压缩变形对AZ61镁合金组织的影响
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摘要
由于镁合金的晶格特点，镁合金的热成形能力比较差，从而导致变形镁合金产品成本远高于镁合金铸造产品，严重影响了变形镁合金的推广应用。通过优化工艺来提高变形镁合金的热成形性能是国内外关注的焦点之一。但至今为止，国内外对变形镁合金成形过程的组织变化规律都研究较少，大量的工作集中在通过成分优化或合金再设计来提高变形镁合金的成形性能方面，因此通过加工工艺优化来提高成形性缺乏理论基础。压缩变形是镁合金产品生产过程中最重要的变形方法之一，也是了解镁合金的力学响应和微观演化过程的重要手段，对变形镁合金压缩变形过程中组织变化规律进行系统研究对变形镁合金成形性能的改善和加工工艺的优化有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
AZ61镁合金是常用Mg-Al系变形镁合金中Al含量较高的合金之一，其合金的强度比AZ31高，热成性性能比AZ31差。出现这种差异的原因是AZ61基体中存在大量的第二相。第二相的特性（类型、大小、分布、数量、形态等）是影响成形性能和使用性能的核心因素之一。已有的研究结果表明，第二相与镁合金再结晶行为也存在紧密的联系，而再结晶过程直接决定了镁合金的使用性能。因此，在压缩变形过程中，铸态中第二相的特性以及第二相的碎化和溶解行为的控制是整个工艺过程的关键。至今为止，关于AZ61镁合金中关于这方面的研究很少，很难在现有数据和理论上为优化已有的加工工艺和开发新的加工工艺提供支持。所以系统的研究铸态合金中第二相的特性、深入了解第二相在压缩变形过程中的碎化和溶解行为并建立相关理论模型是优化现有的AZ61镁合金的加工工艺、提高合金的成形性能和推广AZ61变形镁合金商业化应用所必不可少的工作。并且所得的数据和建立的理论模型对于其他种类变形镁合金具有普适性，对推动变形镁合金的整体发展具有重要的指导意义。
本文采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪、X射线衍射分析仪、图像分析处理软件ImagePro和Thermo-Cacl软件等方法，系统的分析了AZ61中非平衡共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相和Al-Mn相在半连续浇铸的AZ61中的大小、数量、分布、形貌等特性。在此基础上，观察在室温下铸态压缩变形后的显微组织，分析第二相在基体中的碎化行为和第二相与孪晶之间的相互作用机制。然后对比分析了室温下预变形处理后的铸态试样与固溶态试样经高温变形后的组织形貌差异以及不同温度下经过预变形处理的试样和铸态试样经高温热变形后的组织差异，并对共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)的高温溶解行为进行仔细的观察。研究结果表明在室温下预变形能够提高再结晶在基体中的形核均匀性，削弱了基体在高温变形中的失稳趋势。还发现包含有粗大共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相的铸态试样经过高温热变形后其再结晶晶粒尺寸比固溶态的尺寸细小。以上现象说明粗大的Mg_(17)Al_(12)相能够提高晶粒内部的孪晶含量，为热变形过程中再结晶提供更多的形核核心，避免了热变形过程中由于再结晶不均匀而造成的变形失稳，相比固溶态变形能够获得更为细小的再结晶组织，从而提高了合金的强度和塑性。而且预变形在共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相引入的裂纹，在经过几分钟的保温后，能够使共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相在高温变形中碎化的程度更高，分布更为弥散，增加了基体的变形协调性。同时通过研究Mg_(17)Al_(12)相高温溶解行为发现，室温下所产生的孪晶等缺陷和外力对基体做功能够加速Mg_(17)Al_(12)相的溶解，从而使避免粗大第二相对变形后组织产生负面影响成为了可能。
The magnesium alloy has unsatisfactory thermoformability owning to its lattice features,leading to higher processing cost in the wrought magnesium alloy than the cast magnesiumalloy and furthermore restricting the extensive application of wrought magnesium alloy.Nowadays, it is one of the focuses through the optimization of process to improve thethermoformability of wrought magnesium alloy at home and abroad. So far, however, a betterunderstanding of the mechanisms of the microstructure evolution in the deformation process isneeded to improve the formability of magnesium alloy. In fact, the current research focusesmainly on composition optimization and alloy redesign. Compression deformation is one of themost important deformation ways in the process of the magnesium alloy production. And it isalso an important method to understand the mechanical response and microstructure evolutionof magnesium alloy. It is theoretically important and practically valuable to systematicallyinvestigate the influence of compression deformation on the microstructures of magnesiumalloy.
AZ61magnesium alloys are one of the commonly used Mg-Al magnesium alloys withhigh Al content. The strength of the AZ61alloy is higher and the thermoformability is worsethan the AZ31alloy because there are many second phases distributed in the AZ61. Thecharacteristics of second phases (type, size, distribution, quantity, shape, etc.) are one of the keyfactors governing the formability and usability. The recently research indicate that there isclose correlation between the second phases and the recrystallization behaviors. Furthermore,the recrystallization processes determinate the usability in magnesium alloys directly. Therefore,the key points are how to control the fragment and dissolution of the second phases in thedeformation process as well as the characteristics of second phases in the as-cast magnesiumalloy. Unfortunately, few researchers have paid attention to these aspects. Thus, it is difficult tooptimize the existing processing technology and develop a new processing technologyaccording to the existing data and theories. Therefore, the systematic investigation on the secondphase characteristics in the as-cast magnesium alloy, understanding the second phase behaviorsof fragment and dissolution during the compression deformation process and building therelatively theoretical model are essential for optimizing existing processing technology,improving the formability and promoting the commercial application of the AZ61magnesiumalloy. And these data and theoretical model are also suit for other wrought magnesium alloy. There is an important guiding significance in promoting the overall development of wroughtmagnesium alloys.
Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy DispersiveSpectrometry (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Image analysis processing software (Image Pro)and Thermo-Cacl software etc. are used to characterize the size, the number density, the areafraction, the distribution and the morphology of the non-equilibrium eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)and theAl-Mn phase in the semi-continuous casting. Based on the above characters, the compressedmicrostructure at room temperature has been observed and the second phase fracture behaviorand the interaction mechanisms between the second phases and twinning have also beenanalyzed. Then the morphological feature of the as-cast predeformation sample compressed atelevated temperature has been analyzed compared to the as-solution predeformation sample.And the differences between the predeformation sample and the as-cast sample compressed atthe different temperature have been distinguished. The dissolution of the eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)atelevated temperature has also been observed. The results of the study show that thepredeformation at room temperature can improve the nuclear uniformity of recrystallization andweaken the instability tendency of the matrix at elevated temperature. It is also found that therecrystallization grain size of the as-cast sample containing a bulky eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)phase isfiner than the as-solution sample after compressing at elevated temperature. The abovephenomenon suggested that the bulky Mg_(17)Al_(12)phase can improve the twinning content amongthe internal grains to supply more nucleation sites for recrystallization during hot deformationprocess and avoid the instability caused by non-uniform recrystallization. Compared to theas-solution sample, the as-cast sample can get finer recrystallization grain. So the compressionof as-cast sample can improve the strength and plasticity of alloy. And the predeformation canintroduce the crack into the eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)phase. It can make the fracture of eutecticMg_(17)Al_(12)phase become finer and the distribution more diffuse after a few minutesheat-preservation treatment to increase the coordination deformation ability of matrix. At thesame time, the defect produced at room temperature and the force work can accelerate thedissolution speed of Mg_(17)Al_(12). And it is possible to avoid the disadvantages from the bulkysecond phase after deformation.
AZ61镁合金是常用Mg-Al系变形镁合金中Al含量较高的合金之一，其合金的强度比AZ31高，热成性性能比AZ31差。出现这种差异的原因是AZ61基体中存在大量的第二相。第二相的特性（类型、大小、分布、数量、形态等）是影响成形性能和使用性能的核心因素之一。已有的研究结果表明，第二相与镁合金再结晶行为也存在紧密的联系，而再结晶过程直接决定了镁合金的使用性能。因此，在压缩变形过程中，铸态中第二相的特性以及第二相的碎化和溶解行为的控制是整个工艺过程的关键。至今为止，关于AZ61镁合金中关于这方面的研究很少，很难在现有数据和理论上为优化已有的加工工艺和开发新的加工工艺提供支持。所以系统的研究铸态合金中第二相的特性、深入了解第二相在压缩变形过程中的碎化和溶解行为并建立相关理论模型是优化现有的AZ61镁合金的加工工艺、提高合金的成形性能和推广AZ61变形镁合金商业化应用所必不可少的工作。并且所得的数据和建立的理论模型对于其他种类变形镁合金具有普适性，对推动变形镁合金的整体发展具有重要的指导意义。
本文采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析仪、X射线衍射分析仪、图像分析处理软件ImagePro和Thermo-Cacl软件等方法，系统的分析了AZ61中非平衡共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相和Al-Mn相在半连续浇铸的AZ61中的大小、数量、分布、形貌等特性。在此基础上，观察在室温下铸态压缩变形后的显微组织，分析第二相在基体中的碎化行为和第二相与孪晶之间的相互作用机制。然后对比分析了室温下预变形处理后的铸态试样与固溶态试样经高温变形后的组织形貌差异以及不同温度下经过预变形处理的试样和铸态试样经高温热变形后的组织差异，并对共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)的高温溶解行为进行仔细的观察。研究结果表明在室温下预变形能够提高再结晶在基体中的形核均匀性，削弱了基体在高温变形中的失稳趋势。还发现包含有粗大共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相的铸态试样经过高温热变形后其再结晶晶粒尺寸比固溶态的尺寸细小。以上现象说明粗大的Mg_(17)Al_(12)相能够提高晶粒内部的孪晶含量，为热变形过程中再结晶提供更多的形核核心，避免了热变形过程中由于再结晶不均匀而造成的变形失稳，相比固溶态变形能够获得更为细小的再结晶组织，从而提高了合金的强度和塑性。而且预变形在共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相引入的裂纹，在经过几分钟的保温后，能够使共晶Mg_(17)Al_(12)相在高温变形中碎化的程度更高，分布更为弥散，增加了基体的变形协调性。同时通过研究Mg_(17)Al_(12)相高温溶解行为发现，室温下所产生的孪晶等缺陷和外力对基体做功能够加速Mg_(17)Al_(12)相的溶解，从而使避免粗大第二相对变形后组织产生负面影响成为了可能。
The magnesium alloy has unsatisfactory thermoformability owning to its lattice features,leading to higher processing cost in the wrought magnesium alloy than the cast magnesiumalloy and furthermore restricting the extensive application of wrought magnesium alloy.Nowadays, it is one of the focuses through the optimization of process to improve thethermoformability of wrought magnesium alloy at home and abroad. So far, however, a betterunderstanding of the mechanisms of the microstructure evolution in the deformation process isneeded to improve the formability of magnesium alloy. In fact, the current research focusesmainly on composition optimization and alloy redesign. Compression deformation is one of themost important deformation ways in the process of the magnesium alloy production. And it isalso an important method to understand the mechanical response and microstructure evolutionof magnesium alloy. It is theoretically important and practically valuable to systematicallyinvestigate the influence of compression deformation on the microstructures of magnesiumalloy.
AZ61magnesium alloys are one of the commonly used Mg-Al magnesium alloys withhigh Al content. The strength of the AZ61alloy is higher and the thermoformability is worsethan the AZ31alloy because there are many second phases distributed in the AZ61. Thecharacteristics of second phases (type, size, distribution, quantity, shape, etc.) are one of the keyfactors governing the formability and usability. The recently research indicate that there isclose correlation between the second phases and the recrystallization behaviors. Furthermore,the recrystallization processes determinate the usability in magnesium alloys directly. Therefore,the key points are how to control the fragment and dissolution of the second phases in thedeformation process as well as the characteristics of second phases in the as-cast magnesiumalloy. Unfortunately, few researchers have paid attention to these aspects. Thus, it is difficult tooptimize the existing processing technology and develop a new processing technologyaccording to the existing data and theories. Therefore, the systematic investigation on the secondphase characteristics in the as-cast magnesium alloy, understanding the second phase behaviorsof fragment and dissolution during the compression deformation process and building therelatively theoretical model are essential for optimizing existing processing technology,improving the formability and promoting the commercial application of the AZ61magnesiumalloy. And these data and theoretical model are also suit for other wrought magnesium alloy. There is an important guiding significance in promoting the overall development of wroughtmagnesium alloys.
Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy DispersiveSpectrometry (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Image analysis processing software (Image Pro)and Thermo-Cacl software etc. are used to characterize the size, the number density, the areafraction, the distribution and the morphology of the non-equilibrium eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)and theAl-Mn phase in the semi-continuous casting. Based on the above characters, the compressedmicrostructure at room temperature has been observed and the second phase fracture behaviorand the interaction mechanisms between the second phases and twinning have also beenanalyzed. Then the morphological feature of the as-cast predeformation sample compressed atelevated temperature has been analyzed compared to the as-solution predeformation sample.And the differences between the predeformation sample and the as-cast sample compressed atthe different temperature have been distinguished. The dissolution of the eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)atelevated temperature has also been observed. The results of the study show that thepredeformation at room temperature can improve the nuclear uniformity of recrystallization andweaken the instability tendency of the matrix at elevated temperature. It is also found that therecrystallization grain size of the as-cast sample containing a bulky eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)phase isfiner than the as-solution sample after compressing at elevated temperature. The abovephenomenon suggested that the bulky Mg_(17)Al_(12)phase can improve the twinning content amongthe internal grains to supply more nucleation sites for recrystallization during hot deformationprocess and avoid the instability caused by non-uniform recrystallization. Compared to theas-solution sample, the as-cast sample can get finer recrystallization grain. So the compressionof as-cast sample can improve the strength and plasticity of alloy. And the predeformation canintroduce the crack into the eutectic Mg_(17)Al_(12)phase. It can make the fracture of eutecticMg_(17)Al_(12)phase become finer and the distribution more diffuse after a few minutesheat-preservation treatment to increase the coordination deformation ability of matrix. At thesame time, the defect produced at room temperature and the force work can accelerate thedissolution speed of Mg_(17)Al_(12). And it is possible to avoid the disadvantages from the bulkysecond phase after deformation.
引文
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