共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的认知加工偏好
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摘要
归因(attribution)是指个体通过分析他人或自己的外在行为表现以推论和解释其原因的心理过程。归因是个体外部世界和内在心理表征的中介和桥梁,也是行为预测和干预的前提与基础。近年来,慈善捐助行为(donor behavior)作为一种积极的无偿赠予他人财物和帮助的利他性道德行为日益受到研究者的关注,而慈善捐助行为背后的归因机制值得我们关注。
关于人类行为归因的研究主要集中在偏逻辑信息的理性归因和偏主观信念的归因偏好方面。理性归因强调行为信息的一致性、一贯性和区别性等共变信息对归因的影响,归因偏好(attribution bias)则强调个体主观信念的影响。而东西方文化的对立差异是影响行为归因偏好的重要佐证。近年来,研究者提出了文化框架转换模型(CFS),从文化的动态通达性和多元文化的适应性视角对双文化认同群体(BII)的行为归因偏好进行了研究。已有研究尽管提出了理性归因与利己归因偏好是并存的,然而缺乏中国文化背景下群体视角的实证研究,更缺乏行为归因文化框架转换在双文化认同群体中的本土化验证。
本研究基于文化框架动态转换视角,以共变信息与双文化认同对捐助行为归因的交互影响为出发点,以受伊斯兰教文化与儒家文化双重影响的回族双文化认同群体为研究对象,并以单文化认同(MI)群体的汉族为对照组,通过四个系列研究探讨共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的认知加工偏好,以扩展行为归因的多元文化动态建构理论,提高行为归因研究的本土契合性,为加强民族文化与主流文化之间的融合与和谐提供参考价值。
研究一基于外显视角探讨共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为的群际归因偏好,由2个实验组成。实验1验证了一致性、一贯性和区别性三种共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的联合推断。实验2在实验1的基础上,操纵一致性信息的高低程度以考察双文化认同群体捐助行为的群际归因偏好,发现了理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存以及在中国少数民族双文化认同群体中的适用性。
由于研究一发现,双文化认同群体存在捐助行为外显群际归因偏好,原因可能在于内隐文化构念的不同,基于此,研究二继续操纵一致性信息高低程度,通过3个实验探讨了双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的启动效应。实验3采用单一文化启动范式(Cultural Priming Study)发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的启动效应以及低双文化认同群体高低一致性信息条件下内群体的外归因偏好,说明双文化认同群体捐助行为归因受文化线索的影响,而低双文化认同群体由于受内隐文化信念的监控,很难在文化线索之间进行转换。实验4采用两种文化线索混合启动进一步证实了低双文化认同群体内隐文化信念与行为归因无意识加工的一致性以及高双文化认同群体在平衡混合启动条件下行为归因文化框架转换的特点,说明文化线索激活了高双文化认同群体不同的潜在文化构念。此外,实验3与实验4继续验证了理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存。然而,前两个实验都是在积极条件下进行的,实验5采用情感错误归因范式(AMP)分别在积极与消极条件下进行高双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的启动效应,结果发现了高双文化认同群体行为归因文化框架转换的情境依赖性。
研究二发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的启动效应,但由于启动效应仅仅停留在无意识知觉加工水平,研究三在语义和解释加工水平研究双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的认知加工偏好。实验6采用词汇判断反应时范式发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的语义加工偏好,但实验6并未发现理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存,可能是快速的词汇判断任务简化了双文化认同群体对行为信息的加工。而实验7基于解释偏向(EB)发现了理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存。
研究一、研究二和研究三发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为外显与内隐群际归因偏好。研究四对前三个研究进行了整合,以探讨双文化认同群体外显和内隐群际归因偏好对内外群体捐助行为的预测作用以及内隐人格和社会价值取向在其中的作用。研究四发现了双文化认同群体外显群际归因偏好对捐助行为的中介作用和社会价值取向对捐助行为的调节作用。
综合以上研究结果,我们得出以下主要结论：
(1)双文化认同群体在不同信息类型与程度条件下均表现出了捐助行为对应偏差,但双文化认同群体群际归因倾向不同,具有文化内部一致性和差异性特点。
(2)双文化认同群体能依据文化线索对内外群体做出与文化线索相一致的行为归因,行为归因的文化框架转换特点在中国少数民族双文化认同群体中得到验证,但少数民族双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的文化动态转换具有情境依赖性。
(3)双文化认同群体捐助行为理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存在情境判断任务和解释偏向(EB)中得到了证明,但在基于反应时范式的词汇判断任务中理性归因消失,可能的原因是词汇判断任务简化了双文化认同群体对捐助行为信息的认知加工。
(4)双文化认同群体均存在捐助行为群际归因偏好,低双文化认同群体倾向于内群体的外归因偏好以及捐助行为文化词的加工偏好和解释偏好,MI群体倾向于内群体的内归因偏好以及捐助行为特质词的加工偏好和解释偏好,结果符合群际归因偏好的文化差异性。
(5)双文化认同群体捐助行为外显群际归因对捐助行为是有调节的中介作用,并且双文化认同群体的社会价值取向对捐助行为具有调节作用,说明对外显群际归因和社会价值取向进行干预可提高双文化认同群体的捐助行为。
Attribution refers to a psychological process during which individuals analyze the external behaviors of other people or themselves to infer and explain the reasons. Attribution is the intermediary and bridge of individual external world and the internal mental representation as well as the premise and basis of behavior prediction and intervention. In recent years, charitable donor behavior, as a kind of altruistic moral behavior of giving gratuitous property and help to others positively, has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Cognitive processing mechanism of donor behavior attribution have become one of the hot spots in psychological research.
The research on attribution of human behavior focuses on the aspects of attribution theory of partial logic information and attribution bias of partial subjective belief. The logic attribution emphasizes that behavior attribution is a rational process, showing individuals combine covariant information including coherency, consistency together with distinction to infer the events cause. The attribution bias emphasizes that behavior attribution is inevitable with the system preference. However, the antagonistic difference of the East-West culture is an important evidence of influencing attribution bias. In recent years, researchers have proposed cultural frame switching model (CFS) and made the interpretation and validation on behavior attribution bias of bicultural identity group (BII) from the perspective of cultural dynamic consistency and multicultural adaptability. Whether behavior attribution is a rational cognitive process or an irrational self-serving bias has been a hot issue in research field of current social cognition scientific. Previous research has suggested rational attribution in covariant information coexisted with self-serving attribution in individual belief, but that not only lacked empirical study from the perspective of group in the context of Chinese culture, but even lacked local verification of attribution cultural frameworks conversion in minorities bicultural identity group.
The study is based on cultural frame switching model, starting from interaction influence of covariant information and donor behavior attribution of bicultural identity, taking Hui BII groups influenced by the double impact of Islamic culture and Confucian culture as the research objects, and taking single cultural identity groups of Han MI as the control group, through a series of four studies to explore the cognitive processing mechanism of intergroup attribution about charitable donor behavior of BII groups in covariant information; to extend the cultural differences theory and construction theory of multicultural dynamic of behavior attribution and to improve the local fit of behavior attribution. This research aims at providing the reference for strengthening integration and harmony between national culture and the mainstream culture.
Study1includes2experiments, mainly using Situation Vignettes, which is based on the explicit perspective to explore the intergroup attribution differences in charitable donor behavior of BII groups in covariant information. Experiment1confirmed the joint judgment of internal and external attribution about charitable donor behavior of BII groups in three covariant information: coherency, consistency together with distinction. It also confirmed the existence of corresponding bias and the prediction of internal and external attribution tendency. Experiment2manipulated the high and low degrees of consistency in order to examine the intergroup attribution differences in charitable donor behavior of BII groups. The experiment found the coexistence of rational attribution and intergroup attribution. It also discovered the applicability in the BII groups of ethnic minorities in the context of Chinese culture.
Since Study1found explicit attribution bias in donor behavior of BII groups. The reason may lie in the different effects of implicit cultural beliefs. Study2continued to manipulate the high and low degrees of consistency in covariant information to explore intergroup attribution bias of donor behavior of BII groups under different culture implicit priming conditions. In single Cultural Priming, Experiment3tested the dynamic conversion of the cultural framework of donor behavior attribution of high BII and found external attribution bias of internal group of donor behavior of low BII. The reason was that high BII identify two kinds of cultures at the same time and they can make donor behavior attribution which adapts to the cultural context while low BII are difficult to convert between the two cultures due to implicit cultural beliefs. Therefore, Experiment4mixed the two cultures clues at the same time. The results of Experiment4further confirmed the consistency of unconscious processing between implicit cultural beliefs of low BII and behavior attribution while high BII have dynamic conversion of the cultural framework under the balance priming conditions. This showed two cultures clues priming at the same time to activate potential cultural constructs of high BII so as to draw behavior attributions. However, both Experiment3and4were carried out in the positive words priming to draw donor behavior attribution. Because individuals have different cognitive process of positive and negative words, Experiment5therefore used Affective Misattribution Paradigm, respectively in positive and negative words priming condition to study affection priming on donor behavior attribution of high BII. The results showed that the cultural framework of behavior attribution of high BII have situational dependence.
Study2found threshold priming effect of intergroup attribution about donor behavior of BII groups and revealed the implicit characteristics of intergroup attribution about donor behavior of BII groups. Because threshold priming effect only remains in the level of unconscious perceptual processing, Study3will extend the focus to the level of unconscious semantic processing and explanation processing, studying cognitive processing preference of spontaneous attribution (SA) about donor behavior of BII groups. BII groups may have semantic processing preference of intergroup attribution of donor behavior,which was verified by Experiment6, but the experiment did not find the coexistence of rational attribution and intergroup attribution. The possible reason was that the tasks for the lexical decision were too simple. Experiment7based on explanation bias to find the coexistence of rational attribution and intergroup attribution. It also showed the attribution bias of low BII group donor behavior attribution.
Studyl, Study2and Study3found explicit and implicit intergroup attribution preference of donor behavior of BII groups. Study4integrated explicit and implicit intergroup attribution preference of BII groups and explored the function of prediction of donor behavior made by explicit and implicit intergroup attribution preference of BII groups as well as the function of implicit personality and the social value orientation in it. Study4found that explicit intergroup attribution bias of BII groups has a mediating role for intergroup donor behavior. Social value orientation has the function of adjustment in donor behavior.
Through the above empirical research, this paper could draw the following main conclusions:
(1) BII groups exhibited the corresponding bias of donor behavior under different information types and degrees conditions. The degrees of tendency of intergroup attribution of donor behavior of BII groups are different. The result showed that donor behavior has the features of cultural internal consistency and diversities.
(2) BII groups can make consistent behavior attribution with cultural clues according to cultural clues priming for inside and outside groups. The characteristics of cultural framework conversion of behavior attribution are verified in ethnic minorities bicultural group under the background of Chinese culture, but it is worth noting that the cultural dynamic transformation of donor behavior attribution of BII groups is situational dependence.
(3) BII groups has coexistence in rational attribution bias and intergroup attribution bias of donor behavior, but the effect has been proved in Situation Vignettes task and explanation bias (EB). However, the rational attribution disappeared in lexical decision task. The possible reason is that lexical decision task simplifies the cognitive processing of donor behavior.
(4) BII groups had the explicit and implicit intergroup attribution bias of donor behavior, but low BII groups tend towards external intergroup attribution bias and explanation bias of culture words of donor behavior. MI groups tend towards internal intergroup attribution bias and explanation bias of trait words of donor behavior. The result conformed cultural differences of intergroup attribution bias.
(5) The explicit intergroup attribution of BII groups donor behavior has a mediating role for donor behavior. Social value orientation of BII groups has the function of adjustment for donor behavior. It also illustrated that to intervene explicit intergroup attribution and social value orientation can improve the donor behavior of BII groups.
关于人类行为归因的研究主要集中在偏逻辑信息的理性归因和偏主观信念的归因偏好方面。理性归因强调行为信息的一致性、一贯性和区别性等共变信息对归因的影响,归因偏好(attribution bias)则强调个体主观信念的影响。而东西方文化的对立差异是影响行为归因偏好的重要佐证。近年来,研究者提出了文化框架转换模型(CFS),从文化的动态通达性和多元文化的适应性视角对双文化认同群体(BII)的行为归因偏好进行了研究。已有研究尽管提出了理性归因与利己归因偏好是并存的,然而缺乏中国文化背景下群体视角的实证研究,更缺乏行为归因文化框架转换在双文化认同群体中的本土化验证。
本研究基于文化框架动态转换视角,以共变信息与双文化认同对捐助行为归因的交互影响为出发点,以受伊斯兰教文化与儒家文化双重影响的回族双文化认同群体为研究对象,并以单文化认同(MI)群体的汉族为对照组,通过四个系列研究探讨共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的认知加工偏好,以扩展行为归因的多元文化动态建构理论,提高行为归因研究的本土契合性,为加强民族文化与主流文化之间的融合与和谐提供参考价值。
研究一基于外显视角探讨共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为的群际归因偏好,由2个实验组成。实验1验证了一致性、一贯性和区别性三种共变信息中双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的联合推断。实验2在实验1的基础上,操纵一致性信息的高低程度以考察双文化认同群体捐助行为的群际归因偏好,发现了理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存以及在中国少数民族双文化认同群体中的适用性。
由于研究一发现,双文化认同群体存在捐助行为外显群际归因偏好,原因可能在于内隐文化构念的不同,基于此,研究二继续操纵一致性信息高低程度,通过3个实验探讨了双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的启动效应。实验3采用单一文化启动范式(Cultural Priming Study)发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的启动效应以及低双文化认同群体高低一致性信息条件下内群体的外归因偏好,说明双文化认同群体捐助行为归因受文化线索的影响,而低双文化认同群体由于受内隐文化信念的监控,很难在文化线索之间进行转换。实验4采用两种文化线索混合启动进一步证实了低双文化认同群体内隐文化信念与行为归因无意识加工的一致性以及高双文化认同群体在平衡混合启动条件下行为归因文化框架转换的特点,说明文化线索激活了高双文化认同群体不同的潜在文化构念。此外,实验3与实验4继续验证了理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存。然而,前两个实验都是在积极条件下进行的,实验5采用情感错误归因范式(AMP)分别在积极与消极条件下进行高双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的启动效应,结果发现了高双文化认同群体行为归因文化框架转换的情境依赖性。
研究二发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的启动效应,但由于启动效应仅仅停留在无意识知觉加工水平,研究三在语义和解释加工水平研究双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的认知加工偏好。实验6采用词汇判断反应时范式发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为群际归因的语义加工偏好,但实验6并未发现理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存,可能是快速的词汇判断任务简化了双文化认同群体对行为信息的加工。而实验7基于解释偏向(EB)发现了理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存。
研究一、研究二和研究三发现了双文化认同群体捐助行为外显与内隐群际归因偏好。研究四对前三个研究进行了整合,以探讨双文化认同群体外显和内隐群际归因偏好对内外群体捐助行为的预测作用以及内隐人格和社会价值取向在其中的作用。研究四发现了双文化认同群体外显群际归因偏好对捐助行为的中介作用和社会价值取向对捐助行为的调节作用。
综合以上研究结果,我们得出以下主要结论：
(1)双文化认同群体在不同信息类型与程度条件下均表现出了捐助行为对应偏差,但双文化认同群体群际归因倾向不同,具有文化内部一致性和差异性特点。
(2)双文化认同群体能依据文化线索对内外群体做出与文化线索相一致的行为归因,行为归因的文化框架转换特点在中国少数民族双文化认同群体中得到验证,但少数民族双文化认同群体捐助行为归因的文化动态转换具有情境依赖性。
(3)双文化认同群体捐助行为理性归因与群际归因偏好的并存在情境判断任务和解释偏向(EB)中得到了证明,但在基于反应时范式的词汇判断任务中理性归因消失,可能的原因是词汇判断任务简化了双文化认同群体对捐助行为信息的认知加工。
(4)双文化认同群体均存在捐助行为群际归因偏好,低双文化认同群体倾向于内群体的外归因偏好以及捐助行为文化词的加工偏好和解释偏好,MI群体倾向于内群体的内归因偏好以及捐助行为特质词的加工偏好和解释偏好,结果符合群际归因偏好的文化差异性。
(5)双文化认同群体捐助行为外显群际归因对捐助行为是有调节的中介作用,并且双文化认同群体的社会价值取向对捐助行为具有调节作用,说明对外显群际归因和社会价值取向进行干预可提高双文化认同群体的捐助行为。
Attribution refers to a psychological process during which individuals analyze the external behaviors of other people or themselves to infer and explain the reasons. Attribution is the intermediary and bridge of individual external world and the internal mental representation as well as the premise and basis of behavior prediction and intervention. In recent years, charitable donor behavior, as a kind of altruistic moral behavior of giving gratuitous property and help to others positively, has been paid more and more attention by researchers. Cognitive processing mechanism of donor behavior attribution have become one of the hot spots in psychological research.
The research on attribution of human behavior focuses on the aspects of attribution theory of partial logic information and attribution bias of partial subjective belief. The logic attribution emphasizes that behavior attribution is a rational process, showing individuals combine covariant information including coherency, consistency together with distinction to infer the events cause. The attribution bias emphasizes that behavior attribution is inevitable with the system preference. However, the antagonistic difference of the East-West culture is an important evidence of influencing attribution bias. In recent years, researchers have proposed cultural frame switching model (CFS) and made the interpretation and validation on behavior attribution bias of bicultural identity group (BII) from the perspective of cultural dynamic consistency and multicultural adaptability. Whether behavior attribution is a rational cognitive process or an irrational self-serving bias has been a hot issue in research field of current social cognition scientific. Previous research has suggested rational attribution in covariant information coexisted with self-serving attribution in individual belief, but that not only lacked empirical study from the perspective of group in the context of Chinese culture, but even lacked local verification of attribution cultural frameworks conversion in minorities bicultural identity group.
The study is based on cultural frame switching model, starting from interaction influence of covariant information and donor behavior attribution of bicultural identity, taking Hui BII groups influenced by the double impact of Islamic culture and Confucian culture as the research objects, and taking single cultural identity groups of Han MI as the control group, through a series of four studies to explore the cognitive processing mechanism of intergroup attribution about charitable donor behavior of BII groups in covariant information; to extend the cultural differences theory and construction theory of multicultural dynamic of behavior attribution and to improve the local fit of behavior attribution. This research aims at providing the reference for strengthening integration and harmony between national culture and the mainstream culture.
Study1includes2experiments, mainly using Situation Vignettes, which is based on the explicit perspective to explore the intergroup attribution differences in charitable donor behavior of BII groups in covariant information. Experiment1confirmed the joint judgment of internal and external attribution about charitable donor behavior of BII groups in three covariant information: coherency, consistency together with distinction. It also confirmed the existence of corresponding bias and the prediction of internal and external attribution tendency. Experiment2manipulated the high and low degrees of consistency in order to examine the intergroup attribution differences in charitable donor behavior of BII groups. The experiment found the coexistence of rational attribution and intergroup attribution. It also discovered the applicability in the BII groups of ethnic minorities in the context of Chinese culture.
Since Study1found explicit attribution bias in donor behavior of BII groups. The reason may lie in the different effects of implicit cultural beliefs. Study2continued to manipulate the high and low degrees of consistency in covariant information to explore intergroup attribution bias of donor behavior of BII groups under different culture implicit priming conditions. In single Cultural Priming, Experiment3tested the dynamic conversion of the cultural framework of donor behavior attribution of high BII and found external attribution bias of internal group of donor behavior of low BII. The reason was that high BII identify two kinds of cultures at the same time and they can make donor behavior attribution which adapts to the cultural context while low BII are difficult to convert between the two cultures due to implicit cultural beliefs. Therefore, Experiment4mixed the two cultures clues at the same time. The results of Experiment4further confirmed the consistency of unconscious processing between implicit cultural beliefs of low BII and behavior attribution while high BII have dynamic conversion of the cultural framework under the balance priming conditions. This showed two cultures clues priming at the same time to activate potential cultural constructs of high BII so as to draw behavior attributions. However, both Experiment3and4were carried out in the positive words priming to draw donor behavior attribution. Because individuals have different cognitive process of positive and negative words, Experiment5therefore used Affective Misattribution Paradigm, respectively in positive and negative words priming condition to study affection priming on donor behavior attribution of high BII. The results showed that the cultural framework of behavior attribution of high BII have situational dependence.
Study2found threshold priming effect of intergroup attribution about donor behavior of BII groups and revealed the implicit characteristics of intergroup attribution about donor behavior of BII groups. Because threshold priming effect only remains in the level of unconscious perceptual processing, Study3will extend the focus to the level of unconscious semantic processing and explanation processing, studying cognitive processing preference of spontaneous attribution (SA) about donor behavior of BII groups. BII groups may have semantic processing preference of intergroup attribution of donor behavior,which was verified by Experiment6, but the experiment did not find the coexistence of rational attribution and intergroup attribution. The possible reason was that the tasks for the lexical decision were too simple. Experiment7based on explanation bias to find the coexistence of rational attribution and intergroup attribution. It also showed the attribution bias of low BII group donor behavior attribution.
Studyl, Study2and Study3found explicit and implicit intergroup attribution preference of donor behavior of BII groups. Study4integrated explicit and implicit intergroup attribution preference of BII groups and explored the function of prediction of donor behavior made by explicit and implicit intergroup attribution preference of BII groups as well as the function of implicit personality and the social value orientation in it. Study4found that explicit intergroup attribution bias of BII groups has a mediating role for intergroup donor behavior. Social value orientation has the function of adjustment in donor behavior.
Through the above empirical research, this paper could draw the following main conclusions:
(1) BII groups exhibited the corresponding bias of donor behavior under different information types and degrees conditions. The degrees of tendency of intergroup attribution of donor behavior of BII groups are different. The result showed that donor behavior has the features of cultural internal consistency and diversities.
(2) BII groups can make consistent behavior attribution with cultural clues according to cultural clues priming for inside and outside groups. The characteristics of cultural framework conversion of behavior attribution are verified in ethnic minorities bicultural group under the background of Chinese culture, but it is worth noting that the cultural dynamic transformation of donor behavior attribution of BII groups is situational dependence.
(3) BII groups has coexistence in rational attribution bias and intergroup attribution bias of donor behavior, but the effect has been proved in Situation Vignettes task and explanation bias (EB). However, the rational attribution disappeared in lexical decision task. The possible reason is that lexical decision task simplifies the cognitive processing of donor behavior.
(4) BII groups had the explicit and implicit intergroup attribution bias of donor behavior, but low BII groups tend towards external intergroup attribution bias and explanation bias of culture words of donor behavior. MI groups tend towards internal intergroup attribution bias and explanation bias of trait words of donor behavior. The result conformed cultural differences of intergroup attribution bias.
(5) The explicit intergroup attribution of BII groups donor behavior has a mediating role for donor behavior. Social value orientation of BII groups has the function of adjustment for donor behavior. It also illustrated that to intervene explicit intergroup attribution and social value orientation can improve the donor behavior of BII groups.
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