煤炭矿区复垦土壤的菌根修复技术研究
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摘要
针对我国矿区土壤侵占严重、质量恶化的局面，研发有效的矿区土壤修复技术成为国内外研究热点之一。菌根技术由于其具有高效低耗、简单易行、生态效益显著、促进生态平衡的特点，在矿区土壤修复中受到了广泛的关注。但对于菌根技术修复矿区土壤的效果以及土壤修复过程中微生态特征变化等方面的研究较少，菌根对矿区土壤有机碳积累的影响鲜有报道。因此，本论文利用菌根技术，以活性污泥添加构成的矿区复合基质为修复对象，在优化复合基质配比的基础上，对矿区复垦土壤的修复效应、土壤修复过程中微生态变化规律以及修复土壤有机碳累积性能的变化等做了系统的研究，获得的主要研究结论如下：
盆栽试验研究获得矿区复合基质的较优配比：培养60d后，20%-40%污泥添加量的复合基质pH值为5.5～7.5，基质中有机质、全氮、速效磷等养分指标均处于较丰富或丰富的营养等级，适于三叶草生长，为矿区复垦的较优配比。可实现矿区免施化肥复垦。
复合基质-AMF （arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi）组合的试验结果表明，污泥添加量为20%、30%的A2、A3配比基质中种植黑麦草接种摩西球囊霉菌（Glomusmosseae，简称G.m）盆栽实验2年后，其基质容重和孔隙度、有机质及氮磷钾元素的变化量均高于污泥添加量为10%的A1配比，黑麦草的菌根侵染率与菌根依赖性均相对较高。因此，A2-G.m、A3-G.m为矿区复垦技术的较优组合。
A3复合基质-G.m组合修复的现场试验表明，矿区复垦土壤的容重、孔隙度及持水量等和有机质均随时间而逐渐改善；矿区复垦土壤酶活性随时间而逐渐提高，且接种处理的变化量均显著高于未接种对照（p<0.05）。
矿区复垦土壤微生物群落和功能多样性的Biolog微平板法分析表明，添加污泥处理的AWCD值增长较快，Biolog微平板培养60h的微生物群落Shannon多样性指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数显著高于其它处理(p<0.05)，污泥的添加显著提高矿区复垦土壤中微生物的丰富度和常见物种种类，且可达到群落组成均一。矿区复垦1年和2年的土壤微生物群落和功能多样性均高于复垦前土壤，表明矿区的复垦过程对于增强土壤微生物活性意义重大。
矿区复垦土壤SOC的动态变化分析表明，不同处理复合基质中SOC含量均有所升高。AMF分泌的球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（Glomalin-related Soil Protein，GRSP）随复垦时间逐渐增加，土壤有机碳与TG及EEG之间存在极显著的正相关（p<0.01），说明AMF所分泌的GRSP对矿区复垦土壤有机碳积累具有直接作用。AMF及其分泌的GRSP对土壤有机碳积累的作用机理为通过增加植物固碳量、促进土壤团聚体形成保护土壤有机碳、改变土壤微生境增加土壤有机碳等方式促进土壤有机碳的积累。
Aiming at the taking-up and the bad quality of mine soil, the research of anecological restoration system of abandoned mine land become the research focus.Mycorrhizal technology is characterized by effective, low-consuming, simple,remarkable ecological effect and promoting ecological balance, is paid close attention.Current research mainly focuses on improving of soil physical and chemicalproperties and simple vegetation recovery, and paid little attention for soil microbialecological characteristics and organic carbon accumulation in reclaimed mine soil. Anecological restoration system of abandoned mine land with activated sludge additionand arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation was the main object in this study,the optimal ratio of compound substrate and optimal combination of compoundsubstrate and AMF inoculation was researched, and restoration effects of AMF toreclaimed mine soil and soil microbial characteristics and organic carbonaccumulation in reclaimed mine soil were discussed. Here are the major conclusions:
The optimum ratio of complex substrate research showed that sludge addition is20%-40%in the compound substrate, pH ranged5.5-7.5suitable for clover, andorganic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content were rich for growthof clover, can be used in reclamation of coal mine.
The combination of complex substrate ratio and AMF research showed thatsludge addition is20%and30%in the compound substrate and Glomus mosseae (G.m)was inoculated, the physical and chemical characteristics were better than othertreatments, ryegrass biomass is relatively high, and the affinity of ryegrass and G.mwas good, so the combination of A2, A3compound substrates and Gm was selected inthe reclamation of coal mine.
The field trials carried out to examined the effect of the combination of30%sludge addition in compound substrate and inoculation of G.m using in coal minereclamation indicated that bulk density and porosity were gradually improved with therehabilitation time, ryegrass biomass, soil organic matter and enzyme activity weregradually increased, and inoculation treatments were significantly higher than thenon-inoculation controls (p <0.05). Therefore, the combination of30%sludgeaddition in compound substrate and inoculation of G.m have a remarkableimprovement for vegetation restoration and microbial activity.
Biolog Eco plate method analysis of microbial community and functional diversity shows that AWCD of sludge addition treatment was bigger, indicated thataddition of sludge helps to enhance microbial activity in ecological restoration ofmining substrate. In addition, functional diversity of microbial community analysis ofthe different recovery stages showed that2year reclamation increase soilmicroorganisms and common microbial species in reclamation of mine substrate.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) in reclaimed mine soil increased in differenttreatments. SOC and Glomalin-related Soil Protein (GRSP) had highly significantpositive correlation (p <0.01), indicating that the GRSP has a direct role on soilcarbon sequestration.
盆栽试验研究获得矿区复合基质的较优配比：培养60d后，20%-40%污泥添加量的复合基质pH值为5.5～7.5，基质中有机质、全氮、速效磷等养分指标均处于较丰富或丰富的营养等级，适于三叶草生长，为矿区复垦的较优配比。可实现矿区免施化肥复垦。
复合基质-AMF （arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi）组合的试验结果表明，污泥添加量为20%、30%的A2、A3配比基质中种植黑麦草接种摩西球囊霉菌（Glomusmosseae，简称G.m）盆栽实验2年后，其基质容重和孔隙度、有机质及氮磷钾元素的变化量均高于污泥添加量为10%的A1配比，黑麦草的菌根侵染率与菌根依赖性均相对较高。因此，A2-G.m、A3-G.m为矿区复垦技术的较优组合。
A3复合基质-G.m组合修复的现场试验表明，矿区复垦土壤的容重、孔隙度及持水量等和有机质均随时间而逐渐改善；矿区复垦土壤酶活性随时间而逐渐提高，且接种处理的变化量均显著高于未接种对照（p<0.05）。
矿区复垦土壤微生物群落和功能多样性的Biolog微平板法分析表明，添加污泥处理的AWCD值增长较快，Biolog微平板培养60h的微生物群落Shannon多样性指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数显著高于其它处理(p<0.05)，污泥的添加显著提高矿区复垦土壤中微生物的丰富度和常见物种种类，且可达到群落组成均一。矿区复垦1年和2年的土壤微生物群落和功能多样性均高于复垦前土壤，表明矿区的复垦过程对于增强土壤微生物活性意义重大。
矿区复垦土壤SOC的动态变化分析表明，不同处理复合基质中SOC含量均有所升高。AMF分泌的球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（Glomalin-related Soil Protein，GRSP）随复垦时间逐渐增加，土壤有机碳与TG及EEG之间存在极显著的正相关（p<0.01），说明AMF所分泌的GRSP对矿区复垦土壤有机碳积累具有直接作用。AMF及其分泌的GRSP对土壤有机碳积累的作用机理为通过增加植物固碳量、促进土壤团聚体形成保护土壤有机碳、改变土壤微生境增加土壤有机碳等方式促进土壤有机碳的积累。
Aiming at the taking-up and the bad quality of mine soil, the research of anecological restoration system of abandoned mine land become the research focus.Mycorrhizal technology is characterized by effective, low-consuming, simple,remarkable ecological effect and promoting ecological balance, is paid close attention.Current research mainly focuses on improving of soil physical and chemicalproperties and simple vegetation recovery, and paid little attention for soil microbialecological characteristics and organic carbon accumulation in reclaimed mine soil. Anecological restoration system of abandoned mine land with activated sludge additionand arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation was the main object in this study,the optimal ratio of compound substrate and optimal combination of compoundsubstrate and AMF inoculation was researched, and restoration effects of AMF toreclaimed mine soil and soil microbial characteristics and organic carbonaccumulation in reclaimed mine soil were discussed. Here are the major conclusions:
The optimum ratio of complex substrate research showed that sludge addition is20%-40%in the compound substrate, pH ranged5.5-7.5suitable for clover, andorganic matter, total nitrogen and available phosphorus content were rich for growthof clover, can be used in reclamation of coal mine.
The combination of complex substrate ratio and AMF research showed thatsludge addition is20%and30%in the compound substrate and Glomus mosseae (G.m)was inoculated, the physical and chemical characteristics were better than othertreatments, ryegrass biomass is relatively high, and the affinity of ryegrass and G.mwas good, so the combination of A2, A3compound substrates and Gm was selected inthe reclamation of coal mine.
The field trials carried out to examined the effect of the combination of30%sludge addition in compound substrate and inoculation of G.m using in coal minereclamation indicated that bulk density and porosity were gradually improved with therehabilitation time, ryegrass biomass, soil organic matter and enzyme activity weregradually increased, and inoculation treatments were significantly higher than thenon-inoculation controls (p <0.05). Therefore, the combination of30%sludgeaddition in compound substrate and inoculation of G.m have a remarkableimprovement for vegetation restoration and microbial activity.
Biolog Eco plate method analysis of microbial community and functional diversity shows that AWCD of sludge addition treatment was bigger, indicated thataddition of sludge helps to enhance microbial activity in ecological restoration ofmining substrate. In addition, functional diversity of microbial community analysis ofthe different recovery stages showed that2year reclamation increase soilmicroorganisms and common microbial species in reclamation of mine substrate.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) in reclaimed mine soil increased in differenttreatments. SOC and Glomalin-related Soil Protein (GRSP) had highly significantpositive correlation (p <0.01), indicating that the GRSP has a direct role on soilcarbon sequestration.
引文
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