基于效益转换的中国湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能价值估算
摘要
湿地与森林、海洋并称为全球三大生态系统,是地球上最富生物多样性的自然生态景观和人类重要的生存环境。湿地作为具有陆地与水面系统间过渡性质的特殊地域单元,是集合了多功能的独特生态系统,发挥着独特的生态效益和服务功能。湿地不仅能够为人类提供动植物产品和水资源,还有巨大的调节功能和环境效益,丰富多样的湿地在调节气候、涵养水源、调蓄洪水、净化水质、维持生物多样性等方面发挥着重要的作用。我国是世界上湿地类型多样、数量丰富的国家之一。由于环境污染、过渡捕捞、人工围垦等原因,湿地生态功能和效益不断下降,动植物栖息地和水生、湿生生物生存环境遭到破坏,给我国水资源供给安全和国家生态安全造成隐患。
湿地生态系统服务功能及其价值估算受到越来越多的关注和重视。一方面,随着人类社会、经济的增长,导致对自然生态系统的过度需求剧增,人类对生态系统表现出越来越多的依赖。另一方面,生态系统服务功能需求持续增长所引发的问题变得更加复杂,由于过度捕捞、城市化、污染等原因,全球湿地生态系统的退化,对人类的福祉和经济发展造成的冲击日益加剧。如何度量和评估湿地生态系统为人类提供的广泛多样的服务?如何评估湿地生态系统对于社会与经济福祉的贡献,以便在决策制定过程中提供指导性的帮助?以上研究涉及自然科学、经济学和社会学等领域,是复杂和严峻的时代性问题,必须从多学科交叉角度考虑并解决问题。湿地生态系统服务功能研究是价值评估的基础,将其评估结果通过货币化的形式客观的表现出来,建起了经济学和生态学之间的桥梁,有利于研究生态系统对于社会和经济福祉的贡献,进一步开展对人类福祉具有促进作用的各项活动。
本文的研究内容包括：
1、结合国内外对于生态系统及其服务功能研究,基于中国的湿地资源环境特征,分析湿地生态系统服务功能以及湿地价值评估的经济学原理和方法。
2、研究湿地生态系统效益转换的基本原理和研究方法,包括湿地生态系统服务功能效益转换方法的来源、分类,成果参照法的原理和方法,Meta分析的原理以及其中的多元统计学方法,地理信息系统与遥感技术在自然资源效益转换中的应用等。
3、基于成果参照法对全国湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能进行价值估算。在对比了国外Costanza等人、国内谢高地等人在对中国生态系统进行研究得出的湿地单位面积价值量后,选取后者作为本论文的参考基准价值量。随后分析影响湿地价值量高低的诸多自然、社会因子,并选取相关因子(如经济人口因子、生物多样性因子等),对湿地价值基准量进行调整,进行湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能价值量的效益转换。
4、基于Meta分析方法对全国湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能进行价值估算。通过对湿地价值评价案例点的文献数据进行搜集和整理,最终得到80个湿地价值评价案例点并建立数据库。基于案例点数据分析各项服务功能的估算方法和单位面积价值量；基于数据库建立Meta回归分析模型,并得出全国湖沼湿地服务功能的价值总量。对分析成果参照法和效益转换方法进行比较,分析其评价结果的有效性,讨论效益转换过程中可能产生的误差来源。
本论文的主要研究成果如下：
综合国内外对于湿地生态系统及其服务功能的前沿研究,对于中国湿地的生态系统及其服务功能进行总结归纳；基于湿地价值评价案例点,分析湿地生态系统的支持、供给、调节以及文化服务的功能特点,以及对各项服务功能进行货币化评价的经济学方法。
探讨效益转换方法在湿地价值评价中的运用,基于国内外已有的湿地单位面积价值量进行成果参照法,并借鉴GIS的空间分析方法等进行调整,计算出2008年全国湖沼湿地面积价值量为5683.1×108元/年,其中全国湖泊湿地生态系统服务价值共计1771.6×108元/年,沼泽湿地生态系统服务功能价值总计3911.5×108元／年。湖泊生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为西藏、黑龙江和青海,而沼泽生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为黑龙江、青海和内蒙。引入Meta分析方法,通过对全国尺度上的湖沼案例点搜集,分析中国湖沼湿地服务功能特点及价值计算方法,对案例点中的数据进行搜集整理并建立数据库,在此基础上建立多元回归模型,实现尺度上推并估算出全国湖沼湿地面积价值量共计为21325.4x108元／年,其中湖泊生态系统价值量为8137.7×108元／年,沼泽生态系统服务功能的价值量为13187.7×108元／年。湖泊生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为西藏、青海和新疆,沼泽生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为黑龙江、内蒙和青海。
本文的创新点在于：
在湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价相关研究中,对于单个湿地、区域内湿地的研究较多,但对于全国范围大尺度的湿地价值评价较少。本文以基于中分辨率遥感影像提取的全国湖沼湿地数据库作为评价对象,将效益转换方法应用到湿地服务功能价值量研究中,基于成果参照法和Meta分析法开展湿地价值效益转换。
对成果参照法进行效益转换,依据中国湖沼湿地特征和国家经济社会国情,考虑到影响湿地生态系统服务功能价值量高低的各类社会、自然因素,通过GIS空间分析方法、数据处理方法等进行逐步调整。Meta分析方法基于对全国尺度的案例点搜集建库,对其进行数值统计,分析中国湖沼湿地服务功能价值量特征。基于SPSS软件对案例数据进行多元统计回归分析,并进行价值量的尺度上推,实现对基于遥感提取中国湖沼湿地资源进行价值量的估算。
Wetlands ecosystem was considered as one of the world's three major ecosystems, which has the fullest biodiversity condition on the earth and the most important living environment for human-beings. Wetlands have unique ecosystem benefit and service functions, not only providing goods and foods, but also having tremendous regulative services and supportive functions. Wetlands play important roles in climate regulation, water storage, hydrological regulation, waste treatment, biodiversity, and so on. China has abundant wetland types and area all over the world. Due to the pollution, over hunting, reclamation et al., wetlands function and their benefit are getting declined by years, the habitat of animals and plants was destroyed.
Wetland ecosystem services and their valuation are getting more and more attention in recent years. On one hand, with the development of population and economy, natural ecosystems is getting more and more demanded, people are heavily rely on the ecosystem. On the other hand, the situation that the continuous increase form natural ecosystem is getting complicated, due to the over hunting form wetlands, civilization, and pollution, et al., wetlands recourse is degenerated at global scale. The conflict between natural recourse and human benefit is becoming more and more serious. How to evaluate and balance the types of wetlands ecosystem services to human society? How to value the contribute wetlands provided to society and economic, thus to provide guiding assistance in policy making? All above are relating to the field of natural science, economy and society, and also a complicated philosophical subject, should be considered at multi-disciplinary way. Wetlands ecosystem service research is the basic point in value research; the valuation result is expressed in monetary form, which links the economics and ecology theory. The research result is meaningful to the benefit of society and economic, thus promote the activities for human well-beings in the future.
The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
1、Combining the frontier research about ecosystem and ecosystem service research, based on the environmental feature of Chinese wetland resource, this thesis analysis the wetlands ecosystem service and the economic theory and method of wetlands monetary valuation.
2、Introducing the methodology of wetlands ecosystem benefit transfer, which includes the origin, classification of value transfer, the theory and method of adjusted unit value transfer, the theory of Meta regression method, the application of GIS technology in natural resource.
3、Based on the adjusted unit value transfer, to evaluate the total economic value of lake and marsh wetlands in china. After comparing the unit value between the research result by Costanza et al., and Xie gaodi et al., this thesis choose Xie's research result as the basic unit value. Then this paper adjusted the unit value by the impact factors such as economic-population factor, biodiversity factor, thus obtain the total valuation result of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem of China.
4、Based on the Meta-analysis method to evaluate the lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem service valuation in China. Through the research and collection of related literature about ecosystem services valuation,80case study sites were set up and geo-database were founded. The valuation method and average unit area was compared though case studies, thus the total ecosystem services of lake and marsh wetland in China was scaled up. After comparing the adjusted unit value transfer and Meta regression value transfer, the possible error during value transfer was discussed.
The main research achievements are as follows:
Referring to the advanced research in wetland ecosystem and service valuation research, this paper summarized Chinese wetland ecosystem and its function and services; based the case studies of the valuation sites, analysis the support, supply, regulation and culture services of wetland ecosystem, and the economic method at monetary valuation of wetland ecosystem services.
Discussing the application of benefit transfer at wetland ecosystem services valuation, based on the current adjusted unit value of wetland ecosystem from domestic and international research, adjusting the unit value by the spatial analysis on GIS platform, calculating the total wetland valuation results of lake and marsh of China in2008, thus the valuation result is5683.1×108yuan/yr. Import Meta analysis method, through case research and collection of wetland valuation at national scale, analysis the characteristics of lake and marsh wetland in China and its valuation method, found the geo-database of case study, then multiple regression model were established to implement the scale up of value and realize the total valuation of lake and marsh wetlands in China,2008, thus obtain the valuation result is8137.1×108yuan/yr.
The innovation points of the paper are as follows:
Benefit transfer is an available and effective method for natural resource valuation at large geographical scale. Through the application of value transfer, especially the principle research of adjusted unit value method and Meta-regression method, this paper calculated the total value of lake and marsh wetland in China.
Adjusted unit value method referenced the updated research result about natural resource valuation both at home and abroad, based on the specialty of Chinese wetland, the economic and society condition, using spatial analysis and data processing method at GIS platform, series of adjusted method were realized. Based on the research and collection of wetlands valuation sites at national scale, Meta-regression method carried out the multivariate statistical analysis using SPSS software, thus realized the scale up of valuation and get the total value of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem value in China.
湿地生态系统服务功能及其价值估算受到越来越多的关注和重视。一方面,随着人类社会、经济的增长,导致对自然生态系统的过度需求剧增,人类对生态系统表现出越来越多的依赖。另一方面,生态系统服务功能需求持续增长所引发的问题变得更加复杂,由于过度捕捞、城市化、污染等原因,全球湿地生态系统的退化,对人类的福祉和经济发展造成的冲击日益加剧。如何度量和评估湿地生态系统为人类提供的广泛多样的服务?如何评估湿地生态系统对于社会与经济福祉的贡献,以便在决策制定过程中提供指导性的帮助?以上研究涉及自然科学、经济学和社会学等领域,是复杂和严峻的时代性问题,必须从多学科交叉角度考虑并解决问题。湿地生态系统服务功能研究是价值评估的基础,将其评估结果通过货币化的形式客观的表现出来,建起了经济学和生态学之间的桥梁,有利于研究生态系统对于社会和经济福祉的贡献,进一步开展对人类福祉具有促进作用的各项活动。
本文的研究内容包括：
1、结合国内外对于生态系统及其服务功能研究,基于中国的湿地资源环境特征,分析湿地生态系统服务功能以及湿地价值评估的经济学原理和方法。
2、研究湿地生态系统效益转换的基本原理和研究方法,包括湿地生态系统服务功能效益转换方法的来源、分类,成果参照法的原理和方法,Meta分析的原理以及其中的多元统计学方法,地理信息系统与遥感技术在自然资源效益转换中的应用等。
3、基于成果参照法对全国湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能进行价值估算。在对比了国外Costanza等人、国内谢高地等人在对中国生态系统进行研究得出的湿地单位面积价值量后,选取后者作为本论文的参考基准价值量。随后分析影响湿地价值量高低的诸多自然、社会因子,并选取相关因子(如经济人口因子、生物多样性因子等),对湿地价值基准量进行调整,进行湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能价值量的效益转换。
4、基于Meta分析方法对全国湖沼湿地生态系统服务功能进行价值估算。通过对湿地价值评价案例点的文献数据进行搜集和整理,最终得到80个湿地价值评价案例点并建立数据库。基于案例点数据分析各项服务功能的估算方法和单位面积价值量；基于数据库建立Meta回归分析模型,并得出全国湖沼湿地服务功能的价值总量。对分析成果参照法和效益转换方法进行比较,分析其评价结果的有效性,讨论效益转换过程中可能产生的误差来源。
本论文的主要研究成果如下：
综合国内外对于湿地生态系统及其服务功能的前沿研究,对于中国湿地的生态系统及其服务功能进行总结归纳；基于湿地价值评价案例点,分析湿地生态系统的支持、供给、调节以及文化服务的功能特点,以及对各项服务功能进行货币化评价的经济学方法。
探讨效益转换方法在湿地价值评价中的运用,基于国内外已有的湿地单位面积价值量进行成果参照法,并借鉴GIS的空间分析方法等进行调整,计算出2008年全国湖沼湿地面积价值量为5683.1×108元/年,其中全国湖泊湿地生态系统服务价值共计1771.6×108元/年,沼泽湿地生态系统服务功能价值总计3911.5×108元／年。湖泊生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为西藏、黑龙江和青海,而沼泽生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为黑龙江、青海和内蒙。引入Meta分析方法,通过对全国尺度上的湖沼案例点搜集,分析中国湖沼湿地服务功能特点及价值计算方法,对案例点中的数据进行搜集整理并建立数据库,在此基础上建立多元回归模型,实现尺度上推并估算出全国湖沼湿地面积价值量共计为21325.4x108元／年,其中湖泊生态系统价值量为8137.7×108元／年,沼泽生态系统服务功能的价值量为13187.7×108元／年。湖泊生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为西藏、青海和新疆,沼泽生态系统价值量最高的省份依次为黑龙江、内蒙和青海。
本文的创新点在于：
在湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价相关研究中,对于单个湿地、区域内湿地的研究较多,但对于全国范围大尺度的湿地价值评价较少。本文以基于中分辨率遥感影像提取的全国湖沼湿地数据库作为评价对象,将效益转换方法应用到湿地服务功能价值量研究中,基于成果参照法和Meta分析法开展湿地价值效益转换。
对成果参照法进行效益转换,依据中国湖沼湿地特征和国家经济社会国情,考虑到影响湿地生态系统服务功能价值量高低的各类社会、自然因素,通过GIS空间分析方法、数据处理方法等进行逐步调整。Meta分析方法基于对全国尺度的案例点搜集建库,对其进行数值统计,分析中国湖沼湿地服务功能价值量特征。基于SPSS软件对案例数据进行多元统计回归分析,并进行价值量的尺度上推,实现对基于遥感提取中国湖沼湿地资源进行价值量的估算。
Wetlands ecosystem was considered as one of the world's three major ecosystems, which has the fullest biodiversity condition on the earth and the most important living environment for human-beings. Wetlands have unique ecosystem benefit and service functions, not only providing goods and foods, but also having tremendous regulative services and supportive functions. Wetlands play important roles in climate regulation, water storage, hydrological regulation, waste treatment, biodiversity, and so on. China has abundant wetland types and area all over the world. Due to the pollution, over hunting, reclamation et al., wetlands function and their benefit are getting declined by years, the habitat of animals and plants was destroyed.
Wetland ecosystem services and their valuation are getting more and more attention in recent years. On one hand, with the development of population and economy, natural ecosystems is getting more and more demanded, people are heavily rely on the ecosystem. On the other hand, the situation that the continuous increase form natural ecosystem is getting complicated, due to the over hunting form wetlands, civilization, and pollution, et al., wetlands recourse is degenerated at global scale. The conflict between natural recourse and human benefit is becoming more and more serious. How to evaluate and balance the types of wetlands ecosystem services to human society? How to value the contribute wetlands provided to society and economic, thus to provide guiding assistance in policy making? All above are relating to the field of natural science, economy and society, and also a complicated philosophical subject, should be considered at multi-disciplinary way. Wetlands ecosystem service research is the basic point in value research; the valuation result is expressed in monetary form, which links the economics and ecology theory. The research result is meaningful to the benefit of society and economic, thus promote the activities for human well-beings in the future.
The main contents of this thesis are as follows:
1、Combining the frontier research about ecosystem and ecosystem service research, based on the environmental feature of Chinese wetland resource, this thesis analysis the wetlands ecosystem service and the economic theory and method of wetlands monetary valuation.
2、Introducing the methodology of wetlands ecosystem benefit transfer, which includes the origin, classification of value transfer, the theory and method of adjusted unit value transfer, the theory of Meta regression method, the application of GIS technology in natural resource.
3、Based on the adjusted unit value transfer, to evaluate the total economic value of lake and marsh wetlands in china. After comparing the unit value between the research result by Costanza et al., and Xie gaodi et al., this thesis choose Xie's research result as the basic unit value. Then this paper adjusted the unit value by the impact factors such as economic-population factor, biodiversity factor, thus obtain the total valuation result of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem of China.
4、Based on the Meta-analysis method to evaluate the lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem service valuation in China. Through the research and collection of related literature about ecosystem services valuation,80case study sites were set up and geo-database were founded. The valuation method and average unit area was compared though case studies, thus the total ecosystem services of lake and marsh wetland in China was scaled up. After comparing the adjusted unit value transfer and Meta regression value transfer, the possible error during value transfer was discussed.
The main research achievements are as follows:
Referring to the advanced research in wetland ecosystem and service valuation research, this paper summarized Chinese wetland ecosystem and its function and services; based the case studies of the valuation sites, analysis the support, supply, regulation and culture services of wetland ecosystem, and the economic method at monetary valuation of wetland ecosystem services.
Discussing the application of benefit transfer at wetland ecosystem services valuation, based on the current adjusted unit value of wetland ecosystem from domestic and international research, adjusting the unit value by the spatial analysis on GIS platform, calculating the total wetland valuation results of lake and marsh of China in2008, thus the valuation result is5683.1×108yuan/yr. Import Meta analysis method, through case research and collection of wetland valuation at national scale, analysis the characteristics of lake and marsh wetland in China and its valuation method, found the geo-database of case study, then multiple regression model were established to implement the scale up of value and realize the total valuation of lake and marsh wetlands in China,2008, thus obtain the valuation result is8137.1×108yuan/yr.
The innovation points of the paper are as follows:
Benefit transfer is an available and effective method for natural resource valuation at large geographical scale. Through the application of value transfer, especially the principle research of adjusted unit value method and Meta-regression method, this paper calculated the total value of lake and marsh wetland in China.
Adjusted unit value method referenced the updated research result about natural resource valuation both at home and abroad, based on the specialty of Chinese wetland, the economic and society condition, using spatial analysis and data processing method at GIS platform, series of adjusted method were realized. Based on the research and collection of wetlands valuation sites at national scale, Meta-regression method carried out the multivariate statistical analysis using SPSS software, thus realized the scale up of valuation and get the total value of lake and marsh wetlands ecosystem value in China.
引文
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