北京山区森林植被对坡面水文过程的影响研究
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摘要
本研究以华北土石山区典型森林植被为研究对象,基于水量平衡原理,在坡面尺度上进行林冠截留、土壤含水率、林地蒸散、地表径流、壤中流等各层次定位观测,结合同步森林植被结构指数的观测,基于生态水文模型进行坡面尺度的水文过程模拟,用以揭示森林植被对水资源形成过程的影响机制,定量评价森林植被影响径流量及其组分的形成过程的影响；基于土壤水分植被承载力的原理,依据不同坡面森林植被对生态水文过程的影响机制,比较筛选水量调节与水质净化最佳功能的适宜植被类型,提出以调控有效产水量为导向的适宜植被类型及其合理配置模式。具体研究成果如下：
(1)研究了不同林分叶面积指数的特征,在整个生长季,四种林分的叶面积指数表现出了一致的变化趋势,均表现为“增加—平稳—减小”的趋势。灌木林分叶面积指数的增加阶段相比三种乔木林分时间较短；无论是各月份还是整个生长季,灌木林叶面积指数的变异系数均要高于三种乔木林分,就三种乔木林分来讲,6月的叶而积指数的变异系数要明显高于其他三个月份,三种林分在6月的叶面积指数变异系数有明显差异；根据实测的不同林分不同结构的叶面积指数和郁闭度、生物量、林分密度的关系建立了回归方程。
(2)穿透雨与林外降雨量呈线性的正相关关系,树干流也与林外降雨呈正相关关系。平均穿透降雨率与林分叶面积指数呈负相关关系,随着降雨量的增加林冠截留量也增大,但其增加幅度不断减小。枯落物的持水率变化一般分为三个阶段：快速增长—缓慢增长—趋于稳定。松栎混交林的土壤渗透能力比其他林种要高。在大规模降雨后,5个径流场的土壤水分消退都体现出了蒸渗型的特征。不同林分的生长季蒸腾量有较大的差异,油松林1号6-9月的总蒸腾量为181.81mm,侧柏林为210mm,灌木林为56.4mm,油松林2号为161.98mm,松栎混交林为201.37mm。各树种枯落物蒸发量在日时间尺度上一般为三个阶段：快速蒸发一缓慢下降—稳定阶段。不同林分下土壤日平均蒸发量在0.58-1.84mm之间。基于北京山区2011-2012年实测数据,建立了不同植被结构指数与林冠截留率、土壤含水率、林地蒸散量的回归方程,并运用SPSS方法求出了各影响因子的贡献率。
(3)2011年和2012年两个生长季,在5个径流小区中,灌木径流小区的产流总量最大,其次为松栎混交径流小区,再次为侧柏径流小区,而油松径流小区产流总量最小。侧柏和灌木径流小区的坡面径流主要形式为地表径流,分别占总径流的95.61%和91.62%；松栎混交径流小区的坡面径流主要形式为壤中流,占总径流的90.86%；而油松径流小区的坡面径流各组分所占比例较平均,地表径流和壤中流所占比例分别为61.99%和38.01%。在北京7.21特大暴雨后,四种植被类型的坡面径流小区中,就总产流量来说,灌木径流小区总产流量最大,其次为侧柏和松栎混交径流小区,油松径流小区总产流量最小。各径流小区产流时间和滞后时间也有明显差异。基于北京山区2011-2012年实测数据,建立了不同植被结构指数与地表径流的回归方程和壤中流与雨前土壤含水率的回归方程,并求出了各结构参数对径流影响的贡献率
(4)坡面水文过程模拟采用Brook90模型,模型参数率定效果达到较好的水平。随着叶面积指数与郁闭度的增加林冠量不断增加,土壤入渗量不断减少,在径流不断减少。各森林植被中,土壤入渗是降雨分配最主要的去向,其次为植被截留降雨,最少部分为地面径流。在不同林分结构下都呈现出随着叶面积指数和林分郁闭度的提高而总蒸散量不断增加的规律。在郁闭度较小的阶段,总蒸散量远小于降雨量,当郁闭度达到一定数值后,林分的总蒸散量逐步增大,并超过了降雨量,说明自然水分的供给已经无法满足植物健康生长所需的水分。通过对不同林分不同结构的情景模拟可以得出,侧柏林的生态需水临界郁闭度为0.72,灌木林为0.74,油松林为0.71,松栎混交林为0.7。当林分郁闭度在0-0.7之间变化时,径流量随郁闭度增加而迅速下降；当林分达到一定程度的郁闭度后,即郁闭度达到0.8以后,林分对径流量的削减作用减弱,径流量随郁闭度提升而减少的趋势较为平缓；而当林分达到较高程度郁闭后,大量降水被森林生态系统以各种形式消耗,此时林分只能产生很小的坡面径流。
(5)通过对各径流场水量平衡分析,得到松栎混交林地6-9月土壤蓄水量增加了105.3mm,增加程度很小；灌木林地土壤持水量增加为5个径流场中最多,共增加了487.07mm；油松1号径流场、油松2号径流场和侧柏径流场土壤持水量分别增加了125.6mm、177.06mm和162.23mm。综合对比各项数值,土壤蓄水量变化是方程右侧各项中占比例最大的分量,其次为蒸腾量。基于水量平衡原理,得到基于生长季降雨量计算的立地水分植被承载力(LAI)的公式,在2011年和2012年两年生长季平均降雨量为448.23mm时,可计算得到侧柏林能承载的叶面积指数为2.99；油松林可承载的叶面积指数为3.91；灌木林能承载的叶面积指数为2.55；松栎混交林可承载的叶面积指数为4.08。为完成坡面森林植被配置,先进行了立地因子划分,选择出了低耗水树种,根据上面的研究推出四种林分各自能承载的植被密度与林分郁闭度,最后完成植被配置。
This dissertation takes typical forest vegetation in rocky mountain area of north china as the research object relying on forest ecosystem positioning observation station in the capital region. According to the principle of water balance, positioning observations of canopy interception, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, soil moisture content, soil flow at each level were conducted on slope scale. The research combined with synchronous observations of the forest vegetation structure indexes, and simulated the hydrologic process on slope scale based on eco hydrological models. It has revealed the influence mechanism of forest vegetation to the water formation, and has evaluated influences of forest vegetation to the runoff forming process and its components quantitatively. According to the influence mechanism of different slope vegetation to the eco hydrological processes, the study screened optimal vegetation type which has best features on regulating volume and water quality purification, it also puts forward to the suitable vegetation types and the reasonable configuration mode to control effective water yield relying on the principle of soil vegetation bearing capacity.
The main results were as follows:
(1) Study on the characteristics of different forest leaf area index shows that, leaf area index of four stands act out a consistent trend throughout the growing season, as the trend of "increase-smooth-reduce". The increasing time of shrub forest leaf area index is shorter compared to the three arbor stand, and the variation coefficient of shrub forest leaf area index is higher than others in each month and the entire growing season. The coefficient variation of leaf area index in June is significantly higher than the other three months in terms of the three arbor forest. The leaf area index coefficient variation of three stand in June were different obviously. The regression equation was established according to the relationship between leaf area index, crown density, biomass and forest density in different forest stand and structure.
(2) The precipitation in forest and out of forest had a great linear positive correlation. Canopy interception correlated a positively relationship with rainfall amount and it tend to be saturated with the increasing of precipitation. Changes of litter water absorbing capacity slowde down at around4h. Litter absorption capacity had experienced a rapid growth to a slow growth and end at a stabilization process. Forest soil infiltration law of different tree species have certain differences. Overall, soil infiltration ability of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest was higher than other forest stand. Soil moisture subsided of5catchment areas reflects the characteristics of evapotranspiration after the massive rainfall. Transpiration of different stand on growing season is diversity. Litter evaporation of each tree species'changing process is roughly same, it can be divided into three stages, the first phase is rapid evaporation, the second is the slow decline stage, and the third is the stable stage. Average soil daily evaporation under the condition changes between0.58mm and1.84mm. Soil evaporation is higher than litter evaporation, and below than the plant transpiration.
(3) The runoff volume in shrub runoff plot was the largest in5runoff plots at the two growing season in2011and2012, followed by the mixed pine and oak runoff plot, and then the platycladus orientalis runoff plot, while the runoff volume in pinus tabulaeformis runoff plot is minimal. The main forms of runoff in platycladus orientalis and shrub catchment area were surface runoff, they accounted for95.61%and95.61%of the total runoff respectively. The main form in mixed pine and oak runoff plots was interflow, accounting for90.86%of the total runoff.Slope runoff components in Chinese pine plot was well-proportioned, the volume of surface runoff and interflow accounted for61.99%and38.01%respectively. At the7.21extraordinary rainstorm in Beijing, in terms of total flow in four vegetation types of slope runoff plots, shrub runoff plot outputted the maximum flow, followed by platycladus orientalis and mixed pine and oak runoff plots, and pinus tabulaeformis runoff plot has the minimum total flow. The runoff producing time and lag time in each runoff plot were obviously diverse. The research established two regression equations based on the observed data from2011to2012in Beijing mountain area. One of the equation based on the structure index of different vegetation and surface runoff, and the other based on interflow and soil moisture before rain.
(4) The simulation of the slope hydrological processes was using the Brook90model, and its parameter estimation had achieved a good level. With increasing of LAI and canopy density, the soil infiltration and runoff decreased. For all parts of the rainfall distribution, soil infiltration was the main part, followed by the forest interception, and the surface flows were the smallest. In all stand, the total evapotranspiration increased with the increasing of LAI and canopy density. When the canopy density was depressed, the total evapotranspiration (TE) was less than rainfall. With canopy density increasing, the TE increased below, and the increment is much more than rainfall. That means the supply of natural water had been unable to meet the growth potential of plants. And the plant began to suffer a certain degree of water stress for growth. The simulation of different forest structures showes that, the marginal canopy density of platycladus to meet ecological water demand is0.72, the shrubbery is0.74, pinus tabulaeformis is0.71, and the mixed pine and oak is0.7. When the canopy density changed between0and0.7, the runoff decreased with the increasing of canopy density,while the density reached0.8, the effects of forest decreasing runoff was much weaker. When the density was much higher, a large number of precipitation was consumed by forest in various forms, and only small slope runoff could emerge.
(5)The soil water storage accounted for the largest proportion through the analysis of the water balance, followed by transpiration. Based on the water balance, we got the formula of vegetation carrying capacity (LAI) calculated relying on the growing season rainfall. The average rainfall of the growing season in2011and2012was448.23mm. The LAI carried by Platycladus is2.99was calculated, the shrubbery is2.55, the Pinus tabulaeformis is3.91, and the mixed pine and oak is4.08. In order to complete slope vegetation configuration, the first step was dividing the site factors, and then choosing the species of low water consumption. At last, the suited vegetation density and canopy density calculated to finalize the configuration.
(1)研究了不同林分叶面积指数的特征,在整个生长季,四种林分的叶面积指数表现出了一致的变化趋势,均表现为“增加—平稳—减小”的趋势。灌木林分叶面积指数的增加阶段相比三种乔木林分时间较短；无论是各月份还是整个生长季,灌木林叶面积指数的变异系数均要高于三种乔木林分,就三种乔木林分来讲,6月的叶而积指数的变异系数要明显高于其他三个月份,三种林分在6月的叶面积指数变异系数有明显差异；根据实测的不同林分不同结构的叶面积指数和郁闭度、生物量、林分密度的关系建立了回归方程。
(2)穿透雨与林外降雨量呈线性的正相关关系,树干流也与林外降雨呈正相关关系。平均穿透降雨率与林分叶面积指数呈负相关关系,随着降雨量的增加林冠截留量也增大,但其增加幅度不断减小。枯落物的持水率变化一般分为三个阶段：快速增长—缓慢增长—趋于稳定。松栎混交林的土壤渗透能力比其他林种要高。在大规模降雨后,5个径流场的土壤水分消退都体现出了蒸渗型的特征。不同林分的生长季蒸腾量有较大的差异,油松林1号6-9月的总蒸腾量为181.81mm,侧柏林为210mm,灌木林为56.4mm,油松林2号为161.98mm,松栎混交林为201.37mm。各树种枯落物蒸发量在日时间尺度上一般为三个阶段：快速蒸发一缓慢下降—稳定阶段。不同林分下土壤日平均蒸发量在0.58-1.84mm之间。基于北京山区2011-2012年实测数据,建立了不同植被结构指数与林冠截留率、土壤含水率、林地蒸散量的回归方程,并运用SPSS方法求出了各影响因子的贡献率。
(3)2011年和2012年两个生长季,在5个径流小区中,灌木径流小区的产流总量最大,其次为松栎混交径流小区,再次为侧柏径流小区,而油松径流小区产流总量最小。侧柏和灌木径流小区的坡面径流主要形式为地表径流,分别占总径流的95.61%和91.62%；松栎混交径流小区的坡面径流主要形式为壤中流,占总径流的90.86%；而油松径流小区的坡面径流各组分所占比例较平均,地表径流和壤中流所占比例分别为61.99%和38.01%。在北京7.21特大暴雨后,四种植被类型的坡面径流小区中,就总产流量来说,灌木径流小区总产流量最大,其次为侧柏和松栎混交径流小区,油松径流小区总产流量最小。各径流小区产流时间和滞后时间也有明显差异。基于北京山区2011-2012年实测数据,建立了不同植被结构指数与地表径流的回归方程和壤中流与雨前土壤含水率的回归方程,并求出了各结构参数对径流影响的贡献率
(4)坡面水文过程模拟采用Brook90模型,模型参数率定效果达到较好的水平。随着叶面积指数与郁闭度的增加林冠量不断增加,土壤入渗量不断减少,在径流不断减少。各森林植被中,土壤入渗是降雨分配最主要的去向,其次为植被截留降雨,最少部分为地面径流。在不同林分结构下都呈现出随着叶面积指数和林分郁闭度的提高而总蒸散量不断增加的规律。在郁闭度较小的阶段,总蒸散量远小于降雨量,当郁闭度达到一定数值后,林分的总蒸散量逐步增大,并超过了降雨量,说明自然水分的供给已经无法满足植物健康生长所需的水分。通过对不同林分不同结构的情景模拟可以得出,侧柏林的生态需水临界郁闭度为0.72,灌木林为0.74,油松林为0.71,松栎混交林为0.7。当林分郁闭度在0-0.7之间变化时,径流量随郁闭度增加而迅速下降；当林分达到一定程度的郁闭度后,即郁闭度达到0.8以后,林分对径流量的削减作用减弱,径流量随郁闭度提升而减少的趋势较为平缓；而当林分达到较高程度郁闭后,大量降水被森林生态系统以各种形式消耗,此时林分只能产生很小的坡面径流。
(5)通过对各径流场水量平衡分析,得到松栎混交林地6-9月土壤蓄水量增加了105.3mm,增加程度很小；灌木林地土壤持水量增加为5个径流场中最多,共增加了487.07mm；油松1号径流场、油松2号径流场和侧柏径流场土壤持水量分别增加了125.6mm、177.06mm和162.23mm。综合对比各项数值,土壤蓄水量变化是方程右侧各项中占比例最大的分量,其次为蒸腾量。基于水量平衡原理,得到基于生长季降雨量计算的立地水分植被承载力(LAI)的公式,在2011年和2012年两年生长季平均降雨量为448.23mm时,可计算得到侧柏林能承载的叶面积指数为2.99；油松林可承载的叶面积指数为3.91；灌木林能承载的叶面积指数为2.55；松栎混交林可承载的叶面积指数为4.08。为完成坡面森林植被配置,先进行了立地因子划分,选择出了低耗水树种,根据上面的研究推出四种林分各自能承载的植被密度与林分郁闭度,最后完成植被配置。
This dissertation takes typical forest vegetation in rocky mountain area of north china as the research object relying on forest ecosystem positioning observation station in the capital region. According to the principle of water balance, positioning observations of canopy interception, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, soil moisture content, soil flow at each level were conducted on slope scale. The research combined with synchronous observations of the forest vegetation structure indexes, and simulated the hydrologic process on slope scale based on eco hydrological models. It has revealed the influence mechanism of forest vegetation to the water formation, and has evaluated influences of forest vegetation to the runoff forming process and its components quantitatively. According to the influence mechanism of different slope vegetation to the eco hydrological processes, the study screened optimal vegetation type which has best features on regulating volume and water quality purification, it also puts forward to the suitable vegetation types and the reasonable configuration mode to control effective water yield relying on the principle of soil vegetation bearing capacity.
The main results were as follows:
(1) Study on the characteristics of different forest leaf area index shows that, leaf area index of four stands act out a consistent trend throughout the growing season, as the trend of "increase-smooth-reduce". The increasing time of shrub forest leaf area index is shorter compared to the three arbor stand, and the variation coefficient of shrub forest leaf area index is higher than others in each month and the entire growing season. The coefficient variation of leaf area index in June is significantly higher than the other three months in terms of the three arbor forest. The leaf area index coefficient variation of three stand in June were different obviously. The regression equation was established according to the relationship between leaf area index, crown density, biomass and forest density in different forest stand and structure.
(2) The precipitation in forest and out of forest had a great linear positive correlation. Canopy interception correlated a positively relationship with rainfall amount and it tend to be saturated with the increasing of precipitation. Changes of litter water absorbing capacity slowde down at around4h. Litter absorption capacity had experienced a rapid growth to a slow growth and end at a stabilization process. Forest soil infiltration law of different tree species have certain differences. Overall, soil infiltration ability of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest was higher than other forest stand. Soil moisture subsided of5catchment areas reflects the characteristics of evapotranspiration after the massive rainfall. Transpiration of different stand on growing season is diversity. Litter evaporation of each tree species'changing process is roughly same, it can be divided into three stages, the first phase is rapid evaporation, the second is the slow decline stage, and the third is the stable stage. Average soil daily evaporation under the condition changes between0.58mm and1.84mm. Soil evaporation is higher than litter evaporation, and below than the plant transpiration.
(3) The runoff volume in shrub runoff plot was the largest in5runoff plots at the two growing season in2011and2012, followed by the mixed pine and oak runoff plot, and then the platycladus orientalis runoff plot, while the runoff volume in pinus tabulaeformis runoff plot is minimal. The main forms of runoff in platycladus orientalis and shrub catchment area were surface runoff, they accounted for95.61%and95.61%of the total runoff respectively. The main form in mixed pine and oak runoff plots was interflow, accounting for90.86%of the total runoff.Slope runoff components in Chinese pine plot was well-proportioned, the volume of surface runoff and interflow accounted for61.99%and38.01%respectively. At the7.21extraordinary rainstorm in Beijing, in terms of total flow in four vegetation types of slope runoff plots, shrub runoff plot outputted the maximum flow, followed by platycladus orientalis and mixed pine and oak runoff plots, and pinus tabulaeformis runoff plot has the minimum total flow. The runoff producing time and lag time in each runoff plot were obviously diverse. The research established two regression equations based on the observed data from2011to2012in Beijing mountain area. One of the equation based on the structure index of different vegetation and surface runoff, and the other based on interflow and soil moisture before rain.
(4) The simulation of the slope hydrological processes was using the Brook90model, and its parameter estimation had achieved a good level. With increasing of LAI and canopy density, the soil infiltration and runoff decreased. For all parts of the rainfall distribution, soil infiltration was the main part, followed by the forest interception, and the surface flows were the smallest. In all stand, the total evapotranspiration increased with the increasing of LAI and canopy density. When the canopy density was depressed, the total evapotranspiration (TE) was less than rainfall. With canopy density increasing, the TE increased below, and the increment is much more than rainfall. That means the supply of natural water had been unable to meet the growth potential of plants. And the plant began to suffer a certain degree of water stress for growth. The simulation of different forest structures showes that, the marginal canopy density of platycladus to meet ecological water demand is0.72, the shrubbery is0.74, pinus tabulaeformis is0.71, and the mixed pine and oak is0.7. When the canopy density changed between0and0.7, the runoff decreased with the increasing of canopy density,while the density reached0.8, the effects of forest decreasing runoff was much weaker. When the density was much higher, a large number of precipitation was consumed by forest in various forms, and only small slope runoff could emerge.
(5)The soil water storage accounted for the largest proportion through the analysis of the water balance, followed by transpiration. Based on the water balance, we got the formula of vegetation carrying capacity (LAI) calculated relying on the growing season rainfall. The average rainfall of the growing season in2011and2012was448.23mm. The LAI carried by Platycladus is2.99was calculated, the shrubbery is2.55, the Pinus tabulaeformis is3.91, and the mixed pine and oak is4.08. In order to complete slope vegetation configuration, the first step was dividing the site factors, and then choosing the species of low water consumption. At last, the suited vegetation density and canopy density calculated to finalize the configuration.
引文
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