施用微生物有机肥调控棉花黄萎病土壤微生物区系及效应研究
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摘要
棉花土传黄萎病是世界上毁灭性的植物病害之一,它由大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Vd)引起,施用生物有机肥或氨基酸有机肥可以达到一定程度的防治效果。本研究探讨防治棉花黄萎病的微生物有机肥和氨基酸有机肥在新疆南、北疆的防病效果及生物效应,并通过土壤酶学法、稀释平板法、绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记法、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)等研究拮抗菌防治棉花土传黄萎病的可能机制及其对土壤微生物区系的调控作用,获得如下主要结果：
施用氨基酸有机肥在2006年和2007年分别降低棉花枯萎病发病率18.0%-37.3%和2.9%-4.2%；降低病情指数14.3%-29.4%和9.4%-11.9%,防病效果达到9.8%-50.3%；增加棉花皮棉产量8.9%-17.9%和6.8%-12.7%。棉花纤维5项指标分析表明,施用氨基酸有机肥在2006年对纤维品质没有显著影响,但2007年对断裂比强度和伸长率有显著影响。施用氨基酸有机肥不但增加土壤各类微生物的数量,还能提高细菌的比例。根际细菌数量明显高于非根际土壤,且感病品种新陆早8号根际细菌数量和放线菌比例低于耐病品种新陆早12号。棉花根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性均高于非根际土壤,且脲酶、纤维素酶活性达到显著差异。施用氨基酸有机肥能增加棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性。土壤pH随着氨基酸有机肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,且根际低于非根际。施用氨基酸有机肥能增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量。
土培试验结果表明,微生物有机肥1号肥料品种在促进棉花生长、增加棉花苗期干物质积累、降低染病土壤真菌数量方面要优于微生物有机肥2号。健康土壤接菌和连作染病土壤上施用微生物有机肥均能降低两个棉花品种的黄萎病发病率和病情指数,增加棉花干物质,防病效果达到28%-55%。施用微生物有机肥处理使新陆早8号土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌数量分别比对照增加2.7倍、0.9倍和4.9倍,而新陆早12号土壤上,真菌略有减少、放线菌略有增加,细菌则增加1.8倍。
棉花黄萎病圃地试验结果表明,施用微生物有机肥和氨基酸有机肥可以明显降低棉花黄萎病的病情,防治效率分别达到49.5%和29.8%,增产率分别为66.4%和47.1%。三个生育时期中,与对照相比,施用微生物有机肥和氨基酸有机肥处理土壤蔗糖酶活性分别增加32%-35%和26%～32%；多酚氧化酶活性分别增加89%-155%和60%-130%;蛋白酶活性分别增加317%-845%和160%-344%;碱性磷酸酶活性分别增加19%-23%和22%-43%；脲酶活性分别增加17%-28%和14%-26%；施肥对过氧化氢酶活性没有明显影响。
不同有机质含量土壤(40.9 g·kg-1、18.9 g·kg-1、10.1 g·kg-1)上生物有机肥用量的土培试验结果表明,高有机质含量土壤上施用10 g-kg-1微生物有机肥,中有机质含量土壤和低有机质含量土壤施用20～30 g·kg-1微生物有机肥,棉花苗期干物质和防病效果较好。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随着微生物有机肥施用量增加而增加,蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化不明显,而多酚氧化酶活性出现先增加后降低的趋势。蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性随着土壤有机质的增加而增加,而多酚氧化酶活性随着土壤有机质的增加而降低。
多点大田试验结果表明,施用微生物有机肥能够明显降低棉花土传黄萎病发病率和病情指数,防病效果达到20%%-79%,棉花产量增加4.9%-21.4%。在棉花盛花期,施用微生物有机肥处理的新陆早8号土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别比对照增加47.4%、35.6%、5.5%；而新陆早12号分别增加20.4%、45.5%、2.6%。
GFP标记观察结果表明,拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌菌株ZJ-6主要定殖在棉花根系侧根部位较老的根毛区,其次在主根系,在新生根及根冠处定殖很少。接种拮抗菌培养1d后,再接种病原菌的处理,根系定殖的拮抗菌明显多于先接种病原菌再接种拮抗菌的处理。棉花子叶期和4片真叶期接入拮抗菌对定殖没有明显影响。接种30 d后,拮抗菌在棉花根系定殖量大量减少。土培试验结果表明,拮抗细菌在15-35℃范围内随着土壤温度升高定殖量增加,而棉花黄萎病病原菌在25℃数量最多。拮抗细菌在土壤相对含水量50%左右定殖量较多。两株拮抗菌分别与有机肥配合直接施用(没有通过二次发酵),生物效应较差,表明拮抗菌对有机肥(发酵基质)有选择性；而施用经过二次发酵的微生物有机肥生物效应较好,表明微生物有机肥中的拮抗菌在土壤中更容易定殖而发挥作用。
在三种不同有机质含量土壤上施用不同量微生物有机肥,土壤放线菌的数量在三种土壤上均是随着微生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加,但真菌和细菌的数量随着微生物有机肥施用量的增加,三种土壤上均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,高有机质含量土壤在施用10 g·kg-1左右微生物有机肥时,细菌和真菌的数量最高；中等和低有机质含量土壤在20 g·kg-1左右微生物有机肥时,细菌和真菌的数量最高。DGGE图谱结果表明,随着微生物有机肥施用量的增加,三种土壤中真菌多样性均有降低的趋势,中等有机质含量土壤的土壤真菌多样性明显高于高有机质土壤和低有机质土壤。多样性指数分析表明,在高有机质土壤上施用微生物有机肥,土壤真菌群落多样性指数有下降趋势,中等有机质土壤和低有机质土壤真菌群落多样性指数随着微生物有机肥施肥量的增加呈现先增加后降低的规律,中等有机质土壤高峰值出现在20～30 g·kg-1,而低有机质土壤高峰值出现在10～20 g·kg-1。施用微生物有机肥或拮抗细菌与有机肥混施,能增加细菌种群结构,保持物种丰富度,提高均匀度；增加土壤真菌均匀度指数和稳定性指数,相似性接近于健康土壤。所以,施用微生物有机肥使土壤中的细菌和真菌种群向健康的微生物区系方向发展。
拮抗菌的发酵产物中,粗提蛋白对棉花黄萎病菌有明显的抑制作用。HPLC分析表明,感病品种新陆早8号子叶期正常生长的棉花根系分泌物中酚酸类物质种类和含量较4叶期少。接病原菌后,子叶期没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲醛含量升高,4叶期肉桂酸含量或比例增加。与正常生长的棉花根系分泌物比较,接入拮抗菌后,无论子叶期还是4叶期,酚酸类物质种类减少、肉桂酸含量或比例降低。接入拮抗菌后,棉花根系分泌物中氨基酸种类下降,增加能抑制黄萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝体生长的精氨酸含量,降低具有促进黄萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝体生长的氨基酸的比例。这种根系分泌物的差异可能是拮抗菌促使棉花提高抗病性的一种途径。
综上所述,在新疆施用微生物有机肥能够使拮抗菌在棉花根系和土壤定殖,减少自毒酚酸物质和氨基酸的分泌,改善土壤微生物区系,增加土壤生物活性,活化土壤养分,提高土壤供肥能力,维持棉花叶片较高的叶绿素含量,使棉花有较强的抗病能力,能较好的防治棉花土传黄萎病,保持和增加棉花产量。施用微生物有机肥是克服连作土壤障碍的一种较好途径,值得推广应用。
Virticillium wilt of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most destructive diseases of cotton in the world. The disease is caused by the cosmopolitan soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Vd) and can be controlled by some special bio-organic fertilizers (BIO) or amino acid fertilizer (AAF) applied into soils. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of the BIO and AAF on disease control in Xingjiang. Mechanisms and soil microbial community diversity after application of BIO and AAF against Vd were explored by using biological and biochemical methods such as soil enzyme activity measurement, plate culture, green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelling, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Main results were showed as follows.
Field experiment with application of amino acid fertilizer (AAF) was carried out in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. The results showed that disease incidences of treatment with application of AAF were decreased by 2.9%～18.0% in 2006 and 4.2%～37.3% in 2007. Disease index were decreased by 9.4%～14.3% in 2006 and 11.9%～29.4% in 2007. Controlling percentage of the disease was 9.8%～50.3%. Fibre yields were increased by 8.9%～17.9% in 2006 and 6.8%～12.7% in 2007. Fibre quality analysis indicated that fibre quality was not significantly affected by application AAF in 2006, but fibre strength and elongation were significantly affected in 2007. AAF aplication increased numbers of soil fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria as well as the ratio of bacteria to fungi. Numbers of bacteria in rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in bulk soil. Numbers of bacteria in rhizosphere of Xinluzao-8 (RS-8), which was sensitive to Vd, were less than those in rhizosphere of Xinluzao-12 (RS-12), which was resistant to Vd. Activities of catalase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and cellulase, urease and cellulase were significantly higher in rhizosphere soils than those in bulk soils. Thus, application of AAF had potential to increase activities of soil enzymes and contents of available nutrients either in rhizosphere or bulk soils but to decreased soil pH in rhizosphere soil when high application rate of the fertilizer was applied.
Results of pots experiment showed that BIO No.1 was better than BIO No.2 in promoting cotton growth and reducing population of soil fungi. BIOs were applied into two soils, a health soil inoculated with Vd and a Vd-infected soil caused by continuous cotton cropping. Application of BIO decreased cotton Verticillium wilt incidence and disease index of Xinluzao-8 (XLZ-8, susceptible cultivar) and Xinluzao-12 (XLZ-12, resistant cultivar), increased biomass of cotton shoot. Cotrolling percentage of the Verticillium wilt by the application of BIOs were 28%～55%. Numbers of soil fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria of the BIO treatment were 2.7 times,0.9 times and 4.9 times higher than control for soil grown with XLZ-8, respectively; and no more,0.3 times and 1.8 times higher than control for soil grown with XLZ-12, respectively.
Field experiments were conducted in soil that was inoculated with Vd about 5 years. Results showed that application of BIO and AAF decreased cotton Verticillium wilt disease index, enhanced controlling efficiencies by 49.5%and 29.8%, respectively, and increased yields by 66.4%and 47.1%, respectively. Compared with CK in three growth stages, application of the BIO and AAF increased soil invertase activity by 32%～35%and 26%～32%, polyphenol oxidase activity by 89%～155%and 60%～130%, protease activity by 317%～845%and 160%-344%, alkaline phosphatase activity by 19%～23%and 22%～43%, urease activity by 17%～28%and 14%～26%, respectively. There were no differences of catalase activity in the different treatments.
Different application rates of BIO were applied into three soils which contained different organic matter(40.9 g·kg-1,18.9 g·kg-1,10.1 g·kg-1). According to cotton biomass and controlling efficiency to Virticillium wilt, application 10 g·kg-1 BIO to soil with higher content of organnic matter was a better choice,20～30 g·kg-1 for middle or lower content of organnic matter soil. Soil urease and invertase activity were increased with the increase of BIO application rates, but no significant changes were found in terms of protease and catalase activity; polyphenol oxidase activity was increased at the beginning then decreased with the increase of BIO application rates. High content of soil organic matter increased activities of protease, invertase and catalase, but decreased activity of polyphenol oxidase.
Bio-organic fertilizers were applied in field at rate of 1500 kg·hm-2 in different locations of Xinjiang. Results showed that application of BIO reduced disease incidence and disease index and increased disease controlling effectivness by 20%～79%compared to CK. In BIO treatments, cotton yield incresed about 4.9%～21.4%and chlorophyll SPAD value of cotton leaf were increased. In flowering period, application of BIO increased the content of soil available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium by 47.4%,35.6%and 5.5%, repectively, in XLZ-8 growing soils, and by 20.4%,45.6%and 2.6%, respectively, in XLZ-12 growing soil.
GFP labelled Bacillus subtilis ZJ-6 could colonize cotton root. Most of ZJ-6 cells were on the hair roots of older lateral roots, some were on taproot, but few were on calyptrogen. Numbers of ZJ-6 were higher in the treatment, where ZJ-6 was inoculated one day before Vd was inoculated, than in the treatment, where Vd was inoculated one day before ZJ-6 was inoculated. No difference of colonization rates was observed between the inoculation in cotyledon unwinded period and the inoculation in 4 leaves period. Few of ZJ-6 could colonize cotton root 30 days after inoculation. The optimum temperature to colonize soil for the antagonists was in the range from 15℃to 35℃, while that for Vd was in 25℃. When soil field water capacity was maintained at 50%, the functional antagonists could colonize soils at the highest density. There was not obvious biocontrolling efficiency when the two antagonists were mixed with OF without secondary solid fermetation and immediately applied into soil. This indicated that proper organic carriers and nutrients were needed for the functional antagonists to suvive after applied into soils. Antagonists in the BIO with secondary solid fermentation easily colonized soil and functioned well with high biocontrol efficiency.
Soil microbial community was significantly influenced by the application of BIO. Soil actinomycetes were increased with increase of BIO application rates in the three soils which contained different organic matter, but soil fungi and bacteria numbers were increased at the beginning and then decreased, and proper rates of BIO applied were 10 g·kg-1 for high organic matter soil and 20 g·kg-1 for middle or low level of organic matter soil. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that application of BIO decreased fungal bands when BIO application rates were increased. Fungal diversity of the soil with middle level of organic matter was higher than that of the soil with high or low organic matter. Fungal structrue indices of the soil with high organic matter were decreased with increase of BIO application rate, but the indices of the soil with middle or low organic matter were increased at the beginning then decreased, and maximum indices of the rates were 20～30 g·kg-1 for middle organic matter soil and 10～20 g·kg-1 for low level of organic matter soil. Application of BIO or the mixture of Bacillus antagonists and organic fertilizer increased bacteria community diversity, maintained a stable bacterial and fungal structrue indices, and led soil microbial diversity to a healthy status.
Growth of Vd in plate was inhibited by concentrated protein from ZJ-6 fermentation liquids. Cotton root exudates were detected by HPLC. The species and amount of phenolic acids from the root exudates of susceptible cultivar XLZ-8 in 4 leaves period were higher than those in cotyledon unwinded period. Inoculating plant with Vd in cotyledon unwinded period increased contents of gallic acid,4-hydrobenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. However, content or ratio of cinnamic acid was increased when plant was inoculated with Vd in 4 leaves period. The species and amount of phenolic acids were decreased when plants were inoculated with ZJ-6 either in cotyledon unwinded period or in 4 leaves period. Inoculation with ZJ-6 reduced some amino acids in root exudates, which stimulated germination of Vd spores and mycelium growth of Vd, and increased arginine in root exudates, which inhibited Vd growth.
In conclusion, antagonists in BIO efficiently colonized cotton roots, decreased autointoxicants such as phenolic acids and amino acids from cotton root exudates. Application of BIO improved soil microbial community diversity and thus increased activities of soil enzymes. Application of BIO also increased soil available nutrients and cotton leaf chlorophyll. The cotton yields in different soils were significantly improved by application of BIO via successful biocontrol of the Virticillium wilt. Application of BIO is one of best means to remediate continuously cropping obstacles and is worthy to be extended.
施用氨基酸有机肥在2006年和2007年分别降低棉花枯萎病发病率18.0%-37.3%和2.9%-4.2%；降低病情指数14.3%-29.4%和9.4%-11.9%,防病效果达到9.8%-50.3%；增加棉花皮棉产量8.9%-17.9%和6.8%-12.7%。棉花纤维5项指标分析表明,施用氨基酸有机肥在2006年对纤维品质没有显著影响,但2007年对断裂比强度和伸长率有显著影响。施用氨基酸有机肥不但增加土壤各类微生物的数量,还能提高细菌的比例。根际细菌数量明显高于非根际土壤,且感病品种新陆早8号根际细菌数量和放线菌比例低于耐病品种新陆早12号。棉花根际土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、纤维素酶活性均高于非根际土壤,且脲酶、纤维素酶活性达到显著差异。施用氨基酸有机肥能增加棉花根际和非根际土壤酶活性。土壤pH随着氨基酸有机肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势,且根际低于非根际。施用氨基酸有机肥能增加土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量。
土培试验结果表明,微生物有机肥1号肥料品种在促进棉花生长、增加棉花苗期干物质积累、降低染病土壤真菌数量方面要优于微生物有机肥2号。健康土壤接菌和连作染病土壤上施用微生物有机肥均能降低两个棉花品种的黄萎病发病率和病情指数,增加棉花干物质,防病效果达到28%-55%。施用微生物有机肥处理使新陆早8号土壤真菌、放线菌、细菌数量分别比对照增加2.7倍、0.9倍和4.9倍,而新陆早12号土壤上,真菌略有减少、放线菌略有增加,细菌则增加1.8倍。
棉花黄萎病圃地试验结果表明,施用微生物有机肥和氨基酸有机肥可以明显降低棉花黄萎病的病情,防治效率分别达到49.5%和29.8%,增产率分别为66.4%和47.1%。三个生育时期中,与对照相比,施用微生物有机肥和氨基酸有机肥处理土壤蔗糖酶活性分别增加32%-35%和26%～32%；多酚氧化酶活性分别增加89%-155%和60%-130%;蛋白酶活性分别增加317%-845%和160%-344%;碱性磷酸酶活性分别增加19%-23%和22%-43%；脲酶活性分别增加17%-28%和14%-26%；施肥对过氧化氢酶活性没有明显影响。
不同有机质含量土壤(40.9 g·kg-1、18.9 g·kg-1、10.1 g·kg-1)上生物有机肥用量的土培试验结果表明,高有机质含量土壤上施用10 g-kg-1微生物有机肥,中有机质含量土壤和低有机质含量土壤施用20～30 g·kg-1微生物有机肥,棉花苗期干物质和防病效果较好。土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随着微生物有机肥施用量增加而增加,蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化不明显,而多酚氧化酶活性出现先增加后降低的趋势。蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性随着土壤有机质的增加而增加,而多酚氧化酶活性随着土壤有机质的增加而降低。
多点大田试验结果表明,施用微生物有机肥能够明显降低棉花土传黄萎病发病率和病情指数,防病效果达到20%%-79%,棉花产量增加4.9%-21.4%。在棉花盛花期,施用微生物有机肥处理的新陆早8号土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾分别比对照增加47.4%、35.6%、5.5%；而新陆早12号分别增加20.4%、45.5%、2.6%。
GFP标记观察结果表明,拮抗细菌枯草芽孢杆菌菌株ZJ-6主要定殖在棉花根系侧根部位较老的根毛区,其次在主根系,在新生根及根冠处定殖很少。接种拮抗菌培养1d后,再接种病原菌的处理,根系定殖的拮抗菌明显多于先接种病原菌再接种拮抗菌的处理。棉花子叶期和4片真叶期接入拮抗菌对定殖没有明显影响。接种30 d后,拮抗菌在棉花根系定殖量大量减少。土培试验结果表明,拮抗细菌在15-35℃范围内随着土壤温度升高定殖量增加,而棉花黄萎病病原菌在25℃数量最多。拮抗细菌在土壤相对含水量50%左右定殖量较多。两株拮抗菌分别与有机肥配合直接施用(没有通过二次发酵),生物效应较差,表明拮抗菌对有机肥(发酵基质)有选择性；而施用经过二次发酵的微生物有机肥生物效应较好,表明微生物有机肥中的拮抗菌在土壤中更容易定殖而发挥作用。
在三种不同有机质含量土壤上施用不同量微生物有机肥,土壤放线菌的数量在三种土壤上均是随着微生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加,但真菌和细菌的数量随着微生物有机肥施用量的增加,三种土壤上均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,高有机质含量土壤在施用10 g·kg-1左右微生物有机肥时,细菌和真菌的数量最高；中等和低有机质含量土壤在20 g·kg-1左右微生物有机肥时,细菌和真菌的数量最高。DGGE图谱结果表明,随着微生物有机肥施用量的增加,三种土壤中真菌多样性均有降低的趋势,中等有机质含量土壤的土壤真菌多样性明显高于高有机质土壤和低有机质土壤。多样性指数分析表明,在高有机质土壤上施用微生物有机肥,土壤真菌群落多样性指数有下降趋势,中等有机质土壤和低有机质土壤真菌群落多样性指数随着微生物有机肥施肥量的增加呈现先增加后降低的规律,中等有机质土壤高峰值出现在20～30 g·kg-1,而低有机质土壤高峰值出现在10～20 g·kg-1。施用微生物有机肥或拮抗细菌与有机肥混施,能增加细菌种群结构,保持物种丰富度,提高均匀度；增加土壤真菌均匀度指数和稳定性指数,相似性接近于健康土壤。所以,施用微生物有机肥使土壤中的细菌和真菌种群向健康的微生物区系方向发展。
拮抗菌的发酵产物中,粗提蛋白对棉花黄萎病菌有明显的抑制作用。HPLC分析表明,感病品种新陆早8号子叶期正常生长的棉花根系分泌物中酚酸类物质种类和含量较4叶期少。接病原菌后,子叶期没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲醛含量升高,4叶期肉桂酸含量或比例增加。与正常生长的棉花根系分泌物比较,接入拮抗菌后,无论子叶期还是4叶期,酚酸类物质种类减少、肉桂酸含量或比例降低。接入拮抗菌后,棉花根系分泌物中氨基酸种类下降,增加能抑制黄萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝体生长的精氨酸含量,降低具有促进黄萎病菌孢子萌发和菌丝体生长的氨基酸的比例。这种根系分泌物的差异可能是拮抗菌促使棉花提高抗病性的一种途径。
综上所述,在新疆施用微生物有机肥能够使拮抗菌在棉花根系和土壤定殖,减少自毒酚酸物质和氨基酸的分泌,改善土壤微生物区系,增加土壤生物活性,活化土壤养分,提高土壤供肥能力,维持棉花叶片较高的叶绿素含量,使棉花有较强的抗病能力,能较好的防治棉花土传黄萎病,保持和增加棉花产量。施用微生物有机肥是克服连作土壤障碍的一种较好途径,值得推广应用。
Virticillium wilt of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most destructive diseases of cotton in the world. The disease is caused by the cosmopolitan soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Vd) and can be controlled by some special bio-organic fertilizers (BIO) or amino acid fertilizer (AAF) applied into soils. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of the BIO and AAF on disease control in Xingjiang. Mechanisms and soil microbial community diversity after application of BIO and AAF against Vd were explored by using biological and biochemical methods such as soil enzyme activity measurement, plate culture, green fluorescent protein (GFP) labelling, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Main results were showed as follows.
Field experiment with application of amino acid fertilizer (AAF) was carried out in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. The results showed that disease incidences of treatment with application of AAF were decreased by 2.9%～18.0% in 2006 and 4.2%～37.3% in 2007. Disease index were decreased by 9.4%～14.3% in 2006 and 11.9%～29.4% in 2007. Controlling percentage of the disease was 9.8%～50.3%. Fibre yields were increased by 8.9%～17.9% in 2006 and 6.8%～12.7% in 2007. Fibre quality analysis indicated that fibre quality was not significantly affected by application AAF in 2006, but fibre strength and elongation were significantly affected in 2007. AAF aplication increased numbers of soil fungi, actinomycetes, and bacteria as well as the ratio of bacteria to fungi. Numbers of bacteria in rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in bulk soil. Numbers of bacteria in rhizosphere of Xinluzao-8 (RS-8), which was sensitive to Vd, were less than those in rhizosphere of Xinluzao-12 (RS-12), which was resistant to Vd. Activities of catalase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and cellulase, urease and cellulase were significantly higher in rhizosphere soils than those in bulk soils. Thus, application of AAF had potential to increase activities of soil enzymes and contents of available nutrients either in rhizosphere or bulk soils but to decreased soil pH in rhizosphere soil when high application rate of the fertilizer was applied.
Results of pots experiment showed that BIO No.1 was better than BIO No.2 in promoting cotton growth and reducing population of soil fungi. BIOs were applied into two soils, a health soil inoculated with Vd and a Vd-infected soil caused by continuous cotton cropping. Application of BIO decreased cotton Verticillium wilt incidence and disease index of Xinluzao-8 (XLZ-8, susceptible cultivar) and Xinluzao-12 (XLZ-12, resistant cultivar), increased biomass of cotton shoot. Cotrolling percentage of the Verticillium wilt by the application of BIOs were 28%～55%. Numbers of soil fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria of the BIO treatment were 2.7 times,0.9 times and 4.9 times higher than control for soil grown with XLZ-8, respectively; and no more,0.3 times and 1.8 times higher than control for soil grown with XLZ-12, respectively.
Field experiments were conducted in soil that was inoculated with Vd about 5 years. Results showed that application of BIO and AAF decreased cotton Verticillium wilt disease index, enhanced controlling efficiencies by 49.5%and 29.8%, respectively, and increased yields by 66.4%and 47.1%, respectively. Compared with CK in three growth stages, application of the BIO and AAF increased soil invertase activity by 32%～35%and 26%～32%, polyphenol oxidase activity by 89%～155%and 60%～130%, protease activity by 317%～845%and 160%-344%, alkaline phosphatase activity by 19%～23%and 22%～43%, urease activity by 17%～28%and 14%～26%, respectively. There were no differences of catalase activity in the different treatments.
Different application rates of BIO were applied into three soils which contained different organic matter(40.9 g·kg-1,18.9 g·kg-1,10.1 g·kg-1). According to cotton biomass and controlling efficiency to Virticillium wilt, application 10 g·kg-1 BIO to soil with higher content of organnic matter was a better choice,20～30 g·kg-1 for middle or lower content of organnic matter soil. Soil urease and invertase activity were increased with the increase of BIO application rates, but no significant changes were found in terms of protease and catalase activity; polyphenol oxidase activity was increased at the beginning then decreased with the increase of BIO application rates. High content of soil organic matter increased activities of protease, invertase and catalase, but decreased activity of polyphenol oxidase.
Bio-organic fertilizers were applied in field at rate of 1500 kg·hm-2 in different locations of Xinjiang. Results showed that application of BIO reduced disease incidence and disease index and increased disease controlling effectivness by 20%～79%compared to CK. In BIO treatments, cotton yield incresed about 4.9%～21.4%and chlorophyll SPAD value of cotton leaf were increased. In flowering period, application of BIO increased the content of soil available nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium by 47.4%,35.6%and 5.5%, repectively, in XLZ-8 growing soils, and by 20.4%,45.6%and 2.6%, respectively, in XLZ-12 growing soil.
GFP labelled Bacillus subtilis ZJ-6 could colonize cotton root. Most of ZJ-6 cells were on the hair roots of older lateral roots, some were on taproot, but few were on calyptrogen. Numbers of ZJ-6 were higher in the treatment, where ZJ-6 was inoculated one day before Vd was inoculated, than in the treatment, where Vd was inoculated one day before ZJ-6 was inoculated. No difference of colonization rates was observed between the inoculation in cotyledon unwinded period and the inoculation in 4 leaves period. Few of ZJ-6 could colonize cotton root 30 days after inoculation. The optimum temperature to colonize soil for the antagonists was in the range from 15℃to 35℃, while that for Vd was in 25℃. When soil field water capacity was maintained at 50%, the functional antagonists could colonize soils at the highest density. There was not obvious biocontrolling efficiency when the two antagonists were mixed with OF without secondary solid fermetation and immediately applied into soil. This indicated that proper organic carriers and nutrients were needed for the functional antagonists to suvive after applied into soils. Antagonists in the BIO with secondary solid fermentation easily colonized soil and functioned well with high biocontrol efficiency.
Soil microbial community was significantly influenced by the application of BIO. Soil actinomycetes were increased with increase of BIO application rates in the three soils which contained different organic matter, but soil fungi and bacteria numbers were increased at the beginning and then decreased, and proper rates of BIO applied were 10 g·kg-1 for high organic matter soil and 20 g·kg-1 for middle or low level of organic matter soil. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that application of BIO decreased fungal bands when BIO application rates were increased. Fungal diversity of the soil with middle level of organic matter was higher than that of the soil with high or low organic matter. Fungal structrue indices of the soil with high organic matter were decreased with increase of BIO application rate, but the indices of the soil with middle or low organic matter were increased at the beginning then decreased, and maximum indices of the rates were 20～30 g·kg-1 for middle organic matter soil and 10～20 g·kg-1 for low level of organic matter soil. Application of BIO or the mixture of Bacillus antagonists and organic fertilizer increased bacteria community diversity, maintained a stable bacterial and fungal structrue indices, and led soil microbial diversity to a healthy status.
Growth of Vd in plate was inhibited by concentrated protein from ZJ-6 fermentation liquids. Cotton root exudates were detected by HPLC. The species and amount of phenolic acids from the root exudates of susceptible cultivar XLZ-8 in 4 leaves period were higher than those in cotyledon unwinded period. Inoculating plant with Vd in cotyledon unwinded period increased contents of gallic acid,4-hydrobenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. However, content or ratio of cinnamic acid was increased when plant was inoculated with Vd in 4 leaves period. The species and amount of phenolic acids were decreased when plants were inoculated with ZJ-6 either in cotyledon unwinded period or in 4 leaves period. Inoculation with ZJ-6 reduced some amino acids in root exudates, which stimulated germination of Vd spores and mycelium growth of Vd, and increased arginine in root exudates, which inhibited Vd growth.
In conclusion, antagonists in BIO efficiently colonized cotton roots, decreased autointoxicants such as phenolic acids and amino acids from cotton root exudates. Application of BIO improved soil microbial community diversity and thus increased activities of soil enzymes. Application of BIO also increased soil available nutrients and cotton leaf chlorophyll. The cotton yields in different soils were significantly improved by application of BIO via successful biocontrol of the Virticillium wilt. Application of BIO is one of best means to remediate continuously cropping obstacles and is worthy to be extended.
引文
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