车路协同动力学差异特性及轮胎印迹机理研究
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摘要
轮胎印迹作为事故现场的重要痕迹，为交通事故判定分析的重要依据之一。事故车辆的轮胎路面印迹在制动（特别是安装ABS的汽车）、转弯工况下表现出的显现不确定性现象，给交通安全、痕迹物证鉴识和交通事故分析等专家带来巨大麻烦。分析和研究轮胎路面印迹的显隐特性，为交通事故提供更加可靠的判定依据仍然是目前尚待解决的问题。
将车辆路面视为一个系统，围绕轮胎路面作用机理、轮胎动态作用力、轮胎摩擦、磨损等方面的问题展开研究，充分考虑影响因素的关联机理，解析轮胎印迹显隐特性的车辆路面系统动力学特性，解决出现轮胎印迹显隐特性的区域判定、影响因素等问题。
(1)根据橡胶粘弹性特性及粗糙路面分形特性，应用粗糙路面接触理论，解析粗糙路面上的橡胶接触机理，建立橡胶粗糙路面接触面积改进模型；依据轮胎路面作用原理，简化处理橡胶粘弹性能量损失模型，提出考虑轮胎特性和路面分形特性的滑动摩擦因数改进模型，获得轮胎和路面特性对动滑动摩擦因数变化特性的影响规律。
(2)考虑胎体和胎面非线性特性，通过求解轮胎滑移区域的滑移速度，建立考虑轮胎橡胶特性、路面特性、滑移速度及垂向载荷的一般理论和魔术公式轮胎动摩擦模型，运用CarSim轮胎仿真平台验证轮胎动摩擦模型的有效性；探析动滑动摩擦因数、轮胎和路面（力学、材料、工况）特性对轮胎动态作用力变化特性的影响。
(3)结合简化的轮胎动摩擦模型和多维非线性车辆模型，构建具有15DOF的车辆路面系统非线性动力学模型；应用GPRS技术和惯性测量技术，开发车载转弯制动稳定性测量系统，对车路耦合模型进行试验验证；运用PC-Crash提取事故车辆动态参数变化情况，揭示各影响因素对车辆动态参数的变化及其差异特性的影响。
(4)对胎面橡胶磨损脱落特性进行微观解析，结合车辆路面系统非线性动力学模型，对轮胎作用力差异特性进行研究；运用广义能量法，结合轮胎摩擦能量模型对轮胎摩擦能量及其差异特性进行量化分析；构建胎面磨损质量能量模型，定性、定量解析非稳态工况下橡胶磨损脱落质量及其差异特性，从系统动力学角度解析印迹显隐特性产生机理。
Tire road frictional drag, an important trace in accident site, is the most importantbasis for transportation accident reconstruction.The uncertainty phenomenon of theaccident vehicle tire road frictional drag in the braking (in the case of cars equippedwith ABS) and turning conditions has been caused lots trouble to the experts abouttraffic safety, trace evidence and traffic accident. Analyzing the explicit-implicitcharacteristics of tire road frictional drag and providing a more reliable basis fortransportation accident reconstruction is still an unresolved issue.
Considering the vehicle and road as an integrated system, take the study of thedynamic force of tire, tire friction and wear based on the mechanical of road-tiresinteraction. Fully consideration the association mechanical of influence factors, thisarticle mainly study the vehicle-road system dynamic characteristics, resolve theproblems such as the regional determination and the influence factors about theexplicit-implicit characteristics of tire road frictional drag.
(1) According to the viscoelastic properties of tire rubber and fractalcharacteristics of rough road, the actual contact mechanical between the roughpavement and rubber is analysized and the rough road dependedce of actual contactmodel is improved based on the contact theory of rough pavement. Considering themechanical between road tire interact, the loss modulus of the rubber material issimplified, an improved sliding friction model which combined with the characteristicof the tires and the road surface is proposed, the variation of the dynamic slidingfriction which is strongly affected by the rubber and rough road features is obtained.
(2) The slip velocity in the tire slip region is accurately calculated based on fullyconsideration of the nonlinear characteristics of the carcass and tread. The dynamictire model combined with the rubber features, road surface characteristics, slidingspeed as well as contact pressure is established, the efficiency of the improved modelis verified by the utilization of the Tire Tester in CarSim. Last, the impact of dynamicsliding friction factor, rubber and road surface (mechanics, materials, workingconditions) characteristics on tire dynamic friction force was evaluated quantitatively.
(3) Combined with the simplifid tire dynamic friction model and the vehiclenonlinear dynamic model, a new15DOF vehicle-road nonlinear dynamics model isproposed. The detecting system for car handing stability combined braking andturning is integrated with the application of GPRS and inertial measurementtechnology and the model reliability is verified. In order to analysis the explicit-implicit features of tire road frictional drag in systematic, the dynamicparameters of the vehicle in accident is obtained with the application of PC-Crash, theimpact of various factors on the vehicle dynamic parameters and its differencescharacteristics is analyzed.
(4) The microscopic mechanism of the tread rubber wear and abrasion isanalyzed; The discrepancy characteristic of tire force is studied combined with thevehicle-road dynamic nonliner model. With the application of the extendminimization, the differences characteristic of friction energy is analyzed inquantitative. Then, through the energy model of tread wear mass, the tread wear andabrasion performance is evalued, an useful insights into solving the explicit-implicitfeatures of tire prints in systematically is proposed.
将车辆路面视为一个系统，围绕轮胎路面作用机理、轮胎动态作用力、轮胎摩擦、磨损等方面的问题展开研究，充分考虑影响因素的关联机理，解析轮胎印迹显隐特性的车辆路面系统动力学特性，解决出现轮胎印迹显隐特性的区域判定、影响因素等问题。
(1)根据橡胶粘弹性特性及粗糙路面分形特性，应用粗糙路面接触理论，解析粗糙路面上的橡胶接触机理，建立橡胶粗糙路面接触面积改进模型；依据轮胎路面作用原理，简化处理橡胶粘弹性能量损失模型，提出考虑轮胎特性和路面分形特性的滑动摩擦因数改进模型，获得轮胎和路面特性对动滑动摩擦因数变化特性的影响规律。
(2)考虑胎体和胎面非线性特性，通过求解轮胎滑移区域的滑移速度，建立考虑轮胎橡胶特性、路面特性、滑移速度及垂向载荷的一般理论和魔术公式轮胎动摩擦模型，运用CarSim轮胎仿真平台验证轮胎动摩擦模型的有效性；探析动滑动摩擦因数、轮胎和路面（力学、材料、工况）特性对轮胎动态作用力变化特性的影响。
(3)结合简化的轮胎动摩擦模型和多维非线性车辆模型，构建具有15DOF的车辆路面系统非线性动力学模型；应用GPRS技术和惯性测量技术，开发车载转弯制动稳定性测量系统，对车路耦合模型进行试验验证；运用PC-Crash提取事故车辆动态参数变化情况，揭示各影响因素对车辆动态参数的变化及其差异特性的影响。
(4)对胎面橡胶磨损脱落特性进行微观解析，结合车辆路面系统非线性动力学模型，对轮胎作用力差异特性进行研究；运用广义能量法，结合轮胎摩擦能量模型对轮胎摩擦能量及其差异特性进行量化分析；构建胎面磨损质量能量模型，定性、定量解析非稳态工况下橡胶磨损脱落质量及其差异特性，从系统动力学角度解析印迹显隐特性产生机理。
Tire road frictional drag, an important trace in accident site, is the most importantbasis for transportation accident reconstruction.The uncertainty phenomenon of theaccident vehicle tire road frictional drag in the braking (in the case of cars equippedwith ABS) and turning conditions has been caused lots trouble to the experts abouttraffic safety, trace evidence and traffic accident. Analyzing the explicit-implicitcharacteristics of tire road frictional drag and providing a more reliable basis fortransportation accident reconstruction is still an unresolved issue.
Considering the vehicle and road as an integrated system, take the study of thedynamic force of tire, tire friction and wear based on the mechanical of road-tiresinteraction. Fully consideration the association mechanical of influence factors, thisarticle mainly study the vehicle-road system dynamic characteristics, resolve theproblems such as the regional determination and the influence factors about theexplicit-implicit characteristics of tire road frictional drag.
(1) According to the viscoelastic properties of tire rubber and fractalcharacteristics of rough road, the actual contact mechanical between the roughpavement and rubber is analysized and the rough road dependedce of actual contactmodel is improved based on the contact theory of rough pavement. Considering themechanical between road tire interact, the loss modulus of the rubber material issimplified, an improved sliding friction model which combined with the characteristicof the tires and the road surface is proposed, the variation of the dynamic slidingfriction which is strongly affected by the rubber and rough road features is obtained.
(2) The slip velocity in the tire slip region is accurately calculated based on fullyconsideration of the nonlinear characteristics of the carcass and tread. The dynamictire model combined with the rubber features, road surface characteristics, slidingspeed as well as contact pressure is established, the efficiency of the improved modelis verified by the utilization of the Tire Tester in CarSim. Last, the impact of dynamicsliding friction factor, rubber and road surface (mechanics, materials, workingconditions) characteristics on tire dynamic friction force was evaluated quantitatively.
(3) Combined with the simplifid tire dynamic friction model and the vehiclenonlinear dynamic model, a new15DOF vehicle-road nonlinear dynamics model isproposed. The detecting system for car handing stability combined braking andturning is integrated with the application of GPRS and inertial measurementtechnology and the model reliability is verified. In order to analysis the explicit-implicit features of tire road frictional drag in systematic, the dynamicparameters of the vehicle in accident is obtained with the application of PC-Crash, theimpact of various factors on the vehicle dynamic parameters and its differencescharacteristics is analyzed.
(4) The microscopic mechanism of the tread rubber wear and abrasion isanalyzed; The discrepancy characteristic of tire force is studied combined with thevehicle-road dynamic nonliner model. With the application of the extendminimization, the differences characteristic of friction energy is analyzed inquantitative. Then, through the energy model of tread wear mass, the tread wear andabrasion performance is evalued, an useful insights into solving the explicit-implicitfeatures of tire prints in systematically is proposed.
引文
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