自生固氮菌对玉米、小麦根际微生态调控机制的研究
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摘要
本研究运用RFLP、BIOLOG、PCR-T-RFLP、巢式PCR-DGGE、傅立叶红外光谱和根系扫描等技术主要从根际微生态特征方面探索了自生固氮菌（Azotobacter）与玉米（Zea mays L.）、小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）互作机制。首先从陕西周至秦岭南坡土壤分离得到62株自生固氮菌，采用RFLP技术进行菌株16S rDNA指纹图谱分析，并测定固氮酶活性，确定3株高效自生固氮菌分别为褐球固氮菌（Azotobacter chroococcumYCYS）、芸苔叶杆菌（Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54）和类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sabinae MX31）。盆栽实验条件下，接种3株自生固氮菌对玉米（Z. maysL.）、小麦（T. aestivum L.）生长、根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性的调控过程；在不同氮水平/盐浓度条件下，研究接种自生固氮菌对玉米（Z. mays L.）根系形态和根际细菌群落多样性的影响；分析了大田实验条件下接种菌剂和施加氮素、微生物酶制剂对小麦（T. aestivum L.）根际微生态特征的影响。研究结论为自生固氮菌资源利用和菌剂开发以及菌剂与氮素肥料合理配施提供科学依据，研究得到主要结论如下：
1.本研究共分离得到62株自生固氮菌，采用RFLP技术进行菌株16S rDNA指纹图谱分析、测定菌株固氮酶活性，并对代表菌株进行鉴定。结果表明，62株自生固氮菌具有丰富的遗传多样性，YCYS菌株固氮酶活性最高为47.74±1.02nmol/mg·h；3株具有高固氮酶活性的代表菌株分别为褐球固氮菌（Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS）、芸苔叶杆菌（Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54）和类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sabinaeMX31）。
2.在盆栽实验条件下，研究了3株自生固氮菌—褐球固氮菌（Azotobacterchroococcum YCYS）、芸苔叶杆菌（Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54）和类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sabinae MX31）接种盆栽玉米（Z. mays L.）之后，玉米（Z. mays L.）生长、植株氮含量、根际土壤酶活性、细菌群落功能多样性和遗传多样性的响应过程。结果表明，随接种时间延长，接种自生固氮菌显示出良好的促生效果，接种42天，MX31处理显著高于对照，地上部分鲜重的大小顺序为：MX31>QL54>YCYS>Control。接种7天，接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum YCYS）和类芽孢杆菌（P. sabinae MX31）玉米根际土壤脲酶活性分别比对照高20.55%和9.58%。BIOLOG结果显示，接种自生固氮菌可以提高细菌总代谢活性。
3.在盆栽实验条件下，探索了接种自生固氮菌对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长、根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明，接种35天时，接种QL54处理小麦苗高极显著高于对照（P<0.01）。根系活力在接种20天时，接种处理显著高于对照。接种YCYS和QL54显著提高小麦籽粒百粒重，分别比对照高22.05%和20.56%，差异达到显著性水平（P<0.05）。接种YCYS、QL54和MX31处理小麦麦粒吸氮量分别比对照高7.58%、16.76%和1.78%。傅里叶红外光谱表明，接种自生固氮菌对小麦籽粒物质组成无影响。BIOLOG主成分分析（PCA）表明接种自生固氮菌小麦根际细菌和真菌群落功能多样性特征存在时间差异。
4.研究了不同施氮水平对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）根际土壤酶活性和真菌分子群落多样性的影响。结果表明，随着氮素添加量的增加，脱氢酶活性降低，其中低氮素处理为22.93±4.89μg TPF/(g·24h)，是高氮素的3.74倍（P<0.05）；蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性4个处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。巢式PCR-DGGE图谱显示小麦根际土壤真菌DGGE图谱有58种条带类型。真菌群落丰富度指数（S）和多样性指数（H）均为：对照>中氮>低氮>高氮处理。
5.不同氮水平条件下，研究接种褐球固氮菌（Azotobacter Chroococcum YCYS）对玉米植株吸氮量、根际土壤酶活性和细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明，低氮条件下（0.05g/kg），接种YCYS处理的玉米植株吸氮量为59.78±0.18mg/株，极显著高于其他处理（F=237.39，P<0.01）。低氮条件下（0.05g/kg），接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum）可以极显著提高玉米根际脱氢酶活性，接种比不接种高53.16%。BIOLOG和T-RFLP结果的主成分分析（PCA）表明说明在高氮素条件下，接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum）对玉米根际细菌群落多样性影响不显著。
6.研究了大田实验条件下接种微生物菌剂和施加酶制剂对小麦（Triticum aestivumL.）根际土壤脱氢酶和微生物群落多样性的影响。结果表明，接种菌剂和施加酶制剂有利于提高小麦根际的脱氢酶活性，脱氢酶活性范围从26.14±3.30TF/(g·24h)到48.13±17.39TF/(g·24h)。细菌群落BIOLOG结果表明，接种处理小麦根际细菌的AWCD最高为0.77±0.05，对照处理最低为0.56±0.03，差异达到极显著性水平（P＜0.01）；主成分分析（PCA）结果表明各个处理土壤微生物种群多样性存在显著差异。
7.探索不同盐浓度条件下，接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum YCYS）和芸苔叶杆菌（P. brasssicacearum QL54）对玉米（Zea mays L.）的影响。结果表明，接种可以降低玉米叶片丙二醛含量；在氯化钠浓度为1.0g/kg条件下，接种YCYS处理的SOD酶活性为23.26U/mg protein，极显著高于非盐胁迫条件下的SOD活性；在盐浓度为1.0g/kg条件下，接种YCYS处理CAT酶活性为12.76U/mg protein，显著高于对照。T-RFLP的主成分分析表明盐胁迫使玉米根际微生物群落趋于一致，多样性降低。
In this work, RFLP, BIOLOG, PCR-T-RFLP, nested PCR-DGGE, FTIR and root scanningtechniques were employed to explore the mechanisms of interaction between Azotobacter and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Firstly, sixty-two Azotobacter strains wereisolated from the soils collected from Qinling Mountains, Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province.PCR-RFLP technology was employed to determine the fingerprinting of isolated Azotobacter strains.Nitrogenase activity was examined, and three strains with high nitrogenase activity were identified asAzotobacter chroococcum YCYS, Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54and Paenibacillussabinae MX31. Whilst, we investigated the effects of Azotobacter inoculation on the growth, soilenzyme activities and microbial community diversity associated with the rhiosphere of maize (Z. maysL.) and wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings under pot cultural conditions. After that, we alsoinvestigated responses of Azotobacter inoculated with maize seedlings to different nitrogen levels andsalt concentrations. Finally, we examined the effects of inoculation with microbial inoculants, nitrogenaddition and utilization of enzyme preparations on the soil enzyme activities and microbialcommunities associated with the rhizosphere of wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings in the fieldexperimental conditions. Thus, these results providing a scientific evaluation for the Azotobacterresources utilization, microorganism inoculant development and the combined application ofAzotobacter inoculant and nitrogen fertilizer with reasonable ratio in agricultural process. The mainresults of this dissertation are as follows:
1. In the present work, sixty-two strains were isolated from the soils located in Qinling Mountains,Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province. RFLP technology was employed to determine the fingerprintingof isolated Azotobacter strains. Nitrogenase activities were also examined, and the highest nitrogenaseactivity was observed in YCYS strain with47.74±1.02nmol/(mg·h). The three strains YCYS, QL54and MX31with higher nitrogenase activities were identified as Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS,Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54and Paenibacillus sabinae MX31, respectively.
2. To explore the responses of growth, nutrition status of maize (Z. mays L.), soil enzymeactivities and bacterial community functional and genetic diversity in the rhizosphere soils of maizeseedlings inoculated with Azotobacter isolates including Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS,Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54and Paenibacillus sabinae MX31, the pot experiment was examined. The results showed that the inoculation of Azotobacter could improve the growth of maizeseedlings with the extension of inoculation, the shoot fresh weight was ordered as:MX31>QL54>YCYS>Control after42days inoculation. The urease activities of A. chroococcumYCYS and P. sabinae MX31treatments were increased by20.55%and9.58%compared with thecontrol after7days inoculation, respectively. The BIOLOG results showed that the Azotobacterinoculation could increase the total bacterial community metabolic activity.
3. To explore the effects of Azotobacter inoculation on the growth of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) seedlings, soil enzyme activities and functional diversity of microbialcommunities, the pot experiment was conducted. The results showed that the height ofseedlings inoculated with QL54was significantly higher than that of uninoculated control(p<0.01). The root activities of inoculated treatments were significantly higher than that ofuninoculated control in20days after inoculation process. Whilst, the hundred grain weight ofwheat inoculated with YCYS and QL54, increased22.05%and20.56%compared withcontrol(p<0.05). The nitrogen uptake of wheat grain inoculated with YCYS、QL54and MX31were higher than uninoculated control by7.58%、16.76%and1.78%, respectively. There wasno effect of Azotobacter inoculation on composition of grains among four treatments used byFTIR spectrometer. The BIOLOG principle component analysis (PCA) suggested that therewere changes in bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of wheat (T. aestivum L.)seedings inoculated with Azotobacter.
4. To explore the effects of nitrogen addition on soil enzyme activities and the diversity of fungalcommunity associated with the rhizosphere of wheat (T. aestivum L.), a field experiment wasconducted. The results showed that dehydrogenase activity was decreased with the increased nitrogenaddition, the dehydrogenase activity of low nitrogen treatment was22.93±4.89μg TF (g.24h)-1, and itwas3.74times compared with high nitrogen treatment (P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significantdifferences of protease activity and sucrase activity among four treatments (P>0.05).58band typeswere viewed in nested PCR-DGGE profile of fungal18S rDNA V3region. Fungal Species Richness(S) and Shannon Diversity (H) index were ordered as: control>middle nitrogen>low nitrogen>highnitrogen.
5. To explore the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS inoculation with differentnitrogen levels on nitrogen uptake of maize plant, soil enzyme activities and diversity ofbacterial community in the rhizosphere of maize (Z. mays L.) seedlings. The results showedthat the nitrogen uptake of Z. mays L. plant inoculation with YCYS reached59.78±0.18mg/plant at0.05nitrogen level, significantly higher than other treatments (F=237.39，P<0.01). The dehydrogenase activity in A. chroococcum treatment was significantly higherthan that of uninoculated treatment by53.16%with0.05g/kg nitrogen level. The principle component analysis (PCA) of BIOLOG and T-RFLP also revealed that A. chroococcuminocualation had no significant influence on bacterail community diversity.
6. In this study, the effects of microbial fertilizer on dehydrogenase activity and microbialcommunity diversity in the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated in the fieldconditions. The results showed that significant differences were observed in dehydrogenase activityamong the tested soils, arranging from26.14±3.30to48.13±17.39TF/(g·24h). The AWCD of MI(0.77±0.05) was higher than that of other treatments, whereas the AWCD for control (0.56±0.03) wasthe lowest (P＜0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) of BIOLOG data further revealed thatlarge differences in microbial diversity (metabolic diversity) from treatments soils.
7. Effects of Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS and Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54inoculation on maize (Z. mays L.) seedlings exposed to different salt concentrations wereexplored. The results showed that inoculation with Azotobacter could decrease MDA content.The activity of SOD reached23.26U/mg protein at YCYS treatment with1.0g/kg NaCl, wassignificantly higher than the treatments with no salt, and CAT activity reached12.76U/mgprotein compared with the control. The principle component analysis (PCA) of T-RFLPrevealed that salt stress reduced the diversity of soil bacterial community.
1.本研究共分离得到62株自生固氮菌，采用RFLP技术进行菌株16S rDNA指纹图谱分析、测定菌株固氮酶活性，并对代表菌株进行鉴定。结果表明，62株自生固氮菌具有丰富的遗传多样性，YCYS菌株固氮酶活性最高为47.74±1.02nmol/mg·h；3株具有高固氮酶活性的代表菌株分别为褐球固氮菌（Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS）、芸苔叶杆菌（Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54）和类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sabinaeMX31）。
2.在盆栽实验条件下，研究了3株自生固氮菌—褐球固氮菌（Azotobacterchroococcum YCYS）、芸苔叶杆菌（Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54）和类芽孢杆菌（Paenibacillus sabinae MX31）接种盆栽玉米（Z. mays L.）之后，玉米（Z. mays L.）生长、植株氮含量、根际土壤酶活性、细菌群落功能多样性和遗传多样性的响应过程。结果表明，随接种时间延长，接种自生固氮菌显示出良好的促生效果，接种42天，MX31处理显著高于对照，地上部分鲜重的大小顺序为：MX31>QL54>YCYS>Control。接种7天，接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum YCYS）和类芽孢杆菌（P. sabinae MX31）玉米根际土壤脲酶活性分别比对照高20.55%和9.58%。BIOLOG结果显示，接种自生固氮菌可以提高细菌总代谢活性。
3.在盆栽实验条件下，探索了接种自生固氮菌对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）生长、根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明，接种35天时，接种QL54处理小麦苗高极显著高于对照（P<0.01）。根系活力在接种20天时，接种处理显著高于对照。接种YCYS和QL54显著提高小麦籽粒百粒重，分别比对照高22.05%和20.56%，差异达到显著性水平（P<0.05）。接种YCYS、QL54和MX31处理小麦麦粒吸氮量分别比对照高7.58%、16.76%和1.78%。傅里叶红外光谱表明，接种自生固氮菌对小麦籽粒物质组成无影响。BIOLOG主成分分析（PCA）表明接种自生固氮菌小麦根际细菌和真菌群落功能多样性特征存在时间差异。
4.研究了不同施氮水平对小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）根际土壤酶活性和真菌分子群落多样性的影响。结果表明，随着氮素添加量的增加，脱氢酶活性降低，其中低氮素处理为22.93±4.89μg TPF/(g·24h)，是高氮素的3.74倍（P<0.05）；蛋白酶和蔗糖酶活性4个处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。巢式PCR-DGGE图谱显示小麦根际土壤真菌DGGE图谱有58种条带类型。真菌群落丰富度指数（S）和多样性指数（H）均为：对照>中氮>低氮>高氮处理。
5.不同氮水平条件下，研究接种褐球固氮菌（Azotobacter Chroococcum YCYS）对玉米植株吸氮量、根际土壤酶活性和细菌群落多样性的影响。结果表明，低氮条件下（0.05g/kg），接种YCYS处理的玉米植株吸氮量为59.78±0.18mg/株，极显著高于其他处理（F=237.39，P<0.01）。低氮条件下（0.05g/kg），接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum）可以极显著提高玉米根际脱氢酶活性，接种比不接种高53.16%。BIOLOG和T-RFLP结果的主成分分析（PCA）表明说明在高氮素条件下，接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum）对玉米根际细菌群落多样性影响不显著。
6.研究了大田实验条件下接种微生物菌剂和施加酶制剂对小麦（Triticum aestivumL.）根际土壤脱氢酶和微生物群落多样性的影响。结果表明，接种菌剂和施加酶制剂有利于提高小麦根际的脱氢酶活性，脱氢酶活性范围从26.14±3.30TF/(g·24h)到48.13±17.39TF/(g·24h)。细菌群落BIOLOG结果表明，接种处理小麦根际细菌的AWCD最高为0.77±0.05，对照处理最低为0.56±0.03，差异达到极显著性水平（P＜0.01）；主成分分析（PCA）结果表明各个处理土壤微生物种群多样性存在显著差异。
7.探索不同盐浓度条件下，接种褐球固氮菌（A. chroococcum YCYS）和芸苔叶杆菌（P. brasssicacearum QL54）对玉米（Zea mays L.）的影响。结果表明，接种可以降低玉米叶片丙二醛含量；在氯化钠浓度为1.0g/kg条件下，接种YCYS处理的SOD酶活性为23.26U/mg protein，极显著高于非盐胁迫条件下的SOD活性；在盐浓度为1.0g/kg条件下，接种YCYS处理CAT酶活性为12.76U/mg protein，显著高于对照。T-RFLP的主成分分析表明盐胁迫使玉米根际微生物群落趋于一致，多样性降低。
In this work, RFLP, BIOLOG, PCR-T-RFLP, nested PCR-DGGE, FTIR and root scanningtechniques were employed to explore the mechanisms of interaction between Azotobacter and wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Firstly, sixty-two Azotobacter strains wereisolated from the soils collected from Qinling Mountains, Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province.PCR-RFLP technology was employed to determine the fingerprinting of isolated Azotobacter strains.Nitrogenase activity was examined, and three strains with high nitrogenase activity were identified asAzotobacter chroococcum YCYS, Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54and Paenibacillussabinae MX31. Whilst, we investigated the effects of Azotobacter inoculation on the growth, soilenzyme activities and microbial community diversity associated with the rhiosphere of maize (Z. maysL.) and wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings under pot cultural conditions. After that, we alsoinvestigated responses of Azotobacter inoculated with maize seedlings to different nitrogen levels andsalt concentrations. Finally, we examined the effects of inoculation with microbial inoculants, nitrogenaddition and utilization of enzyme preparations on the soil enzyme activities and microbialcommunities associated with the rhizosphere of wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings in the fieldexperimental conditions. Thus, these results providing a scientific evaluation for the Azotobacterresources utilization, microorganism inoculant development and the combined application ofAzotobacter inoculant and nitrogen fertilizer with reasonable ratio in agricultural process. The mainresults of this dissertation are as follows:
1. In the present work, sixty-two strains were isolated from the soils located in Qinling Mountains,Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi Province. RFLP technology was employed to determine the fingerprintingof isolated Azotobacter strains. Nitrogenase activities were also examined, and the highest nitrogenaseactivity was observed in YCYS strain with47.74±1.02nmol/(mg·h). The three strains YCYS, QL54and MX31with higher nitrogenase activities were identified as Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS,Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54and Paenibacillus sabinae MX31, respectively.
2. To explore the responses of growth, nutrition status of maize (Z. mays L.), soil enzymeactivities and bacterial community functional and genetic diversity in the rhizosphere soils of maizeseedlings inoculated with Azotobacter isolates including Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS,Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54and Paenibacillus sabinae MX31, the pot experiment was examined. The results showed that the inoculation of Azotobacter could improve the growth of maizeseedlings with the extension of inoculation, the shoot fresh weight was ordered as:MX31>QL54>YCYS>Control after42days inoculation. The urease activities of A. chroococcumYCYS and P. sabinae MX31treatments were increased by20.55%and9.58%compared with thecontrol after7days inoculation, respectively. The BIOLOG results showed that the Azotobacterinoculation could increase the total bacterial community metabolic activity.
3. To explore the effects of Azotobacter inoculation on the growth of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) seedlings, soil enzyme activities and functional diversity of microbialcommunities, the pot experiment was conducted. The results showed that the height ofseedlings inoculated with QL54was significantly higher than that of uninoculated control(p<0.01). The root activities of inoculated treatments were significantly higher than that ofuninoculated control in20days after inoculation process. Whilst, the hundred grain weight ofwheat inoculated with YCYS and QL54, increased22.05%and20.56%compared withcontrol(p<0.05). The nitrogen uptake of wheat grain inoculated with YCYS、QL54and MX31were higher than uninoculated control by7.58%、16.76%and1.78%, respectively. There wasno effect of Azotobacter inoculation on composition of grains among four treatments used byFTIR spectrometer. The BIOLOG principle component analysis (PCA) suggested that therewere changes in bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of wheat (T. aestivum L.)seedings inoculated with Azotobacter.
4. To explore the effects of nitrogen addition on soil enzyme activities and the diversity of fungalcommunity associated with the rhizosphere of wheat (T. aestivum L.), a field experiment wasconducted. The results showed that dehydrogenase activity was decreased with the increased nitrogenaddition, the dehydrogenase activity of low nitrogen treatment was22.93±4.89μg TF (g.24h)-1, and itwas3.74times compared with high nitrogen treatment (P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was no significantdifferences of protease activity and sucrase activity among four treatments (P>0.05).58band typeswere viewed in nested PCR-DGGE profile of fungal18S rDNA V3region. Fungal Species Richness(S) and Shannon Diversity (H) index were ordered as: control>middle nitrogen>low nitrogen>highnitrogen.
5. To explore the effects of Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS inoculation with differentnitrogen levels on nitrogen uptake of maize plant, soil enzyme activities and diversity ofbacterial community in the rhizosphere of maize (Z. mays L.) seedlings. The results showedthat the nitrogen uptake of Z. mays L. plant inoculation with YCYS reached59.78±0.18mg/plant at0.05nitrogen level, significantly higher than other treatments (F=237.39，P<0.01). The dehydrogenase activity in A. chroococcum treatment was significantly higherthan that of uninoculated treatment by53.16%with0.05g/kg nitrogen level. The principle component analysis (PCA) of BIOLOG and T-RFLP also revealed that A. chroococcuminocualation had no significant influence on bacterail community diversity.
6. In this study, the effects of microbial fertilizer on dehydrogenase activity and microbialcommunity diversity in the rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated in the fieldconditions. The results showed that significant differences were observed in dehydrogenase activityamong the tested soils, arranging from26.14±3.30to48.13±17.39TF/(g·24h). The AWCD of MI(0.77±0.05) was higher than that of other treatments, whereas the AWCD for control (0.56±0.03) wasthe lowest (P＜0.01). Principal component analysis (PCA) of BIOLOG data further revealed thatlarge differences in microbial diversity (metabolic diversity) from treatments soils.
7. Effects of Azotobacter chroococcum YCYS and Phyllobacterium brasssicacearum QL54inoculation on maize (Z. mays L.) seedlings exposed to different salt concentrations wereexplored. The results showed that inoculation with Azotobacter could decrease MDA content.The activity of SOD reached23.26U/mg protein at YCYS treatment with1.0g/kg NaCl, wassignificantly higher than the treatments with no salt, and CAT activity reached12.76U/mgprotein compared with the control. The principle component analysis (PCA) of T-RFLPrevealed that salt stress reduced the diversity of soil bacterial community.
引文
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