农村居民点用地与住房建设变化特征及驱动机制研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国农村居民的生活水平有了很大的提高,改善居住条件、扩大住房面积,已成为广大农民的一大需求以及消费性投资的重要方面。随着建设社会主义新农村政策和措施的不断深入,我国农村建设必将进入一个崭新的历史阶段。但长期以来,由于受资料以及数据等因素的限制,大多数学者将注意力主要集中在城镇建设用地的变化方面,而农村居民点用地与住房建设的变化却没有给予足够的重视。但加强农村居民点用地与住房建设变化及其驱动机制的研究,对于优化城乡土地利用用地结构、完善农村居民点用地的布局、促进土地的集约节约利用以及保护耕地资源、积极推进社会主义新农村建设都具有重要的现实意义,也必将成为研究的重要方面。
农户是农村居民点用地与住房建设的微观主体,农户宅基地的选择以及住房建设行为对农村居民点用地以及住房建设的变化产生直接的影响。为此,本文的研究是基于农户角度深入分析农村居民点用地与住房建设的变化过程、变化特征及其驱动机制,为制定合理的农村居民点用地与住房建设政策提供科学依据。
本文对影响农村居民点用地与住房建设变化的影响因素进行了分类,并对其驱动机制进行了理论分析,为构建相应的实证分析模型提供了理论基础。本文采取问卷调查的方式,于2010年2月-3月对大别山地区的农户进行了抽样调查,调查共获得277份农户调查问卷,在问卷调查资料的基础上,运用线性回归模型对农村居民点用地与住房建设变化的过程及其驱动机制进行了研究。研究的主要内容包括以下八章：
第一章：绪论。论述了我国农村居民点用地与住房建设变化驱动机制这一选题的背景和意义、国内外研究进展情况、论文研究的方法、技术路线及研究内容,指出了研究中创新点以及当前研究中不足之处。
第二章：概况总结了农村居民点用地与住房建设变化的理论基础,包括：需求层次理论、消费-收入理论、区位理论、空间演化理论、消费心理学理论。同时分别从自然环境因素、社会发展因素、家庭特征因素、家庭财富因素、政策及管理制度因素和心理因素等六个方面对农村居民点用地与住房建设变化驱动机制进行理论分析,构建了一个农村居民点用地变化驱动机制的理论分析框架。
第三章：样本选取及研究区域概况。大别山位于我国中部湖北、河南、安徽三省交界处,包括湖北黄冈市,孝感市及河南信阳市的大部分县和安徽六安的金寨,霍山,地貌类型多样,经济发展不平衡。本研究对该区域内的16个自然村进行了随机和逐户抽样调查,共获问卷277份,同时对调查区家庭基本情况进行了分析。
第四章：农村居民点用地与住房建设时序变化特征分析。通过对农户调查问卷资料的统计与分析发现：①该区农村老旧房居多,农村改善居住条件的潜在需求很大；②农村房屋以砖混和土木结构为主,建房出现两次高潮,并呈现出“N”型变化特征；③农户新建房屋主要为改善居住条件,并以二、三层楼房为主,新建房屋房间的实际使用率不高,其资金主要来源于外出务工,并且新建房负债情况较为严重：④房屋旧址新建与新址新建并存,但村湾间选址差异性较大。
第五章：农村居民点用地与住房建设空间变化特征分析。在对样本村湾空间分析的基础上发现：村湾空间分布变化存在线状扩张型和就地发展型模式。沿交通干线建房带来的潜在居住效益使很多地方出现了农户“沿路建房”的现象,形成村湾线状扩张的发展模式。然而,农户住宅布局沿路发展的线状扩张模式不仅浪费了大量耕地,而且使村庄的基础设施难以有效配置,同时还造成了村庄内部大量房屋闲置,并极大的降低了农村有限居住空间资源的利用效率；受地形条件的限制,随着村庄人口增加的不断增加,形成了就地发展型模式,此模式虽然节约了土地,减少了对周边耕地的占用,但就地建房不仅使村内越来越拥挤、而且还使得村落结构如同一盘散沙,村内道路弯曲,房屋犬牙交错,给群众生产生活带来诸多不便,极大地影响了新农村的建设。
第六章：农村居民点用地与住房建设变化驱动机制。借助社会科学统计软件SPSS13.0选取了14个因素进行初步模拟分析,通过多元线性回归模型分析发现：该调查区域农户宅基地面积大小的主要显着影响因素主要为：农户家庭年纯收入、宅基地用地来源、农村税费改革、交通条件、攀比心理等5个因素。其中交通条件对农户宅基地面积起负向的影响,其他四个因素对农户宅基地面积起正向的影响。
第七章：农村居民点用地变化趋势一一基于农户意愿的分析。调查分析发现：①有近30%的农户有建房意向,但村湾间存在较大差异性；②拟新建住房主要以二层楼房为主,并且主要集中在近3年内；③拟新建房屋中原址新建与新址新建并存,但同时对耕地占用情况依然较为严重。
第八章：结论建议与讨论。对全文进行概括总结,综合研究中得出的主要结论,并根据本研究课题分析所存的问题,从政府角度就如何合理管理与引导农村居民点用地与住房建设提出相应建议,同时并对研究中的不足进行讨论。
Since the reform and open policy, Chinese rural residents'living standards have greatly enhanced, and improving the living conditions and expanding housing area has become a requirement and an important aspect of consumer investment of fanners. Chinese rural construction will enter a new historical stage with the policies and measures of new rural communities' construction being carried out. But for a long time, because of material limitation, most of Chinese scholars paid more attention to the urban construction and variational characters of housing construction than rural constructions. Therefore, it has an important realistic meaning that strengthening the researches on rural residential areas and changes of housing construction and its driving forces to protect farmland, optimize land utilization structure in town and country and distribution of the villages, promote land intensive and economical use, push positively on the development of new socialist countryside. So these points must be the important aspects of researches.
Farmer is micro -units of Chinese rural residential areas and housing construction, whose behaviors of choosing their domicile and housing construction had direct effects on rural residential land and changes of housing construction. Therefore, this paper aimed at anglicizing rural residential areas and changes of housing construction and its driving forces based on farmers, in order to provide scientific basis for making rational policies of rural residential area and housing construction.
The author classified the factors that influenced rural residential areas and changes of housing construction, and anglicized its driving force in a theoretical way, which has provided theoretical basis to the corresponding empirical analysis model. This paper was based on the questionnaires, which was started from February 2010 to March 2010 in Dabie mountain district, and there were 277 questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires, the writer studied on the rural residential areas and changes of housing construction and its driving forces by using linear regression model. The main contents include the following eight chapters:
Chapter 1:introduction. This chapter presented the background and significance of studying Chinese rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction, research progresses at home and abroad, methods、ideas、technical route and content, what's more, the writer also points out the innovation and deficiencies of those researches.
Chapter 2:the writer summarized the theory foundation of Chinese rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction, including:demand hierarchy theory, consumption-income theory, location theory, spatial evolution theory, consumer psychology theory. Meanwhile, the writer anglicized Chinese rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction through analyzing six aspects:natural environment, social development, family characteristic, family wealth, policy and management system, psychological factors, which constructed a theoretical analysis framework of driving mechanism of changes of rural residential area.
Chapter 3:sample selection and regional situation. Dabie mountain is located in China's central regions, which is the junction of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui provinces, including Hubei, Huanggang, Xiaogan, henan Xinyang. and Anhui JinZhai huoshan. Landforms are diversiform, and economics is imbalance in Dabie mountain district. The author chose 16 villages at random in this region and made door-to-door inquiry, at last,277 questionnaires were awarded, and meanwhile, the author also made an analysis on basic situation of these families.
Chapter 4:sequence changes of the rural residential areas and housing construction in the study area. From the analysis of questionnaires, we found that:①the majority of rural houses are old in this region, and the potential demand of improving living conditions was high.②most of the structure of rural residential houses were brick-concrete structure civil structure. And in the history, there were two climaxes in building houses, and the Variation characteristics presented like "N".③farmers built new houses in order to improve living standard, and most new houses has two or three layers, but actual utilization of new houses is not high. According to the questionnaires, the capital used in building houses mainly came from salary earned by migrant workers and debts from others, so liabilities of new houses are serious;④two situation both existed---site in new and buildings in new, but there are differences between villages on choosing residential area.
Chapter 5:analysis on characters of space changes of rural residential land and housing construction. Based on the analysis of the sample, we found that:there were two types of spatial distribution in these two villages-Linear expansionary and On-site development-oriented. As living beside the traffic artery may bring potential benefits to the residents, now many farmers choose to build houses beside to the road in some regions, which is called Linear expansionary. However, this mode not only caused that a large number of cultivated lands were wasted, rural infrastructure couldn't be configurated effectively, but also caused some houses were unoccupied, which lowered the utilization efficiency of limited living space; another type is On-site development-oriented, which was formed by terrain and accretion of population. Although this type saved land, this type made the whole village more and more crowded, but also the structure of village looked like a heap of loose sand, and in the village, street were crooked, and houses were out of order, which brought a lot of inconvenience, and greatly influenced the construction of new countryside.
Chapter 6:rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction. The writer made use of SPSS13.0 statistical software, and selected 14 factors to make preliminary simulation analysis. Through the multivariate linear regression model analysis we found that:the main five factors influenced rural residential area were:net annual income of families, sources of residential land, reform of rural taxes, traffic conditions and perennial psychological. Traffic conditions has negative influence to rural residential area, and other four factors have positive effects.
Chapter 7:variation tendency of rural residential areas---based on the analysis of farmers' aspirations. According to surveys, it showed that①about 30 percent wished to built new houses, but there are dramatic differences between villages;②the new houses which will built with two or three floors, which will be built in this 3 years;③two situation both existed---site in new and buildings in new, however, both of these two types are occupied cultivated land.
Chapter 8:results, suggests and discussions. In this chapter, the writer made a conclusion. According to the results of this paper, the writer gave some suggestion on how to manage and lead the farmers' behavior of housing construction from the government, and discussed about the weakness of this paper.
农户是农村居民点用地与住房建设的微观主体,农户宅基地的选择以及住房建设行为对农村居民点用地以及住房建设的变化产生直接的影响。为此,本文的研究是基于农户角度深入分析农村居民点用地与住房建设的变化过程、变化特征及其驱动机制,为制定合理的农村居民点用地与住房建设政策提供科学依据。
本文对影响农村居民点用地与住房建设变化的影响因素进行了分类,并对其驱动机制进行了理论分析,为构建相应的实证分析模型提供了理论基础。本文采取问卷调查的方式,于2010年2月-3月对大别山地区的农户进行了抽样调查,调查共获得277份农户调查问卷,在问卷调查资料的基础上,运用线性回归模型对农村居民点用地与住房建设变化的过程及其驱动机制进行了研究。研究的主要内容包括以下八章：
第一章：绪论。论述了我国农村居民点用地与住房建设变化驱动机制这一选题的背景和意义、国内外研究进展情况、论文研究的方法、技术路线及研究内容,指出了研究中创新点以及当前研究中不足之处。
第二章：概况总结了农村居民点用地与住房建设变化的理论基础,包括：需求层次理论、消费-收入理论、区位理论、空间演化理论、消费心理学理论。同时分别从自然环境因素、社会发展因素、家庭特征因素、家庭财富因素、政策及管理制度因素和心理因素等六个方面对农村居民点用地与住房建设变化驱动机制进行理论分析,构建了一个农村居民点用地变化驱动机制的理论分析框架。
第三章：样本选取及研究区域概况。大别山位于我国中部湖北、河南、安徽三省交界处,包括湖北黄冈市,孝感市及河南信阳市的大部分县和安徽六安的金寨,霍山,地貌类型多样,经济发展不平衡。本研究对该区域内的16个自然村进行了随机和逐户抽样调查,共获问卷277份,同时对调查区家庭基本情况进行了分析。
第四章：农村居民点用地与住房建设时序变化特征分析。通过对农户调查问卷资料的统计与分析发现：①该区农村老旧房居多,农村改善居住条件的潜在需求很大；②农村房屋以砖混和土木结构为主,建房出现两次高潮,并呈现出“N”型变化特征；③农户新建房屋主要为改善居住条件,并以二、三层楼房为主,新建房屋房间的实际使用率不高,其资金主要来源于外出务工,并且新建房负债情况较为严重：④房屋旧址新建与新址新建并存,但村湾间选址差异性较大。
第五章：农村居民点用地与住房建设空间变化特征分析。在对样本村湾空间分析的基础上发现：村湾空间分布变化存在线状扩张型和就地发展型模式。沿交通干线建房带来的潜在居住效益使很多地方出现了农户“沿路建房”的现象,形成村湾线状扩张的发展模式。然而,农户住宅布局沿路发展的线状扩张模式不仅浪费了大量耕地,而且使村庄的基础设施难以有效配置,同时还造成了村庄内部大量房屋闲置,并极大的降低了农村有限居住空间资源的利用效率；受地形条件的限制,随着村庄人口增加的不断增加,形成了就地发展型模式,此模式虽然节约了土地,减少了对周边耕地的占用,但就地建房不仅使村内越来越拥挤、而且还使得村落结构如同一盘散沙,村内道路弯曲,房屋犬牙交错,给群众生产生活带来诸多不便,极大地影响了新农村的建设。
第六章：农村居民点用地与住房建设变化驱动机制。借助社会科学统计软件SPSS13.0选取了14个因素进行初步模拟分析,通过多元线性回归模型分析发现：该调查区域农户宅基地面积大小的主要显着影响因素主要为：农户家庭年纯收入、宅基地用地来源、农村税费改革、交通条件、攀比心理等5个因素。其中交通条件对农户宅基地面积起负向的影响,其他四个因素对农户宅基地面积起正向的影响。
第七章：农村居民点用地变化趋势一一基于农户意愿的分析。调查分析发现：①有近30%的农户有建房意向,但村湾间存在较大差异性；②拟新建住房主要以二层楼房为主,并且主要集中在近3年内；③拟新建房屋中原址新建与新址新建并存,但同时对耕地占用情况依然较为严重。
第八章：结论建议与讨论。对全文进行概括总结,综合研究中得出的主要结论,并根据本研究课题分析所存的问题,从政府角度就如何合理管理与引导农村居民点用地与住房建设提出相应建议,同时并对研究中的不足进行讨论。
Since the reform and open policy, Chinese rural residents'living standards have greatly enhanced, and improving the living conditions and expanding housing area has become a requirement and an important aspect of consumer investment of fanners. Chinese rural construction will enter a new historical stage with the policies and measures of new rural communities' construction being carried out. But for a long time, because of material limitation, most of Chinese scholars paid more attention to the urban construction and variational characters of housing construction than rural constructions. Therefore, it has an important realistic meaning that strengthening the researches on rural residential areas and changes of housing construction and its driving forces to protect farmland, optimize land utilization structure in town and country and distribution of the villages, promote land intensive and economical use, push positively on the development of new socialist countryside. So these points must be the important aspects of researches.
Farmer is micro -units of Chinese rural residential areas and housing construction, whose behaviors of choosing their domicile and housing construction had direct effects on rural residential land and changes of housing construction. Therefore, this paper aimed at anglicizing rural residential areas and changes of housing construction and its driving forces based on farmers, in order to provide scientific basis for making rational policies of rural residential area and housing construction.
The author classified the factors that influenced rural residential areas and changes of housing construction, and anglicized its driving force in a theoretical way, which has provided theoretical basis to the corresponding empirical analysis model. This paper was based on the questionnaires, which was started from February 2010 to March 2010 in Dabie mountain district, and there were 277 questionnaires. Based on the questionnaires, the writer studied on the rural residential areas and changes of housing construction and its driving forces by using linear regression model. The main contents include the following eight chapters:
Chapter 1:introduction. This chapter presented the background and significance of studying Chinese rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction, research progresses at home and abroad, methods、ideas、technical route and content, what's more, the writer also points out the innovation and deficiencies of those researches.
Chapter 2:the writer summarized the theory foundation of Chinese rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction, including:demand hierarchy theory, consumption-income theory, location theory, spatial evolution theory, consumer psychology theory. Meanwhile, the writer anglicized Chinese rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction through analyzing six aspects:natural environment, social development, family characteristic, family wealth, policy and management system, psychological factors, which constructed a theoretical analysis framework of driving mechanism of changes of rural residential area.
Chapter 3:sample selection and regional situation. Dabie mountain is located in China's central regions, which is the junction of Hubei, Henan, and Anhui provinces, including Hubei, Huanggang, Xiaogan, henan Xinyang. and Anhui JinZhai huoshan. Landforms are diversiform, and economics is imbalance in Dabie mountain district. The author chose 16 villages at random in this region and made door-to-door inquiry, at last,277 questionnaires were awarded, and meanwhile, the author also made an analysis on basic situation of these families.
Chapter 4:sequence changes of the rural residential areas and housing construction in the study area. From the analysis of questionnaires, we found that:①the majority of rural houses are old in this region, and the potential demand of improving living conditions was high.②most of the structure of rural residential houses were brick-concrete structure civil structure. And in the history, there were two climaxes in building houses, and the Variation characteristics presented like "N".③farmers built new houses in order to improve living standard, and most new houses has two or three layers, but actual utilization of new houses is not high. According to the questionnaires, the capital used in building houses mainly came from salary earned by migrant workers and debts from others, so liabilities of new houses are serious;④two situation both existed---site in new and buildings in new, but there are differences between villages on choosing residential area.
Chapter 5:analysis on characters of space changes of rural residential land and housing construction. Based on the analysis of the sample, we found that:there were two types of spatial distribution in these two villages-Linear expansionary and On-site development-oriented. As living beside the traffic artery may bring potential benefits to the residents, now many farmers choose to build houses beside to the road in some regions, which is called Linear expansionary. However, this mode not only caused that a large number of cultivated lands were wasted, rural infrastructure couldn't be configurated effectively, but also caused some houses were unoccupied, which lowered the utilization efficiency of limited living space; another type is On-site development-oriented, which was formed by terrain and accretion of population. Although this type saved land, this type made the whole village more and more crowded, but also the structure of village looked like a heap of loose sand, and in the village, street were crooked, and houses were out of order, which brought a lot of inconvenience, and greatly influenced the construction of new countryside.
Chapter 6:rural residential areas and driving mechanism of housing construction. The writer made use of SPSS13.0 statistical software, and selected 14 factors to make preliminary simulation analysis. Through the multivariate linear regression model analysis we found that:the main five factors influenced rural residential area were:net annual income of families, sources of residential land, reform of rural taxes, traffic conditions and perennial psychological. Traffic conditions has negative influence to rural residential area, and other four factors have positive effects.
Chapter 7:variation tendency of rural residential areas---based on the analysis of farmers' aspirations. According to surveys, it showed that①about 30 percent wished to built new houses, but there are dramatic differences between villages;②the new houses which will built with two or three floors, which will be built in this 3 years;③two situation both existed---site in new and buildings in new, however, both of these two types are occupied cultivated land.
Chapter 8:results, suggests and discussions. In this chapter, the writer made a conclusion. According to the results of this paper, the writer gave some suggestion on how to manage and lead the farmers' behavior of housing construction from the government, and discussed about the weakness of this paper.
引文
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