佘文娟．保险服务贸易的法律规范评析．保险研究，2001，(11)：21-22
[33]龙永图．世界贸易组织问题解答．第一版．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社，2000，151
[34]宋学良．中国入世承诺可能造成国内再保险市场缩水．金融与保险(人大复印资料)，2002，(15)：139
[35]李玉泉，李祝用．保险业适用反不正当竞争法的若干问题．中国保险，2001，(05)：17
[36]王泽鉴．法律思维与民法实例．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，210
[37]梁慧星．民法解释学．第二版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000，188
[38]Julian Lonbay. Frontier of the competition law. U. S. A: Chancery Law Publishing Ltd, 1993, 5
[39]Barry Hawk. International Antitrust Law and Policy. U. S. A: Transnational Juries Publications, Inc., 1993, 11
[40]Hayek. Law, Legislation and Liberty . U. S. A : University of Chicago Press, 1979, 115
[41]毛寿龙．中国政府功能的经济分析．第一版．北京：中国广播电视出版社，1996,131
[42]F. A. Hayek. The Road to Serfdom. U. S. A: University of Chicago Press, 1994, 54
[43]张明楷．刑法格言的展开．第一版．北京：法律出版社，2003，202
[44]刘友芝．经济全球化下中国保险监管模式的两难选择．武汉金融，2001，(12)：25-28
[45]漆多俊．经济法基础理论．第三版．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2000，158
[46]沈敏荣．法律限度．第一版．北京：法律出版社，2003，218-219
[2]袁宗蔚．保险学—危险与保险．第一版．北京：首都经济贸易大学出版社，2002，52
[3][日]厚谷襄儿，丹宗昭信．第一版．垄断禁止法的基础．青林书院新社，1983，80
[4][奥]A·哈耶克．个人主义与经济秩序．第一版．贾湛译．北京：北京经济学院出版社，1989，898-899
[5]韩忠谟．法学绪论．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2002，123
[6]赵万一．商法基本问题研究．第一版．北京；法律出版社，2002，165-166
[7]杨紫炬．经济法．第一版．北京：高等教育出版社，北京大学出版社，1999，171
[8]黄茂荣．法学方法与现代民法．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，45
[9]王全兴．经济法基础理论专题研究．第一版．北京：中国检察出版社，2002，583-584
[10][英]丹宁勋爵．法律的训诫．第一版．杨百揆，刘庸安，丁健译．北京：法律出版社，1997，71
[11]Catharine M. Johnson. The changing structure of the life insurance industry and the intemational financial crisis. Resource, 1998, 45(11): 34
[12]邓成明、阳建勋．论保险资金运营立法的目标价值协调．湖南税务高等专科学校学报，2003，02：36-39
[13]张文显．法哲学范畴研究．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，60
[14]L. Friedman. An introduction to American law. U.S.A: Stanford University Press, 1984, 46
[15]史际春，邓峰．经济法总论．第一版．北京：法律出版社，1998，14
[16][德]拉德布鲁赫．法学导论．第一版．米健，朱林译．北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1997．77-78
[17][德]卡尔·拉伦茨．德国民法通论(上册)．第一版．王晓晔，邵建东，程建英等译．北京：法律出版社，2003，4-5
[18]刘定华，邓成明．保险法通论．第二版．长沙：湖南人民出版社，2000，17
[19]Brock, Elzinga. Antitrust, the Market, and the State. M. E Shrpe. Inc. 1991,85
[20]William A. Lovett. Bank and financial institution law in a nutshell. U.S.A: West Group, 1997, 351
[21]Spencer L. Kimball. Cases and materials on insurance law. London: Little, Brown and Company, 1996, 620
[22]陈欣．保险法．第一版．北京：北京大学出版社，2000，351
[23]John F. Dobbyn. Insurance law in a nutshell. U. S. A: West Group, 1996,370-371
[24]曹士兵．反垄断法研究．第一版．北京：法律出版社，1996，77
[25]江蒲．全球经济中的结构主义和行为主义．见：第十届全国经济法理论研讨会论文集．长沙：湖南大学法学院编，2002，771
[26]Thomas W. Dunfee, Frank F. Gibson. Antitrust and Trade Regulation. U.S. A: John Wiley &. Sons, 1989, 1
[27]邓成明．中外保险法律制度比较研究．第一版．北京：知识产权出版社，2002，279
[28]云月秋．英国金融服务法对我国保险法修改的启示．经济与法，2002，(10)：44-45
[29]陈景．论国有保险公司的股份制改造．保险研究，2001，(06)：1-4
[30]唐运祥．保险中介概论．第一版．北京：商务印书馆，2000，3
[31]曹凤岐．中国金融改革、发展与国际化．第一版．北京：经济科学出版社，1999，202-204
[32]佘文娟．保险服务贸易的法律规范评析．保险研究，2001，(11)：21-22
[33]龙永图．世界贸易组织问题解答．第一版．北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社，2000，151
[34]宋学良．中国入世承诺可能造成国内再保险市场缩水．金融与保险(人大复印资料)，2002，(15)：139
[35]李玉泉，李祝用．保险业适用反不正当竞争法的若干问题．中国保险，2001，(05)：17
[36]王泽鉴．法律思维与民法实例．第一版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2001，210
[37]梁慧星．民法解释学．第二版．北京：中国政法大学出版社，2000，188
[38]Julian Lonbay. Frontier of the competition law. U. S. A: Chancery Law Publishing Ltd, 1993, 5
[39]Barry Hawk. International Antitrust Law and Policy. U. S. A: Transnational Juries Publications, Inc., 1993, 11
[40]Hayek. Law, Legislation and Liberty . U. S. A : University of Chicago Press, 1979, 115
[41]毛寿龙．中国政府功能的经济分析．第一版．北京：中国广播电视出版社，1996,131
[42]F. A. Hayek. The Road to Serfdom. U. S. A: University of Chicago Press, 1994, 54
[43]张明楷．刑法格言的展开．第一版．北京：法律出版社，2003，202
[44]刘友芝．经济全球化下中国保险监管模式的两难选择．武汉金融，2001，(12)：25-28
[45]漆多俊．经济法基础理论．第三版．武汉：武汉大学出版社，2000，158
[46]沈敏荣．法律限度．第一版．北京：法律出版社，2003，218-219