渔业相关传统生态智慧与水域生态养护研究
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摘要
渔业是最古老的生产活动之一,与之相关的传统生态智慧也极为丰富。我国历史文献库中有大量与渔业相关的文献资料,其中记录的许多渔业生态知识、规律和生产管理经验,与今天的科学研究结果不谋而合,更不乏前瞻性的见解。当前在全球范围内,海洋生态系统都面临危机境地。海洋渔业资源管理上的种种疏失及渔业生产上的误区是造成这种困境的首要原因。同时,当前全球渔业也陷于严重的生态、环境、资源危机之中,我国渔业发展存在过度捕捞持续发生、违规捕捞严重、渔业资源质量下降并日趋衰竭、水产养殖发展方式落后、水域生态环境日益恶化、近海渔业发展空间受到挤压等问题。为了恢复和养护渔业资源和失衡或濒于失衡的的渔业生态系统,迫切需要人们从传统渔业生产管理的理念和实践中汲取经验教训,并开展渔业的可持续发展路径、策略、制度、存在基础等方面的研究。
在此背景下,本研究以生态系统水平的渔业和管理策略研究为主脉,以鉴古知今、古为今用为着眼点,总结分析了我国历史时期可持续渔业的发展轨迹,运用跨越海洋生态学、水产基础科学、可持续发展管理、渔业史、自然保护、生态农业、生态文明等多学科的研究手段,针对我国古代渔业可持续管理政策法规、传统渔业可持续生产模式、传统水域生态养护措施等以及其中蕴含的传统生态智慧进行了较为系统的分析和探讨,对近海渔业可持续发展能力建设策略和渔区传统水域生态养护智慧的现代运用进行了初步探讨。现将主要研究结论简介如下:
1.我国渔业有着数十万年的悠久历史;从旧石器时代起,渔业就是人们的重要生产活动。从远古社会至19世纪,华夏先祖们注重从自然生态系统大整体的视角出发,通过制定严格细致的政策法规、建立强大的管理机构、加强政令宣传教育、协调统筹农林牧渔大农业的内部均衡等,来推动民众在生产活动中遵从适时性和节制原则,以实现渔业资源和水生环境的平衡有序利用。
研究表明:早在史前新石器时代末期,我国建立了世界上最早的渔业管理机构,名“虞”;夏代初期,我国颁行了世界上最早的生态养护法令(包含水域生态养护措施);周代,我国设立了世界上最早的禁渔期制度;此外,还有较早的自然保护区(包含禁渔区)制度、最小可捕标准,等等。
研究表明:①在古代期间,农历4月-6月、农历2月-3月是禁渔期的重要时段,在春夏季设立禁渔期制度,是养护水生生物资源和水域生态系统的重要措施;②已知的两种最小可捕体长四寸(合今0.0924 m)、一尺(合今0.232 m),初步显示了古人制定生态养护政策时具有严格细致的生态系统管理意识。
周代渔业水域生态养护禁令体系包括①严禁破坏水域实体;②严禁捕捉幼小的、怀妊的水生动物;③严禁在不适当的时节里打渔;④严禁毒杀水生动物,严禁往水体中投毒;⑤严禁过度捕捞等禁令。
上古时期已有了深层次的渔业生态养护智慧,其构成主要包括:①自然-经济-社会大生态系统整体视角;②节制、节约原则;③适时性原则;④上行下效思想;⑤对水域生态系统整体的平衡性和内部协调性进行维护的观念。
2.在我国历史上大部分时期内,为了促进渔业的可持续发展,人们持续地关注渔业生产的内涵、社会效应及其与生态环境的关系,注重调节渔业活动以维系生产(发展空间)、生活(生计收入)、生态(环境质量)三“生”间的平衡。人们认为,捕捞业的开展应以能较好地养护水生生物为前提,水产养殖业生产应“辅万物之自然”,应能推进大农业—技术—社会经济大系统整体功能的完善和自身产业发展潜能的有序释放。
明代的“苏南多元产业复合生态农业模式”依据生态位原理,将各种经济价值高的农业(含渔业)物种种群布置于湖洼地区的不同空间,根据食物链原理和物质、能量多级利用原理把种植业和(禽畜、水产)养殖业有机地联系起来,实现了大农业生态经济系统内高效的能量流动、物质循环、信息传递和价值增值,堪称传统生态农业典范模式。
古“渔”字反映了古人的生态意识和对渔业生态系统的认识。《江行初雪图》、《雪江捕鱼图》等涉渔传世名画初步表明了古人们鲜少在夏季或秋季的前中部分从事捕捞业生产,从侧面反映了古人的生态养护智慧。
统而观之,我国传统渔业的发展受到了民族传统的宗教、哲学、民俗、文学艺术等人文社会因素的强烈影响;图腾崇拜、自然崇拜、周易思想、诸子百家、儒道墨佛及其他学派教派、乡规民约等涉渔文化元素所蕴含的生态伦理智慧,为传统渔业的可持续管理和可持续生产提供了强大的精神动力与智力支持,使得古往今来的水生生物保护事业有着宽广坚实的群众基础,使历史上许多时期里渔业资源的养护得以平和有序地进行。
3.当前,在全球范围内,倡导宣传传统生态伦理智慧并培育人们的生态意识,对于渔业的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。尤其是对于主要依靠传统渔业捕捞为生的沿海居民或落后海洋国家的人民来说,如果各主要渔业国更注重海洋渔业资源和水域生态的养护,那么从事传统小型渔业为生的人们的生活将会有更多保障。
4.传统社会开展的大规模、有组织的放生活动,与今天的增殖放流活动有一定的相似之处。不同之处主要在于,传统社会里,放生的动物普遍禁止捕捉;而当前每年放流的水生动物,有许多种群当年就被大量捕捞破坏掉。后者须向前者学习释放动物的后期管理策略。
5.人类针对自然的行为,实际上多数都应界定为生态扰动,在自然环境里往往“牵一发而动全身”,每一次都能引起一连串的相关反应。渔业管理的状况,在某种程度上直接决定了区域渔业经济的活力、区域水生生物多样性的状况和区域水域生态系统的健康程度,因此不可被轻慢对待。当前,由于人类频繁的无序干扰,渔业生态系统失衡和崩溃的情况在世界各地愈来愈多地发生。面对危机,今人应该向古人学习,用更长远和全面的眼光来审视渔业生产管理活动在自然生态过程中的作用和意义,通过充分延长禁渔期、严格限制捕捞努力量、禁绝有害渔具渔法等措施优化渔政管理,切实加强渔业立法、执法和督察,完善和强化政策法规的宣传教育,保护和管理好渔业相关地方传统生态智慧、生态文化资源,对民众进行生态知识和生态文明教育,充分发动民众参与资源管理,因地制宜地发展生态渔业,建立涵盖区域大农业多成分的复合生态农业体系、循环经济体系,加强对各类水域生态系统的生态养护,以促使渔业生产与自然生态相和谐,进而实现渔业的可持续发展。
6.我国有着悠久的关注、规划和推进渔业生产可持续发展的传统。研究发现,当前我国渔业可持续发展能力的建设需要继承传统,重点把握好以下三方面的内容:(1)生态渔业发展基础建设与渔区“三农”建设的耦合;(2)避免“公地悲剧”与基于社区的渔业可持续管理;(3)渔业可持续发展文化环境建设与社会生态文明的培育。
7.近海水域是我国渔业生产发展的重要地区。通过对山东省荣成市近海渔业生态经济系统的综合研究可知,近海渔区可以通过近海生态经济系统整体水平的区域生态规划、近海生态系统水平的渔业和管理及传统生态智慧资源开发与水域生态养护的有效耦合,以促进渔业可持续发展能力提高。研究还发现,早年荣成渔民对水域自然资源和生态系统的养护十分经心,绝不涸泽而渔。传统生态智慧普遍高度重视对水域生态系统的养护,当前需要重拾传统,继承发扬传统生态智慧,培育人们的生态意识。
Fishery, noticeably, is one of the oldest productive activities that came into being soon after the birth of human societies. Thus as humans‘civilization progressed, people created an endless stream of traditional ecological wisdom to manage and promote fisheries. In China‘s vast historical document legacy that we inherit from thousands of years of traditional civilization, there are lots of knowledge and law on fishery ecology along with experience on production and management of fisheries existed in ancient writings. Based on comparison, it‘s found that a large part of the knowledge, law and experience are holding the similar view with current scientific findings. Besides, the ancient information contained some foresighted understandings.
Currently, marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management and faults in the forms of production. Meanwhile, fisheries are in serious crises ecologically, environmentally and on resource providing across the world. Similarly, in China, fisheries come up with a series of negative factors, such as frequently-happening overfishing, rampant illegal fishing, persistently degrading and decreasing fisheries resources, out-dated inferior production methods of aquacultures, constantly deteriorating water environments and shrinking development spaces for offshore fisheries. To restore and conserve both fisheries resources and fishery ecosystems, we need to learn from concepts and practices of both management strategies and production methods of traditional fisheries urgently. At the meantime, we should strengthen the interdisciplinary and comprehensive studies on the ways, strategies, regimes and existence foundations for fisheries‘sustainable development.
Focused on learning from history and making ways for ancient wisdom to serve the present, based on studies on ecosystem-based fisheries and management strategies, this research employed interdisciplinary research methods (from the disciplines of marine ecology, aquatic basic sciences, sustainable development management, fisheries history, nature conservation, ecological agriculture and ecological civilization), conducted systemic and in-depth comprehensive studies on both the general development trajectory and some specific aspects of Chinese traditional sustainable fisheries. These aspects mainly are the policies and regulations on sustainable management, the sustainable production modes, the aquatic ecosystem conservation measures, and the traditional ecological wisdom underlying the three aspects stated above. Otherwise, the research made an attempt to probe into the strategies on capacity building of sustainable development of offshore fisheries and modern development of traditional wisdom on aquatic ecosystem conservation in offshore fishing communities in China. Finally, after an overall analysis of all the findings, some main conclusions could be drawn and shown as follows:
1. In China, fishery has a long history covering hundreds of thousands of years. In the Paleolithic Period, fishery had become one of the vital production activities for people. From remote antiquity till the nineteenth century, Chinese ancestors had always attached great importance to viewing and dealing with things in the context of natural ecosystem entirety. To fulfill the balanced and orderly utilization of fisheries resources and waters, people developed and enacted rigorous and detailed policies and regulations, established powerful administration organizations, set up diversiform management mechanisms, strength the advocacy and education of decrees, coordinate and integrate the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries, maintain internal balance of local mega-agriculture, in order to motivate fishing populations and aquatic farmers to comply with seasonableness and the abstinence principle.
The research shows that as early as the in the last phase of prehistoric Neolithic Period, China established the world‘s earliest fisheries department, which is named―Yu‖. Then in the early Xia Dynasty, China formulated the world‘s earliest ecosystem conservation decrees, which contains measures for conserving aquatic ecosystems. In Zhou Dynasty, China set up the world‘s earliest closed fishing seasons. The management measures of ancient China that set up closed fishing areas, minimum catchable sizes, and so on, are also the earlier ones in the world.
The research shows:①In ancient times, the fourth to sixth and second to third lunar months were the main parts of the closed fishing seasons. It‘s shown that setting months of springs and summers as closed fishing periods was the key measures for Chinese ancestors to conserving the aquatic organism resources and aquatic ecosystems;②The two types of minimum catchable body length of fishes (0.0924 m and 0.232 m) set up by Chinese ancestors preliminarily shows that the ancients had already had the awareness of carrying out rigorous and relatively precise ecosystem management in the process of developing policies and regulations on ecosystem conservation.
According to the information obtained, the ban system for ecosystem conservation of fisheries waters in the Zhou Dynasty could be preliminarily established. The system is comprised of:①Strictly prohibition from damaging waters;②Strictly prohibition from catching young and gravid aquatic animals;③Strictly prohibition from fishing in inappropriate periods;④Strictly prohibition from poisoning aquatic animals and poisoning waters;⑤Strictly prohibition from over-fishing.
In ancient times, Chinese people had developed deep-level fishery ecosystem conservation wisdom, which mainly consisted of:①The perspective of viewing from the entirety of nature-economy-society large ecosystem;②The principles of abstinence, saving and frugality;③The principle of seasonableness;④The thought that those in subordinate positions will follow the good example set by their superiors;⑤The concept that people should maintain the entire balance and interior coordination of aquatic ecosystems.
2. During the most parts of Chinese history, to boost the sustainable development of fisheries, people had constantly paid close attention to the contents and social effects of fisheries production, concerned about the relationship between fishery production and ecological environments, laid emphasis to accommodate fisheries activities to maintain the balance existing among production development, livelihood and ecology. People took the ideal that the development of fishing industry must be based upon that the development could carry out good conservation of aquatic animals;aquaculture should assist natural things in accordance to their natural instincts, should facilitate the advancement of the overall function of mega-agriculture-technology-economy system and boost the step-by-step release of development potential of the industry itself.
The compound eco-agriculture mode, which incorporates multiple industries in southern Jiangsu Province in Ming Dynasty, complies with the niche theory, and is seemed as a model of traditional eco-agriculture. In the mode, various agricultural species including aquatic animals with high economic value were arranged in their own appropriate spaces, crop and plant cultivation was connected with aquaculture and livestock and poultry rearing in an organic way according to the food chain theory and the theory of multistage utilization of both material and energy, thus the flows of energy, circulations of materials, transfers of information and increases of value were all realized in efficient ways. Then the efficient eco-economic system formed.
In archaic Chinese, the character―Fishery‖is formed by the combination of the characters―Water‖and―Fish, Fish‖. It is a good reflection of the ancients‘ecological awareness and the ancients‘understandings of fishery ecosystem. Meanwhile, the contents of famous traditional Chinese paintings handed down from ancient times, like Jiang Xing Chu Xue Tu, Xue Jiang Bu Yu Tu, and so on, preliminarily tell us that the ancients rarely engaged in fishing production in the whole summer, in early autumn and in middle autumn of a year. This is a direct reflection of Chinese ancestors‘ecosystem conservation wisdom.
On the whole, the development of Chinese traditional fisheries had been strongly influenced by a variety of social and humanistic factors, which mainly are the traditional religions, philosophical thoughts, folk conventions, literature and arts of the nation. The eco-ethical wisdom underlying various traditional cultural elements relating to fisheries had provided powerful intellectual impetus and intellectual support to the sustainable management and sustainable production of traditional fisheries, built up broad and massy mass bases for the cause of conserving aquatic organisms in all ages. These cultural elements mainly are totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, the hundred schools of thought, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Neo-Taoism, Neo-Confucianism, folk institutions and conventions, and so on.
3. Currently, to advocate and propagandize traditional eco-ethical wisdom and foster people‘s ecological consciousness on a worldwide scale, is of fundamental significance for the sustainable development of fisheries. Especially the coastal residents that mainly depend on traditional fishing for subsistence could benefit from the eco-ethical wisdom more. If the major fishing nations could pay more attention to the conservation of marine fisheries resources and aquatic ecosystems, the ecological condition of main fishing regions will get better and better in the near future, and people engaged in small-scale marine fishing will have more security in obtaining foods and maintaining their livelihood.
4. Comparing the large-scale and organized freeing captive animals occurred in the traditional society with today‘s reproduction and releasing of certain commercial marine organisms, it‘s shown that there are some similarities between them. The main difference between them lies in the different management condition after releasing animals. In the traditional society, the animals released were protected from people‘s catching. However, in the modern world, many populations of the aquatic animals released has been being fished or damaged in the same year. Thus the latter should learn from the former on the subsequent management strategy after releasing.
5. In general, most deeds people acted upon nature should be defined as ecological interventions; in the natural environment, every intervention will give rise to a series of correlated responses. The condition of fisheries management, to a certain extent, always directly decides the vitality of regional fishery economy, decides the biodiversity of regional aquatic organisms, and decides the health degree of regional aquatic ecosystems. Therefore fishery management cannot be treated without full consideration. Currently, on account of humans‘frequent unordered interventions, more and more fishery ecosystems come up with out-of-balance or collapsed conditions. Confronting the crises, people today should learn from the ancients, should view the role that fisheries management plays in the natural ecological processes in a long-range and full-scale perspective; should set up adequate closed fishing days, strictly limit fishing efforts, thoroughly prohibit harmful fishing tools and fishing methods; should optimize fisheries administration; should earnestly strengthen fishery legislation, law enforcement and supervision; should increase efforts in policy advocacy and education; should effectively protect and manage local traditional ecological wisdom and ecological cultural resources relating to fisheries; should carry out ecological knowledge education and ecological civilization education; should fully mobilize the populace to participate in resource management; should develop ecological fisheries when emphasizing the site-specific adjustments according to the circumstance‘s permit, should establish compound eco-agriculture systems and cyclic economy systems covering multiple components of regional mega-agriculture; should strength ecosystem conservation of all types of fisheries waters, in order to intensify the harmonious relationship between fisheries production and natural ecology, so that sustainable development of fisheries can be realized.
6. Chinese people have maintained time-honored traditions of giving concern to, planning and promoting fisheries‘sustainable development. The studies show that currently, in order to complete the capacity building of sustainable development of Chinese fisheries, people should hand down the traditions and have a good grasp of the following three key aspects: (1) The combination of foundation construction for developing ecological fishery and for developing harmonious agriculture and harmonious countryside; (2) The prevention of―Tragedy of the commons‖and the promotion of community-based sustainable fisheries management; (3) The construction of cultural environment for fisheries‘sustainable development and cultivation of social atmosphere in which ecological civilization is highly valued.
7. Offshore areas are vital regions for the development of fishery production. On the basis of comprehensive analyses of the conditions of coastal fishery eco-economic systems in Rongcheng City, Shandong Province, China, it‘s found that offshore fishing areas could improve abilities in fisheries‘sustainable development by regional ecological planning based on the entirety of offshore eco-economic system, offshore ecosystem-based fisheries and management, effective combination of responsible inheritance and development of the resource of traditional ecological wisdom and unified conservation of offshore ecological systems, mainly. The research also shows that in the earlier years, fishermen of Rongcheng were quite conscientious in conserving aquatic organisms and ecosystems, never overused fisheries resources and never damaged waters. Just because traditional ecological wisdom universally attaches great importance to aquatic ecosystem conservation, at present we should revive the long-standing traditions in history, should inherit and carry forward traditional ecological wisdom and nurture people‘s ecological conscientiousness.
在此背景下,本研究以生态系统水平的渔业和管理策略研究为主脉,以鉴古知今、古为今用为着眼点,总结分析了我国历史时期可持续渔业的发展轨迹,运用跨越海洋生态学、水产基础科学、可持续发展管理、渔业史、自然保护、生态农业、生态文明等多学科的研究手段,针对我国古代渔业可持续管理政策法规、传统渔业可持续生产模式、传统水域生态养护措施等以及其中蕴含的传统生态智慧进行了较为系统的分析和探讨,对近海渔业可持续发展能力建设策略和渔区传统水域生态养护智慧的现代运用进行了初步探讨。现将主要研究结论简介如下:
1.我国渔业有着数十万年的悠久历史;从旧石器时代起,渔业就是人们的重要生产活动。从远古社会至19世纪,华夏先祖们注重从自然生态系统大整体的视角出发,通过制定严格细致的政策法规、建立强大的管理机构、加强政令宣传教育、协调统筹农林牧渔大农业的内部均衡等,来推动民众在生产活动中遵从适时性和节制原则,以实现渔业资源和水生环境的平衡有序利用。
研究表明:早在史前新石器时代末期,我国建立了世界上最早的渔业管理机构,名“虞”;夏代初期,我国颁行了世界上最早的生态养护法令(包含水域生态养护措施);周代,我国设立了世界上最早的禁渔期制度;此外,还有较早的自然保护区(包含禁渔区)制度、最小可捕标准,等等。
研究表明:①在古代期间,农历4月-6月、农历2月-3月是禁渔期的重要时段,在春夏季设立禁渔期制度,是养护水生生物资源和水域生态系统的重要措施;②已知的两种最小可捕体长四寸(合今0.0924 m)、一尺(合今0.232 m),初步显示了古人制定生态养护政策时具有严格细致的生态系统管理意识。
周代渔业水域生态养护禁令体系包括①严禁破坏水域实体;②严禁捕捉幼小的、怀妊的水生动物;③严禁在不适当的时节里打渔;④严禁毒杀水生动物,严禁往水体中投毒;⑤严禁过度捕捞等禁令。
上古时期已有了深层次的渔业生态养护智慧,其构成主要包括:①自然-经济-社会大生态系统整体视角;②节制、节约原则;③适时性原则;④上行下效思想;⑤对水域生态系统整体的平衡性和内部协调性进行维护的观念。
2.在我国历史上大部分时期内,为了促进渔业的可持续发展,人们持续地关注渔业生产的内涵、社会效应及其与生态环境的关系,注重调节渔业活动以维系生产(发展空间)、生活(生计收入)、生态(环境质量)三“生”间的平衡。人们认为,捕捞业的开展应以能较好地养护水生生物为前提,水产养殖业生产应“辅万物之自然”,应能推进大农业—技术—社会经济大系统整体功能的完善和自身产业发展潜能的有序释放。
明代的“苏南多元产业复合生态农业模式”依据生态位原理,将各种经济价值高的农业(含渔业)物种种群布置于湖洼地区的不同空间,根据食物链原理和物质、能量多级利用原理把种植业和(禽畜、水产)养殖业有机地联系起来,实现了大农业生态经济系统内高效的能量流动、物质循环、信息传递和价值增值,堪称传统生态农业典范模式。
古“渔”字反映了古人的生态意识和对渔业生态系统的认识。《江行初雪图》、《雪江捕鱼图》等涉渔传世名画初步表明了古人们鲜少在夏季或秋季的前中部分从事捕捞业生产,从侧面反映了古人的生态养护智慧。
统而观之,我国传统渔业的发展受到了民族传统的宗教、哲学、民俗、文学艺术等人文社会因素的强烈影响;图腾崇拜、自然崇拜、周易思想、诸子百家、儒道墨佛及其他学派教派、乡规民约等涉渔文化元素所蕴含的生态伦理智慧,为传统渔业的可持续管理和可持续生产提供了强大的精神动力与智力支持,使得古往今来的水生生物保护事业有着宽广坚实的群众基础,使历史上许多时期里渔业资源的养护得以平和有序地进行。
3.当前,在全球范围内,倡导宣传传统生态伦理智慧并培育人们的生态意识,对于渔业的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。尤其是对于主要依靠传统渔业捕捞为生的沿海居民或落后海洋国家的人民来说,如果各主要渔业国更注重海洋渔业资源和水域生态的养护,那么从事传统小型渔业为生的人们的生活将会有更多保障。
4.传统社会开展的大规模、有组织的放生活动,与今天的增殖放流活动有一定的相似之处。不同之处主要在于,传统社会里,放生的动物普遍禁止捕捉;而当前每年放流的水生动物,有许多种群当年就被大量捕捞破坏掉。后者须向前者学习释放动物的后期管理策略。
5.人类针对自然的行为,实际上多数都应界定为生态扰动,在自然环境里往往“牵一发而动全身”,每一次都能引起一连串的相关反应。渔业管理的状况,在某种程度上直接决定了区域渔业经济的活力、区域水生生物多样性的状况和区域水域生态系统的健康程度,因此不可被轻慢对待。当前,由于人类频繁的无序干扰,渔业生态系统失衡和崩溃的情况在世界各地愈来愈多地发生。面对危机,今人应该向古人学习,用更长远和全面的眼光来审视渔业生产管理活动在自然生态过程中的作用和意义,通过充分延长禁渔期、严格限制捕捞努力量、禁绝有害渔具渔法等措施优化渔政管理,切实加强渔业立法、执法和督察,完善和强化政策法规的宣传教育,保护和管理好渔业相关地方传统生态智慧、生态文化资源,对民众进行生态知识和生态文明教育,充分发动民众参与资源管理,因地制宜地发展生态渔业,建立涵盖区域大农业多成分的复合生态农业体系、循环经济体系,加强对各类水域生态系统的生态养护,以促使渔业生产与自然生态相和谐,进而实现渔业的可持续发展。
6.我国有着悠久的关注、规划和推进渔业生产可持续发展的传统。研究发现,当前我国渔业可持续发展能力的建设需要继承传统,重点把握好以下三方面的内容:(1)生态渔业发展基础建设与渔区“三农”建设的耦合;(2)避免“公地悲剧”与基于社区的渔业可持续管理;(3)渔业可持续发展文化环境建设与社会生态文明的培育。
7.近海水域是我国渔业生产发展的重要地区。通过对山东省荣成市近海渔业生态经济系统的综合研究可知,近海渔区可以通过近海生态经济系统整体水平的区域生态规划、近海生态系统水平的渔业和管理及传统生态智慧资源开发与水域生态养护的有效耦合,以促进渔业可持续发展能力提高。研究还发现,早年荣成渔民对水域自然资源和生态系统的养护十分经心,绝不涸泽而渔。传统生态智慧普遍高度重视对水域生态系统的养护,当前需要重拾传统,继承发扬传统生态智慧,培育人们的生态意识。
Fishery, noticeably, is one of the oldest productive activities that came into being soon after the birth of human societies. Thus as humans‘civilization progressed, people created an endless stream of traditional ecological wisdom to manage and promote fisheries. In China‘s vast historical document legacy that we inherit from thousands of years of traditional civilization, there are lots of knowledge and law on fishery ecology along with experience on production and management of fisheries existed in ancient writings. Based on comparison, it‘s found that a large part of the knowledge, law and experience are holding the similar view with current scientific findings. Besides, the ancient information contained some foresighted understandings.
Currently, marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management and faults in the forms of production. Meanwhile, fisheries are in serious crises ecologically, environmentally and on resource providing across the world. Similarly, in China, fisheries come up with a series of negative factors, such as frequently-happening overfishing, rampant illegal fishing, persistently degrading and decreasing fisheries resources, out-dated inferior production methods of aquacultures, constantly deteriorating water environments and shrinking development spaces for offshore fisheries. To restore and conserve both fisheries resources and fishery ecosystems, we need to learn from concepts and practices of both management strategies and production methods of traditional fisheries urgently. At the meantime, we should strengthen the interdisciplinary and comprehensive studies on the ways, strategies, regimes and existence foundations for fisheries‘sustainable development.
Focused on learning from history and making ways for ancient wisdom to serve the present, based on studies on ecosystem-based fisheries and management strategies, this research employed interdisciplinary research methods (from the disciplines of marine ecology, aquatic basic sciences, sustainable development management, fisheries history, nature conservation, ecological agriculture and ecological civilization), conducted systemic and in-depth comprehensive studies on both the general development trajectory and some specific aspects of Chinese traditional sustainable fisheries. These aspects mainly are the policies and regulations on sustainable management, the sustainable production modes, the aquatic ecosystem conservation measures, and the traditional ecological wisdom underlying the three aspects stated above. Otherwise, the research made an attempt to probe into the strategies on capacity building of sustainable development of offshore fisheries and modern development of traditional wisdom on aquatic ecosystem conservation in offshore fishing communities in China. Finally, after an overall analysis of all the findings, some main conclusions could be drawn and shown as follows:
1. In China, fishery has a long history covering hundreds of thousands of years. In the Paleolithic Period, fishery had become one of the vital production activities for people. From remote antiquity till the nineteenth century, Chinese ancestors had always attached great importance to viewing and dealing with things in the context of natural ecosystem entirety. To fulfill the balanced and orderly utilization of fisheries resources and waters, people developed and enacted rigorous and detailed policies and regulations, established powerful administration organizations, set up diversiform management mechanisms, strength the advocacy and education of decrees, coordinate and integrate the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries, maintain internal balance of local mega-agriculture, in order to motivate fishing populations and aquatic farmers to comply with seasonableness and the abstinence principle.
The research shows that as early as the in the last phase of prehistoric Neolithic Period, China established the world‘s earliest fisheries department, which is named―Yu‖. Then in the early Xia Dynasty, China formulated the world‘s earliest ecosystem conservation decrees, which contains measures for conserving aquatic ecosystems. In Zhou Dynasty, China set up the world‘s earliest closed fishing seasons. The management measures of ancient China that set up closed fishing areas, minimum catchable sizes, and so on, are also the earlier ones in the world.
The research shows:①In ancient times, the fourth to sixth and second to third lunar months were the main parts of the closed fishing seasons. It‘s shown that setting months of springs and summers as closed fishing periods was the key measures for Chinese ancestors to conserving the aquatic organism resources and aquatic ecosystems;②The two types of minimum catchable body length of fishes (0.0924 m and 0.232 m) set up by Chinese ancestors preliminarily shows that the ancients had already had the awareness of carrying out rigorous and relatively precise ecosystem management in the process of developing policies and regulations on ecosystem conservation.
According to the information obtained, the ban system for ecosystem conservation of fisheries waters in the Zhou Dynasty could be preliminarily established. The system is comprised of:①Strictly prohibition from damaging waters;②Strictly prohibition from catching young and gravid aquatic animals;③Strictly prohibition from fishing in inappropriate periods;④Strictly prohibition from poisoning aquatic animals and poisoning waters;⑤Strictly prohibition from over-fishing.
In ancient times, Chinese people had developed deep-level fishery ecosystem conservation wisdom, which mainly consisted of:①The perspective of viewing from the entirety of nature-economy-society large ecosystem;②The principles of abstinence, saving and frugality;③The principle of seasonableness;④The thought that those in subordinate positions will follow the good example set by their superiors;⑤The concept that people should maintain the entire balance and interior coordination of aquatic ecosystems.
2. During the most parts of Chinese history, to boost the sustainable development of fisheries, people had constantly paid close attention to the contents and social effects of fisheries production, concerned about the relationship between fishery production and ecological environments, laid emphasis to accommodate fisheries activities to maintain the balance existing among production development, livelihood and ecology. People took the ideal that the development of fishing industry must be based upon that the development could carry out good conservation of aquatic animals;aquaculture should assist natural things in accordance to their natural instincts, should facilitate the advancement of the overall function of mega-agriculture-technology-economy system and boost the step-by-step release of development potential of the industry itself.
The compound eco-agriculture mode, which incorporates multiple industries in southern Jiangsu Province in Ming Dynasty, complies with the niche theory, and is seemed as a model of traditional eco-agriculture. In the mode, various agricultural species including aquatic animals with high economic value were arranged in their own appropriate spaces, crop and plant cultivation was connected with aquaculture and livestock and poultry rearing in an organic way according to the food chain theory and the theory of multistage utilization of both material and energy, thus the flows of energy, circulations of materials, transfers of information and increases of value were all realized in efficient ways. Then the efficient eco-economic system formed.
In archaic Chinese, the character―Fishery‖is formed by the combination of the characters―Water‖and―Fish, Fish‖. It is a good reflection of the ancients‘ecological awareness and the ancients‘understandings of fishery ecosystem. Meanwhile, the contents of famous traditional Chinese paintings handed down from ancient times, like Jiang Xing Chu Xue Tu, Xue Jiang Bu Yu Tu, and so on, preliminarily tell us that the ancients rarely engaged in fishing production in the whole summer, in early autumn and in middle autumn of a year. This is a direct reflection of Chinese ancestors‘ecosystem conservation wisdom.
On the whole, the development of Chinese traditional fisheries had been strongly influenced by a variety of social and humanistic factors, which mainly are the traditional religions, philosophical thoughts, folk conventions, literature and arts of the nation. The eco-ethical wisdom underlying various traditional cultural elements relating to fisheries had provided powerful intellectual impetus and intellectual support to the sustainable management and sustainable production of traditional fisheries, built up broad and massy mass bases for the cause of conserving aquatic organisms in all ages. These cultural elements mainly are totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, the hundred schools of thought, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Neo-Taoism, Neo-Confucianism, folk institutions and conventions, and so on.
3. Currently, to advocate and propagandize traditional eco-ethical wisdom and foster people‘s ecological consciousness on a worldwide scale, is of fundamental significance for the sustainable development of fisheries. Especially the coastal residents that mainly depend on traditional fishing for subsistence could benefit from the eco-ethical wisdom more. If the major fishing nations could pay more attention to the conservation of marine fisheries resources and aquatic ecosystems, the ecological condition of main fishing regions will get better and better in the near future, and people engaged in small-scale marine fishing will have more security in obtaining foods and maintaining their livelihood.
4. Comparing the large-scale and organized freeing captive animals occurred in the traditional society with today‘s reproduction and releasing of certain commercial marine organisms, it‘s shown that there are some similarities between them. The main difference between them lies in the different management condition after releasing animals. In the traditional society, the animals released were protected from people‘s catching. However, in the modern world, many populations of the aquatic animals released has been being fished or damaged in the same year. Thus the latter should learn from the former on the subsequent management strategy after releasing.
5. In general, most deeds people acted upon nature should be defined as ecological interventions; in the natural environment, every intervention will give rise to a series of correlated responses. The condition of fisheries management, to a certain extent, always directly decides the vitality of regional fishery economy, decides the biodiversity of regional aquatic organisms, and decides the health degree of regional aquatic ecosystems. Therefore fishery management cannot be treated without full consideration. Currently, on account of humans‘frequent unordered interventions, more and more fishery ecosystems come up with out-of-balance or collapsed conditions. Confronting the crises, people today should learn from the ancients, should view the role that fisheries management plays in the natural ecological processes in a long-range and full-scale perspective; should set up adequate closed fishing days, strictly limit fishing efforts, thoroughly prohibit harmful fishing tools and fishing methods; should optimize fisheries administration; should earnestly strengthen fishery legislation, law enforcement and supervision; should increase efforts in policy advocacy and education; should effectively protect and manage local traditional ecological wisdom and ecological cultural resources relating to fisheries; should carry out ecological knowledge education and ecological civilization education; should fully mobilize the populace to participate in resource management; should develop ecological fisheries when emphasizing the site-specific adjustments according to the circumstance‘s permit, should establish compound eco-agriculture systems and cyclic economy systems covering multiple components of regional mega-agriculture; should strength ecosystem conservation of all types of fisheries waters, in order to intensify the harmonious relationship between fisheries production and natural ecology, so that sustainable development of fisheries can be realized.
6. Chinese people have maintained time-honored traditions of giving concern to, planning and promoting fisheries‘sustainable development. The studies show that currently, in order to complete the capacity building of sustainable development of Chinese fisheries, people should hand down the traditions and have a good grasp of the following three key aspects: (1) The combination of foundation construction for developing ecological fishery and for developing harmonious agriculture and harmonious countryside; (2) The prevention of―Tragedy of the commons‖and the promotion of community-based sustainable fisheries management; (3) The construction of cultural environment for fisheries‘sustainable development and cultivation of social atmosphere in which ecological civilization is highly valued.
7. Offshore areas are vital regions for the development of fishery production. On the basis of comprehensive analyses of the conditions of coastal fishery eco-economic systems in Rongcheng City, Shandong Province, China, it‘s found that offshore fishing areas could improve abilities in fisheries‘sustainable development by regional ecological planning based on the entirety of offshore eco-economic system, offshore ecosystem-based fisheries and management, effective combination of responsible inheritance and development of the resource of traditional ecological wisdom and unified conservation of offshore ecological systems, mainly. The research also shows that in the earlier years, fishermen of Rongcheng were quite conscientious in conserving aquatic organisms and ecosystems, never overused fisheries resources and never damaged waters. Just because traditional ecological wisdom universally attaches great importance to aquatic ecosystem conservation, at present we should revive the long-standing traditions in history, should inherit and carry forward traditional ecological wisdom and nurture people‘s ecological conscientiousness.
引文
①参见“昔者昊英之世,以伐木杀兽,人民少而木、兽多。黄帝之世,不麛不卵,官无供备之民,死不得用椁------周·商鞅,《商子·画策》见全书第0729册,第233页;且吾闻之,古者禽兽多而人少------晋·郭象,《庄子注·盗跖》见全书第1160册,第170页;上古之世,人民少而禽兽众,人民不胜禽兽虫蛇------周·韩非,《韩非子·五蠹》见全书第0729册,第419页。”
①参见“长臂国在其东,捕鱼水中,两手各操一鱼------清·吴任臣,《山海经广注·海外南经》见全书第1046册,第174页。”
①《易经·系辞传·下传》。
②《史记·五帝本纪》。
①参见“节用水火材物------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第33页;……教民,江湖陂泽山林原隰皆收采禁捕以时,用之有节,令得其利也------唐·张守节,《史记正义·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第33页。”
②参见“取地之材而节用之------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第35页。”
③参见“益主虞,山泽辟------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第46页。”
①参见“既见君子,锡我百朋-------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《毛诗注疏·小雅·南有嘉鱼之什》见全书第0064册,第465页;公徒三万,贝胄朱綅------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《毛诗注疏·鲁颂·閟宫》见全书第0064册,第938页。”(注:此处“锡”通“赐”。)
②参见“归夫人鱼轩------晋·杜预注,唐·孔颖达疏,《春秋左传注疏·闵公二年》见全书第0139册,第233页;楚人鲛革犀兕以为甲,鞈如金石------周·荀况,唐·杨倞注,《荀子·议兵》见全书第0695册,第198页。”
③参见“东狩于海,获大鱼-------梁·沈约注,《竹书纪年·夏纪》见全书第0298册,第553页。”(注:“九夷”是上古时期居住于中国华东地区的少数民族部族的总称。)
④《史记·齐太公世家》。
⑤参见“渔人之入海,海深万仞,就彼逆流,乘危百里,宿夜不出者,利在水也-------周·管仲,唐·房玄龄注,《管子·禁藏》见全书第0728册,第779至780页。”
①参见“緵罟谓之九罭,九罭,鱼网也;今之百囊罟是,亦谓之,今江东呼为緵;罺谓之汕;鱼罟谓之罛------晋·郭璞注,宋·邢昺疏,《尔雅注疏·释器》见全书第0216册,第88至89页;九罭之鱼,鳟鲂------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《毛诗注疏·豳风·七月》见全书第0064册,第414页。”(注:罟,网也——《说文解字》;九罭,一种带有囊袋以捕捞小鱼的网;百囊罟,即,一种装有很多囊袋的渔网。)
②参见“春三月山林不登斧,以成草木之长;夏三月川泽不入网罟,以成鱼鳖之长------晋·孔晁注,《逸周书·大聚解》见全书第0367册,第25至26页。”
③参见“汤出,见野张网四面,祝曰:“自天下四方皆入吾网。”汤曰:“嘻,尽之矣!”乃去其三面,祝曰:“欲左,左。欲右,右。不用命,乃入吾网。”诸侯闻之,曰:“汤德至矣,及禽兽。”------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·殷本纪》见全书第0238册,第73页;王用三驱,失前禽,邑人不诫,吉------魏·王弼,晋·韩康伯,《周易注·比卦·九五》见全书第0002册,第209页;如天子不合围,开一面之网,来者不拒,去者不追,故为“用三驱,失前禽”------宋·朱熹,明·成矩辑,《周易本义·比卦·九五》见全书第0007册,第706页。”(注:“禽兽”延伸包括水生动物。)
①参见“文王在镐,召太子发,曰:“??不鹜泽不行害”------明·孙瑴,《古微书·洛书纬》见全书第0189册,第942页。”
②参见“山林非时不升斤斧,以成草木之长;川泽非时不入网罟,以成鱼鳖之长;不麛不卵,以成鸟兽之长,畋渔以时??是鱼鳖归其泉,鸟归其林,孤寡辛苦,咸赖其生------晋·孔晁注,《逸周书·文传解》见全书第0367册,第15至16页。”
③《国语·周语下》。
④《国语·楚语》。
①《春秋左传·隐公五年》。
②《全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文·说苑》。
③《齐民要术·养鱼》。
④参见“《逸周书·月令解》------晋·孔晁注,《逸周书·月令解》见全书第0367册-书中亡佚,又参见宋·张虑,《月令解》见全书第0111册,第386至442页。”
⑤参见“《礼记·月令》------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·月令》见全书第0110册,第300至373页;《吕氏春秋》一至十二卷------秦·吕不韦,汉·高诱注,《吕氏春秋》见全书第0850册,第255至329页。”。
①《国语·鲁语上》。
②《周礼·地官司徒第二》。
③《周礼·地官司徒第二》。
④参见“川衡,每大川,下士十有二人、史四人、胥十有二人、徒百有二十人;中川,下士六人、史二人、胥六人、徒六十人;小川,十士二人、史一人、徒二十人。泽虞,每大泽、大薮,中士四人、下士八人、府二人、史四人、胥八人、徒八十人;中泽、中薮,如中川之衡;小泽、小薮,如小川之衡------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·地官》见全书第0085册,第148页; ------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·天官》见全书第0085册,第67页;鳖人掌取互物,以时簎鱼、鳖、龟、蜃,凡貍物。春献鳖蜃,秋献龟鱼……掌凡邦之簎事------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·天官》见全书第0085册,第67至68页;人、史二人、徒十有六人------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·天官》见全书第0085册,第12页。”
①参见“宣公夏滥于泗渊,里革断其罟而弃之,曰:‘古者大寒降,土蛰发,水虞于是乎讲罛罶,取名鱼,登川禽,而尝之寝庙,行诸国,助宣气也。鸟兽孕,水虫成,兽虞于是禁罝罗,矠鱼鳖以为夏槁,助生阜也。鸟兽成,水虫孕,水虞於是禁罝?,设穽鄂,以实庙庖,畜功用也。且夫山不槎蘖,泽不伐夭,鱼禁鲲鲕,兽长麑?,鸟翼鷇卵,虫舍蚳蝝,蕃庶物也,古之训也。今鱼方别孕,不教鱼长,又行网罟,贪无艺也。’------吴·韦昭注,《国语·鲁语上》见全书第0403册,第50页。”
②参见“孔子弟子有宓子贱者,仕于鲁为单父宰??三年,孔子使巫马期远观政焉。巫马期阴免衣,衣弊裘,入单父界,见夜?者得鱼辄舍之。巫马期问焉,曰:‘凡?者为得,何以得鱼即舍之?’?者曰:‘鱼之大者名为?,吾大夫爱之,其小者名为鱦,吾大夫欲长之,是以得二者,辄舍之。’巫马期返,以告孔子曰:‘宓子之德,至使民闇行??’------魏·王肃注,《孔子家语·屈节解》见全书第0695册,第81页。”
①《三国志·魏志·司马芝传》。
②《汉书·元帝纪》。
③参见“律:不得屠杀少齿------汉·应劭,《风俗通义·怪神》见全书第0864册,第390页。”
④《汉书·货殖传》。
⑤注:西汉时,1尺合今0.232 m;约公元5-23年,1尺合今0.231 m。
①《后汉书·肃宗孝章帝纪》。
②《后汉书·肃宗孝章帝纪》。
③《宋书·孝武帝本纪》。
④参见“诏禁屠杀含孕,以为永制------唐·李延寿,《北史·魏本纪》见全书第0262册,第93页。”
①《新唐书·高宗本纪》。(注:簺,用竹木编成的断水捕鱼的栏栅。)
②《旧唐书·玄宗本纪》。
③《旧唐书·玄宗本纪》。
④[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
⑤[清]董诰等:《全唐文·卷三十二》。
⑥[宋]王溥:《唐会要·卷四十一》。
⑦[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
⑧参见“禁畿内渔猎采捕,自正月至五月晦,永为常式------后晋·刘昫,《旧唐书·卷十一·代宗本纪》见全书第0264册,第422页。”
①[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
②参见“禁春夏捕鱼射鸟------元·托克托等,《宋史·卷一·太祖本纪》见全书第0275册,第85页。”
③参见“诏淮、浙、荆湖治放生池,禁渔采------元·托克托等,《宋史·卷八·真宗本纪》见全书第0275册,第171页。”
①参见“近水之家许凿池养鱼------明·宋濂、王祎等,《元史·食货志·农桑》见全书第0289册,第16页。”
②参见“《明史·职官志》------清·张廷玉等,《明史·职官志》见全书第0293册,第29至31、70至71页。(另31页,‘采捕??皆以其时,冬春之交,罝罛不施川泽,春夏之交,毒药不施原野’)”。
①参见“鱼禁鲲鲕------吴·韦昭注,《国语·鲁语上》见全书第0403册,第50页;不麛不卵,不杀胎,不殀夭;禽兽鱼鳖不中杀,不粥(鬻)于市------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·王制》见全书第0110册,第259、285页;獭祭鱼,然后虞人入泽梁------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·王制》见全书第0110册,第259页; ------周·荀况,唐·杨倞注,《荀子·王制》见全书第0695册,第156页;餧兽之药,无出九门------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·月令》见全书第0110册,第326页;
毋竭川泽,毋漉陂池------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·月令》见全书第0110册,第322页;
不涸泽而渔------周·辛钘,《文子·上仁》见全书第1062册,第344页; 竭泽而渔,岂不获得?而明年无鱼------秦·吕不韦,汉·高诱注,《吕氏春秋·义赏》见全书第0850册,第350页;
数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也------汉·赵岐注,宋·孙奭疏,《孟子注疏·梁惠王·章句上》见全书第0190册,第19页。”
①《老子·第三十六章》。
②[东汉]许慎撰,[清]段玉裁注:《说文解字注》。
①《韩非子·五蠹》。
①参见“北海之渚中,有神,人面鸟身,珥两青蛇,践两赤蛇,名曰禺彊------晋·郭璞注,《山海经·大荒北经》见全书第1046册,第76页;…………禺强得之,立乎北极…………------晋·郭象,《庄子注·大宗师》见全书第1060册,第40至50页;《庄子·秋水》------晋·郭象,《庄子注·秋水》见全书第1060册,第96至104页。”
②参见“黄帝生禺,禺生禺京,禺京处北海,禺处东海,是惟海神------晋·郭璞注,《山海经·大荒东经》见全书第1046册,第67页;
《春秋左传·卷五十三》------晋·杜预注,唐·孔颖达疏,《春秋左传注疏·卷五十三》见全书第0140册,第335至356页;《楚辞·离骚》------汉·王逸,《楚辞章句·离骚》见全书第1066册,第3至16页;《列仙传》------汉·刘向,《列仙传》见全书第1062册,第473至494页;《博异记》------唐·谷神子,《博异记》见全书第1046册,第583至594页。”
①《老子·第七十三章》。
②《老子·第二十五章》。
③参见“天地节而四时成,节以制度,不伤财,不害民------魏·王弼,晋·韩康伯,《周易注·节卦·彖传》见全书第0002册,第249页。”
①参见“江海虽广,池泽虽博,鱼鳖虽多,罔罟必有正,船网不可一财(裁)而成也。非私草木爱鱼鳖也,恶废民于生谷也------周·管仲,唐·房玄龄注,《管子·八观》见全书第0728册,第651页。”
②《管子·禁藏》。
③《老子·第十九章》。
④《老子·第五十一章》。
⑤《论语·里仁》。
⑥《论语·述而》。
⑦参见“钓而不纲,弋不射宿------魏·何晏注,宋·邢昺疏,《论语注疏·述而》见全书第0190册,第574页。”
⑧《墨子·辞过》。
⑨[西汉]司马谈:《论六家要旨》。
①《庄子·天下》。
②《庄子·缮性》。
③《庄子·胠箧》。
④《孟子·梁惠王上》。
⑤参见“数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也------汉·赵岐注,宋·孙奭疏,《孟子注疏·梁惠王·章句上》见全书第0190册,第19页。”
⑥《荀子·王制》。
⑦《荀子·王制》。
⑧《吕氏春秋·义赏》。
⑨《吕氏春秋·上农》。
①[南朝·梁]王僧孺:《忏悔礼佛文》。
②[明]刘侗、[明]于奕正同撰:《帝京景物略》。
③[南宋]王应麟撰:《玉海·唐放生池》。
①参见“曾见人以簺捕鱼者,出绢买而放之------唐·魏征等,《隋书·卷五十五·乞伏慧列传》见全书第0259册,第830页。”
②[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
①《齐民要术·养鱼》。
①《淮南子·说山训》。
②《汉书·沟洫志》。
③[宋]曾巩:《广德湖记》。
①《老子·第四十八章》。
②《老子·第六十四章》。
③[清]郑元庆著:《湖录》。
④[宋]沈作宾、[宋]施宿纂修:《嘉泰会稽志》。
①[明]徐光启:《农政全书·牧养》。
②[明]李诩:《戒庵老人漫笔·谈参传》。
③[清]郑钟祥、[清]张瀛修,庞鸿文纂:《常昭合志·轶闻》。
①[明]黄省曾:《养鱼经》。
②[魏]曹操撰:《四时食制》。
①《尚书·尧典》。
①部分内容可参阅:霞浦县地方志编纂委员会编,《霞浦县志》,北京:方志出版社,1999年.
①《庄子·齐物论》。
②原句为“民吾同胞,物吾与也”,出自《张子正蒙·乾称》。
③《前赤壁赋》。
①《老子·第三十六章》。
②《逸周书·大聚解》。
③《老子·第六十四章》。
①《易经·乾卦·文言》。
②《中庸章句·右第二十一章》。
③《老子·第二十五章》。
①[唐]张守节:《史记正义·五帝本纪》。
②《逸周书·文传解》。
③《礼记·王制》。
④《秦律·田律》。
⑤《淮南子·主术训》。
⑥《宋书·孝武帝本纪》。
⑦《管子·八观》。
⑧《论语·述而》。
⑨《孟子·梁惠王上》。
⑩《荀子·王制》。
①例如,《新元史·食货志》([民国]柯劭忞撰）记有“至于劝农立社，尤一代农政之善者……”。
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①参见“长臂国在其东,捕鱼水中,两手各操一鱼------清·吴任臣,《山海经广注·海外南经》见全书第1046册,第174页。”
①《易经·系辞传·下传》。
②《史记·五帝本纪》。
①参见“节用水火材物------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第33页;……教民,江湖陂泽山林原隰皆收采禁捕以时,用之有节,令得其利也------唐·张守节,《史记正义·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第33页。”
②参见“取地之材而节用之------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第35页。”
③参见“益主虞,山泽辟------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·五帝本纪》见全书第0238册,第46页。”
①参见“既见君子,锡我百朋-------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《毛诗注疏·小雅·南有嘉鱼之什》见全书第0064册,第465页;公徒三万,贝胄朱綅------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《毛诗注疏·鲁颂·閟宫》见全书第0064册,第938页。”(注:此处“锡”通“赐”。)
②参见“归夫人鱼轩------晋·杜预注,唐·孔颖达疏,《春秋左传注疏·闵公二年》见全书第0139册,第233页;楚人鲛革犀兕以为甲,鞈如金石------周·荀况,唐·杨倞注,《荀子·议兵》见全书第0695册,第198页。”
③参见“东狩于海,获大鱼-------梁·沈约注,《竹书纪年·夏纪》见全书第0298册,第553页。”(注:“九夷”是上古时期居住于中国华东地区的少数民族部族的总称。)
④《史记·齐太公世家》。
⑤参见“渔人之入海,海深万仞,就彼逆流,乘危百里,宿夜不出者,利在水也-------周·管仲,唐·房玄龄注,《管子·禁藏》见全书第0728册,第779至780页。”
①参见“緵罟谓之九罭,九罭,鱼网也;今之百囊罟是,亦谓之,今江东呼为緵;罺谓之汕;鱼罟谓之罛------晋·郭璞注,宋·邢昺疏,《尔雅注疏·释器》见全书第0216册,第88至89页;九罭之鱼,鳟鲂------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《毛诗注疏·豳风·七月》见全书第0064册,第414页。”(注:罟,网也——《说文解字》;九罭,一种带有囊袋以捕捞小鱼的网;百囊罟,即,一种装有很多囊袋的渔网。)
②参见“春三月山林不登斧,以成草木之长;夏三月川泽不入网罟,以成鱼鳖之长------晋·孔晁注,《逸周书·大聚解》见全书第0367册,第25至26页。”
③参见“汤出,见野张网四面,祝曰:“自天下四方皆入吾网。”汤曰:“嘻,尽之矣!”乃去其三面,祝曰:“欲左,左。欲右,右。不用命,乃入吾网。”诸侯闻之,曰:“汤德至矣,及禽兽。”------汉·司马迁撰,《史记·殷本纪》见全书第0238册,第73页;王用三驱,失前禽,邑人不诫,吉------魏·王弼,晋·韩康伯,《周易注·比卦·九五》见全书第0002册,第209页;如天子不合围,开一面之网,来者不拒,去者不追,故为“用三驱,失前禽”------宋·朱熹,明·成矩辑,《周易本义·比卦·九五》见全书第0007册,第706页。”(注:“禽兽”延伸包括水生动物。)
①参见“文王在镐,召太子发,曰:“??不鹜泽不行害”------明·孙瑴,《古微书·洛书纬》见全书第0189册,第942页。”
②参见“山林非时不升斤斧,以成草木之长;川泽非时不入网罟,以成鱼鳖之长;不麛不卵,以成鸟兽之长,畋渔以时??是鱼鳖归其泉,鸟归其林,孤寡辛苦,咸赖其生------晋·孔晁注,《逸周书·文传解》见全书第0367册,第15至16页。”
③《国语·周语下》。
④《国语·楚语》。
①《春秋左传·隐公五年》。
②《全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文·说苑》。
③《齐民要术·养鱼》。
④参见“《逸周书·月令解》------晋·孔晁注,《逸周书·月令解》见全书第0367册-书中亡佚,又参见宋·张虑,《月令解》见全书第0111册,第386至442页。”
⑤参见“《礼记·月令》------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·月令》见全书第0110册,第300至373页;《吕氏春秋》一至十二卷------秦·吕不韦,汉·高诱注,《吕氏春秋》见全书第0850册,第255至329页。”。
①《国语·鲁语上》。
②《周礼·地官司徒第二》。
③《周礼·地官司徒第二》。
④参见“川衡,每大川,下士十有二人、史四人、胥十有二人、徒百有二十人;中川,下士六人、史二人、胥六人、徒六十人;小川,十士二人、史一人、徒二十人。泽虞,每大泽、大薮,中士四人、下士八人、府二人、史四人、胥八人、徒八十人;中泽、中薮,如中川之衡;小泽、小薮,如小川之衡------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·地官》见全书第0085册,第148页; ------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·天官》见全书第0085册,第67页;鳖人掌取互物,以时簎鱼、鳖、龟、蜃,凡貍物。春献鳖蜃,秋献龟鱼……掌凡邦之簎事------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·天官》见全书第0085册,第67至68页;人、史二人、徒十有六人------汉·郑玄注,唐·贾公彦疏,《周礼注疏·天官》见全书第0085册,第12页。”
①参见“宣公夏滥于泗渊,里革断其罟而弃之,曰:‘古者大寒降,土蛰发,水虞于是乎讲罛罶,取名鱼,登川禽,而尝之寝庙,行诸国,助宣气也。鸟兽孕,水虫成,兽虞于是禁罝罗,矠鱼鳖以为夏槁,助生阜也。鸟兽成,水虫孕,水虞於是禁罝?,设穽鄂,以实庙庖,畜功用也。且夫山不槎蘖,泽不伐夭,鱼禁鲲鲕,兽长麑?,鸟翼鷇卵,虫舍蚳蝝,蕃庶物也,古之训也。今鱼方别孕,不教鱼长,又行网罟,贪无艺也。’------吴·韦昭注,《国语·鲁语上》见全书第0403册,第50页。”
②参见“孔子弟子有宓子贱者,仕于鲁为单父宰??三年,孔子使巫马期远观政焉。巫马期阴免衣,衣弊裘,入单父界,见夜?者得鱼辄舍之。巫马期问焉,曰:‘凡?者为得,何以得鱼即舍之?’?者曰:‘鱼之大者名为?,吾大夫爱之,其小者名为鱦,吾大夫欲长之,是以得二者,辄舍之。’巫马期返,以告孔子曰:‘宓子之德,至使民闇行??’------魏·王肃注,《孔子家语·屈节解》见全书第0695册,第81页。”
①《三国志·魏志·司马芝传》。
②《汉书·元帝纪》。
③参见“律:不得屠杀少齿------汉·应劭,《风俗通义·怪神》见全书第0864册,第390页。”
④《汉书·货殖传》。
⑤注:西汉时,1尺合今0.232 m;约公元5-23年,1尺合今0.231 m。
①《后汉书·肃宗孝章帝纪》。
②《后汉书·肃宗孝章帝纪》。
③《宋书·孝武帝本纪》。
④参见“诏禁屠杀含孕,以为永制------唐·李延寿,《北史·魏本纪》见全书第0262册,第93页。”
①《新唐书·高宗本纪》。(注:簺,用竹木编成的断水捕鱼的栏栅。)
②《旧唐书·玄宗本纪》。
③《旧唐书·玄宗本纪》。
④[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
⑤[清]董诰等:《全唐文·卷三十二》。
⑥[宋]王溥:《唐会要·卷四十一》。
⑦[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
⑧参见“禁畿内渔猎采捕,自正月至五月晦,永为常式------后晋·刘昫,《旧唐书·卷十一·代宗本纪》见全书第0264册,第422页。”
①[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
②参见“禁春夏捕鱼射鸟------元·托克托等,《宋史·卷一·太祖本纪》见全书第0275册,第85页。”
③参见“诏淮、浙、荆湖治放生池,禁渔采------元·托克托等,《宋史·卷八·真宗本纪》见全书第0275册,第171页。”
①参见“近水之家许凿池养鱼------明·宋濂、王祎等,《元史·食货志·农桑》见全书第0289册,第16页。”
②参见“《明史·职官志》------清·张廷玉等,《明史·职官志》见全书第0293册,第29至31、70至71页。(另31页,‘采捕??皆以其时,冬春之交,罝罛不施川泽,春夏之交,毒药不施原野’)”。
①参见“鱼禁鲲鲕------吴·韦昭注,《国语·鲁语上》见全书第0403册,第50页;不麛不卵,不杀胎,不殀夭;禽兽鱼鳖不中杀,不粥(鬻)于市------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·王制》见全书第0110册,第259、285页;獭祭鱼,然后虞人入泽梁------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·王制》见全书第0110册,第259页; ------周·荀况,唐·杨倞注,《荀子·王制》见全书第0695册,第156页;餧兽之药,无出九门------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·月令》见全书第0110册,第326页;
毋竭川泽,毋漉陂池------汉·郑玄注,唐·孔颖达疏,《礼记注疏·月令》见全书第0110册,第322页;
不涸泽而渔------周·辛钘,《文子·上仁》见全书第1062册,第344页; 竭泽而渔,岂不获得?而明年无鱼------秦·吕不韦,汉·高诱注,《吕氏春秋·义赏》见全书第0850册,第350页;
数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也------汉·赵岐注,宋·孙奭疏,《孟子注疏·梁惠王·章句上》见全书第0190册,第19页。”
①《老子·第三十六章》。
②[东汉]许慎撰,[清]段玉裁注:《说文解字注》。
①《韩非子·五蠹》。
①参见“北海之渚中,有神,人面鸟身,珥两青蛇,践两赤蛇,名曰禺彊------晋·郭璞注,《山海经·大荒北经》见全书第1046册,第76页;…………禺强得之,立乎北极…………------晋·郭象,《庄子注·大宗师》见全书第1060册,第40至50页;《庄子·秋水》------晋·郭象,《庄子注·秋水》见全书第1060册,第96至104页。”
②参见“黄帝生禺,禺生禺京,禺京处北海,禺处东海,是惟海神------晋·郭璞注,《山海经·大荒东经》见全书第1046册,第67页;
《春秋左传·卷五十三》------晋·杜预注,唐·孔颖达疏,《春秋左传注疏·卷五十三》见全书第0140册,第335至356页;《楚辞·离骚》------汉·王逸,《楚辞章句·离骚》见全书第1066册,第3至16页;《列仙传》------汉·刘向,《列仙传》见全书第1062册,第473至494页;《博异记》------唐·谷神子,《博异记》见全书第1046册,第583至594页。”
①《老子·第七十三章》。
②《老子·第二十五章》。
③参见“天地节而四时成,节以制度,不伤财,不害民------魏·王弼,晋·韩康伯,《周易注·节卦·彖传》见全书第0002册,第249页。”
①参见“江海虽广,池泽虽博,鱼鳖虽多,罔罟必有正,船网不可一财(裁)而成也。非私草木爱鱼鳖也,恶废民于生谷也------周·管仲,唐·房玄龄注,《管子·八观》见全书第0728册,第651页。”
②《管子·禁藏》。
③《老子·第十九章》。
④《老子·第五十一章》。
⑤《论语·里仁》。
⑥《论语·述而》。
⑦参见“钓而不纲,弋不射宿------魏·何晏注,宋·邢昺疏,《论语注疏·述而》见全书第0190册,第574页。”
⑧《墨子·辞过》。
⑨[西汉]司马谈:《论六家要旨》。
①《庄子·天下》。
②《庄子·缮性》。
③《庄子·胠箧》。
④《孟子·梁惠王上》。
⑤参见“数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也------汉·赵岐注,宋·孙奭疏,《孟子注疏·梁惠王·章句上》见全书第0190册,第19页。”
⑥《荀子·王制》。
⑦《荀子·王制》。
⑧《吕氏春秋·义赏》。
⑨《吕氏春秋·上农》。
①[南朝·梁]王僧孺:《忏悔礼佛文》。
②[明]刘侗、[明]于奕正同撰:《帝京景物略》。
③[南宋]王应麟撰:《玉海·唐放生池》。
①参见“曾见人以簺捕鱼者,出绢买而放之------唐·魏征等,《隋书·卷五十五·乞伏慧列传》见全书第0259册,第830页。”
②[宋]王钦若等编:《册府元龟·卷四十二◎帝王部·仁慈》。
①《齐民要术·养鱼》。
①《淮南子·说山训》。
②《汉书·沟洫志》。
③[宋]曾巩:《广德湖记》。
①《老子·第四十八章》。
②《老子·第六十四章》。
③[清]郑元庆著:《湖录》。
④[宋]沈作宾、[宋]施宿纂修:《嘉泰会稽志》。
①[明]徐光启:《农政全书·牧养》。
②[明]李诩:《戒庵老人漫笔·谈参传》。
③[清]郑钟祥、[清]张瀛修,庞鸿文纂:《常昭合志·轶闻》。
①[明]黄省曾:《养鱼经》。
②[魏]曹操撰:《四时食制》。
①《尚书·尧典》。
①部分内容可参阅:霞浦县地方志编纂委员会编,《霞浦县志》,北京:方志出版社,1999年.
①《庄子·齐物论》。
②原句为“民吾同胞,物吾与也”,出自《张子正蒙·乾称》。
③《前赤壁赋》。
①《老子·第三十六章》。
②《逸周书·大聚解》。
③《老子·第六十四章》。
①《易经·乾卦·文言》。
②《中庸章句·右第二十一章》。
③《老子·第二十五章》。
①[唐]张守节:《史记正义·五帝本纪》。
②《逸周书·文传解》。
③《礼记·王制》。
④《秦律·田律》。
⑤《淮南子·主术训》。
⑥《宋书·孝武帝本纪》。
⑦《管子·八观》。
⑧《论语·述而》。
⑨《孟子·梁惠王上》。
⑩《荀子·王制》。
①例如,《新元史·食货志》([民国]柯劭忞撰）记有“至于劝农立社，尤一代农政之善者……”。
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