美国中小学体育教育研究
|
摘要
90年代以来,美国中小学的体育教育伴随着基础教育改革的浪潮获得了很大的发展。体育教育的任务逐渐从技能导向发展到健康导向,公共卫生的重点集中到提升终身的生活方式上的身体活动。
美国90年代以前的学校体育按历史阶段分为四个发展时期：殖民地时期(1607-1783)、民族独立时期(1784-1860)、内战至“一战”时期(1861-1915)、从“一战”到20世纪90年代(1915-1990)。
美国学校体育包括课堂体育教育和课外体育教育。通过对课堂体育教育中学生、教学目的、教学内容、教学方法、教学环境、教学评价和教师的分析,以及对课外体育教育中步行和骑自行车上学计划、校内活动和运动俱乐部、校际体育比赛的研究,可以看出美国学校体育呈现出强烈的“创新化”、“个性化”、“健康化”、“终身化”特征。美国学校体育受到核心政治理想、经济、多元文化、教育改革、大众生活方式几个方面的影响。其中核心政治理想因素包括自由、平等、自治、个人主义、整合、多样性六个核心价值观,它们分别对今天美国学校体育的形成产生了一定的影响；高度发达的经济条件为美国学校体育奠定了良好的物质基础并对教师职后培训提供资金支持；多元文化因素包括种族和民族、性别、个体差异性三个方面,特殊的文化氛围造成了今天美国学校体育一定的特殊性；《国家体育标准》的出台是美国学校体育发展史上的一个里程碑,它为美国学校体育建立了一个内容标准,对美国学校体育产生了很大的影响；美国大众的生活方式,如快餐文化、电玩游戏的流行等等,引发了诸如肥胖等诸多的社会问题,这些也对学校体育产生了很大的影响。
美国学校体育中存在体育教育在学校教育中不受重视、合格体育师资力量的缺乏、学校体育课的低参与率、竞技运动造成的两极分化问题。
美国学校体育无论在理论还是实践方面,对我国的学校体育都有诸多启示。美国的学校体育观念、体育教学内容、体育教学方法、学校体育评价和体育教师培养都对我国的学校体育有很大的启示作用。
Since the 1990s, the physical education (P.E.) in U.S. primary and secondary schools has achieved great development along with the wave of reform of basic education. The aim of physical education was making a gradual shift from skill-oriented physical fitness to health-oriented physical fitness, while the public health was turned its focus on improving lifetime activities.
The P. E. in the United States before 1990s is divided into four periods by its historical stage:the colonial (1607-1783); the national independence (1784-1860); the civil war until "World War I" (1861-1915); "World War I" until 1990s (1915-1990).
The P. E. in the U.S. has two forms, the curricular Physical Education and the Extracurricular Physical Education. We can see that the physical education in U.S. has shown strong features towards innovation, personalization, Health and lifetime with the analysis on students, teaching purposes, teaching content, teaching methods, teaching environment, evaluation and teachers in the curricular Physical Education, plus with the research on the Walking and Cycling to School program, school activities and sports clubs, interscholastic athletics in the Extracurricular Physical Education.
The P. E. in the U. S is influenced by multiple factors, such as the core political concepts, economy, multi-culture, educational reform and the public lifestyle. The core political concept consists of freedom, equality, autonomy, individualism, integration and diversity, which influence on the formation of the modern P. E. in the U. S respectively. The highly developed economy laid the material foundation for the P. E in the U. S and also provides a great financial support to teacher training. Race & ethnicity, gender, and individual difference as three major factors related to multi-culture make the United States a specificity in P. E in the U. S today. The National Physical Education Standards is considered as a milestone in the history of the P. E development in the
United States, which establishes a standard framework and has a great influence on the P. E in the United States. The lifestyle of the American public, such as fast-food culture, popular video games, etc. triggers obesity and many other social problems, which also have great impact on the P. E in the United States.
Many problems exist in the American physical education, such as the neglect of physical education in school, lack of qualified physical educators, low participation rate in P. E class and the polarization caused by competitive sports.
The P. E in the U. S, either in theory or in practice, has a lot of inspiration to our physical education. The concepts of P. E, teaching content, teaching methods, evaluation and teacher training can bring up a great inspiration into the P. E in China.
美国90年代以前的学校体育按历史阶段分为四个发展时期：殖民地时期(1607-1783)、民族独立时期(1784-1860)、内战至“一战”时期(1861-1915)、从“一战”到20世纪90年代(1915-1990)。
美国学校体育包括课堂体育教育和课外体育教育。通过对课堂体育教育中学生、教学目的、教学内容、教学方法、教学环境、教学评价和教师的分析,以及对课外体育教育中步行和骑自行车上学计划、校内活动和运动俱乐部、校际体育比赛的研究,可以看出美国学校体育呈现出强烈的“创新化”、“个性化”、“健康化”、“终身化”特征。美国学校体育受到核心政治理想、经济、多元文化、教育改革、大众生活方式几个方面的影响。其中核心政治理想因素包括自由、平等、自治、个人主义、整合、多样性六个核心价值观,它们分别对今天美国学校体育的形成产生了一定的影响；高度发达的经济条件为美国学校体育奠定了良好的物质基础并对教师职后培训提供资金支持；多元文化因素包括种族和民族、性别、个体差异性三个方面,特殊的文化氛围造成了今天美国学校体育一定的特殊性；《国家体育标准》的出台是美国学校体育发展史上的一个里程碑,它为美国学校体育建立了一个内容标准,对美国学校体育产生了很大的影响；美国大众的生活方式,如快餐文化、电玩游戏的流行等等,引发了诸如肥胖等诸多的社会问题,这些也对学校体育产生了很大的影响。
美国学校体育中存在体育教育在学校教育中不受重视、合格体育师资力量的缺乏、学校体育课的低参与率、竞技运动造成的两极分化问题。
美国学校体育无论在理论还是实践方面,对我国的学校体育都有诸多启示。美国的学校体育观念、体育教学内容、体育教学方法、学校体育评价和体育教师培养都对我国的学校体育有很大的启示作用。
Since the 1990s, the physical education (P.E.) in U.S. primary and secondary schools has achieved great development along with the wave of reform of basic education. The aim of physical education was making a gradual shift from skill-oriented physical fitness to health-oriented physical fitness, while the public health was turned its focus on improving lifetime activities.
The P. E. in the United States before 1990s is divided into four periods by its historical stage:the colonial (1607-1783); the national independence (1784-1860); the civil war until "World War I" (1861-1915); "World War I" until 1990s (1915-1990).
The P. E. in the U.S. has two forms, the curricular Physical Education and the Extracurricular Physical Education. We can see that the physical education in U.S. has shown strong features towards innovation, personalization, Health and lifetime with the analysis on students, teaching purposes, teaching content, teaching methods, teaching environment, evaluation and teachers in the curricular Physical Education, plus with the research on the Walking and Cycling to School program, school activities and sports clubs, interscholastic athletics in the Extracurricular Physical Education.
The P. E. in the U. S is influenced by multiple factors, such as the core political concepts, economy, multi-culture, educational reform and the public lifestyle. The core political concept consists of freedom, equality, autonomy, individualism, integration and diversity, which influence on the formation of the modern P. E. in the U. S respectively. The highly developed economy laid the material foundation for the P. E in the U. S and also provides a great financial support to teacher training. Race & ethnicity, gender, and individual difference as three major factors related to multi-culture make the United States a specificity in P. E in the U. S today. The National Physical Education Standards is considered as a milestone in the history of the P. E development in the
United States, which establishes a standard framework and has a great influence on the P. E in the United States. The lifestyle of the American public, such as fast-food culture, popular video games, etc. triggers obesity and many other social problems, which also have great impact on the P. E in the United States.
Many problems exist in the American physical education, such as the neglect of physical education in school, lack of qualified physical educators, low participation rate in P. E class and the polarization caused by competitive sports.
The P. E in the U. S, either in theory or in practice, has a lot of inspiration to our physical education. The concepts of P. E, teaching content, teaching methods, evaluation and teacher training can bring up a great inspiration into the P. E in China.
引文
1柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
(?)Daryl Siedentop. Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport. The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2004
3杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
4 杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
5 李秉德.《教学论》[M].人民教育出版社,2001
6 龚正伟.《美国体育溯源：1600-1918》[J].中国学校体育,2006.6
7 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
8 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
9 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
10 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
11 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
12 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
13 李静波.《美国总统体质委员会对美国学校体育的重要影响》[J].中国体育科技,2000.11
14 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
15 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
16 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
17 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
18 钟启泉.《国外课程改革透视》[M].陕西人民体育出版社,1993年
9 王桂主编.《当代外国教育——教育改革的浪潮与趋势》[M].人民教育出版社,1995年
20 梁国立等.《中、美体育课程之比较—关于课程性质和设计思路的比较》[J].课程·教材·教法,2004年6月第24卷第6期
21 张建华,高嵘,毛振明.《当代美国体育课程改革及对我国的启示》[J].体育科学,2004年第24卷第1期
22伊向仁等.《美国<国家体育标准>与中国<课标>制定、实施和评价状况的研究》[J].体育学刊,2006年11月第13卷第6期
23阎智力,金玉光.《中美中小学体育课程目标比较研究》[J].天津体育学院学报,2005年第20卷第1期
24 陈金凤.《中美体育课程标准的比较研究——美国体育课程标准的变化对我国体育课程改革的借鉴与反思》[D].南京师范大学,2007
25Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony.Rethinking Middle School Physical Education: Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 1
26Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony.Rethinking Middle School Physical Education: Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 1
27Arnett, Mark GThe Effect of Sport-Based Physical Education Lessons on Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
28 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
29 刘海元.《美国体育课程模式对我国体育与健康课程改革的启示》[J].西安体育学院学报,2008年1月第25卷第1期
30 张兆斌,窦晓宁.《中美体育教学模式的比较研究》[J].南京体育学院学报,2007年10月第21卷第5期
31 高振发.《美国、德国体育教学模式的比较研究》[J].南京体育学院学报,2004年10月第18卷第5期
32 曹铭亮,渠广伟.《美国体育教育模式概述》[J].解放军体育学院学报,2004年10月第23卷第4期
33 姚蕾.《体育教学论学程》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2005年
34Gregory J. Welk.The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School-Based Physical Activity Promotion [J]. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12:184-206,2008
35Gregory J. Welk.The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School-Based Physical Activity Promotion [J]. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12:184-206,2008
36 张建华,杨铁黎.《当代美国体育教学评价的改革》[J].天津体育学院学报,2002年第17卷第1期
37 张细谦,曾怀光,韩晓东.《中日美体育学习评价的比较》[J].体育学刊,2001年11月第8卷第6期
38 魏玉存.《中美体育教学评价比较》[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报,2007年第3期
39 姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》[D].首都师范大学,2004
40 李丽.《中日美等国中小学体育教师培养模式比较研究》[J].武汉体育学院学报,2006年1月第40卷第1期
41 陈玉忠,徐菁.《美国体育师资培养和管理的特色及其启示》[J].体育文化导刊,2005.9
42 张妙玲.《美国基础教育体育教师资格认证标准及其启示》[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007年3月第41卷第3期
43 姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》[D].首都师范大学,2004
44Bryan A. McCullick、刘文浩.《美国的体育与竞技运动：两者的比较与对照》[J].体育学刊,2000年第3期
45 周传志.《当代美国体育发展的特点及其启示》[J].体育文化导刊,2006.4
46 颜丽君,艾谢阳.《美国学校体育教育与社会体育教育关系研究》[J].体育科技,2008年(第29卷)第2期
47 李佐惠.《美国学校竞技运动争论的问题与启示》[J].体育文化导刊,2007.8
48 张宏喜.《英、美国家中小学体育健康教育研究》[D].华东师范大学,2008年
49曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
50 耿培新,梁国立.《美国学校体育国家标准研究》[M].人民教育出版社,2007
51杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
52史静寰.《当代美国教育》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
53姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》[D].首都师范大学,2004
54曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
55Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
56Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
57Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
58Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
59Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
60Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
61Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
62Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
55柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
64Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
65Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
66李志实,梁林.《学校体育设施》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2004年
67Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
68Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
69Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
70 杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
71Newman, J.W. America's Teachers:An Introduction to Education.Longman.1998
72Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
73Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
李兴艳.《20世纪术美、日、中学校体育之比较》[J].中国学校体育,2000年04期
王永盛.《美国学校体育简介》[J].中国学校体育,1997年05期
76Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
77Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
78Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
79Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007. Vol.77, No.8
80Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
81Kovar, Susan K., Ermler, Kathy L., Mehrhof, Joella H., Napper-Owen, Gloria E., Choosing Activity Units to Promote Maximum Participation:Creative Physical Education Curricula [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001. Vol.58, Issue 3
82Portman, Penelope A.Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?: Experiences of Ninth Graders in their LastSemester of Required Physical Education[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
83Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony.Rethinking Middle School Physical Education: Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63. Issue 1
84Portman, Penelope A. Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
85Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D.Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
86Portman, Penelope A. Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
87托马斯?帕特森.《美国政治文化》[M].东方出版社,2007
88托马斯?f帕特森.《美国政治文化》[M].东方出版社,2007
89柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005 年
90柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005 年
91杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
92理查德·D·范斯科德等.《美国教育基础——社会展望》[M].教肯科学出版社,1984
93杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
94杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
95杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
96慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
97慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
98静寰.《当代美国教育》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
99Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
(?)·帕特森.《美国政治文化》[M].东方出版社,2007
(?)湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
102Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
103Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007. Vol.77. No.8
104Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
105Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
106Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
107Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
108Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
109Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
110朱斌.《当代美国科技》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
111杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
112陈永明等.《比较教育行政》[M].华东师范大学出版社,2005
113陈永明.《教育经费的国际比较》[M].天津教育出版社,2006
114Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the-School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
115史静寰.《当代美国教育》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
116维基百科http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3
117Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen.The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002. Vol. 59, Issue 3
118Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002. Vol. 59, Issue 3
119 Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol. 59. Issue 3
120 James C. Hannon. Physical Activity Levels of Overweight and Nonoverweight High School Students during Physical Education Classes [J]. Journal of School Health d August 2008, Vol.78, No. 8
121 Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol. 59, Issue 3
122 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
123 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
124 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
125 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
126 Portman. Penelope A.Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003. Vol.60, Issue 3
117家教育发展与政策研究中心编.《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》[M】人民教育出版社,1986年
118国家教育发展与政策研究中心编.《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》[M].人民教育出版社,1986年
129Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D.Charlene R. Burgeson, MA. Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
130Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
131Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
132Kelly R.Laurson, Joey C. Eisenmann, Gregory J. Welk, Eric E. Wickel, Douglas A. Gentile.David A.Walsh. Combined Influence of Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations on Childhood Overweight [J]. The Journal of Pediatrics. August 2008, Pages 209-214
133Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
134Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007. Vol.77, No.8
135胡庆芳.《美国教育360度》[M].教育科学出版社,2007年
136Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
137Portman, Penelope A.Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to bePhysically Active?: Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
138Couturier, Lynn E., Chepko, Steveda, Coughlin, Mary Ann. Student Voices--What Middle and High School Students Have to Say about Physical Education [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Winter2005, Vol.62, Issue 4
139Arnett, Mark G.The Effect of Sport-Based Physical Education Lessons on Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
140 Ang Chen, Catherine D. Ennis. Goals, Interests, and Learning in Physical Education [J]. The Journal of Educational Research, July/August 2004,Vol.97, No.6
[1]曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
[1]Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. Journal of School Health, October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
[2]Zeigler, Earle F. The Physical Education and Sport Curriculum in the 21st Century:Proposed Common Denominators. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol.59, Issue 3
[3]Sandra L. Gibbons& Vicki Ebbeck. The Effect of Different Teaching Strategies on the Moral Development of Physical Education Students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 1997,17,85-98
[4]Sarah Levin& Thomas L. McKenzie& James R. Hussey& Steven H. Kelder& Leslie A. Lytle. Variability of Physical Activity during Physical Education Lessons across Elementary School Grades. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,2001,5(4), 207-218
[5]Patricia S. Griffin. Teaching in an Urban, Multiracial Physical Education Program:The Power of Context. Quest,1985,37,154-165
[6]Kovar, Susan K., Ermler, Kathy L., Mehrhof, Joella H., Napper-Owen, Gloria E.,Choosing Activity Units to Promote Maximum Participation:Creative Physical Education Curricula. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
[7]Sheryle Bergmann Drewe. The Logical Connection between Moral Education and Physical Education. Curriculum Studies,2000, Vol.32, No.4,561-573
[8]Dawn Penneya & Mike Jessb. Physical Education and Physically Active Lives:A Lifelong Approach to Curriculum Development. Sport, Education and Society, July2004, Vol.9, No.2, 269-287
[9]Leah Holland Fiorentino. Service-based Scholarship:An Impetus for Change in Physical Education in Higher Education. Quest.1997,49,369-379
[10]R. Lowry, MD; N. Brener, Ph.D; S. Lee, Ph.D; J. Epping, Med; J. Fulton, Ph.D; D. Eaton, Ph.D. Participation in High School Physical Education-United States,1991-2003. Journal of School Health, February2005, Vol.75. No.2
[11]Taylor, George R. Foundations of Personal Fitness:Process versus product. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter96, Vol.53, Issue 4
[12]Phillip Ward and Panayiotis Doutis. Chapter 2:Toward a Consolidation of the Knowledge Base for Reform in Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1999,18, 382-402
[13]Benham-Deal, Tami, Jenkins, Jayne M., Wallhead, Tristan, Byra, Mark. The Impact of State Standards on Physical Education in Wyoming---A Decade of Change. Physical Educator, 00318981, Spring2007, Vol.64, Issue 2
[14]Tudor-Locke, C., Ainsworth, B. E., Thompson, R. W.,& Matthews, C. E. Comparison of Pedometer and Accelerometer Measures of Free-living Physical Activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2002,34,2045-2051.
[15]Judith Johnson, Connie Deshpande. Health Education and Physical Education:Disciplines Preparing Students as Productive, Healthy Citizens for the Challenges of the 21st Century. Journal of School Health, February2000, vol.70, No.2
[16]Matthew D. Curtner-Smith&Iain G.Kerr&Clare L. Hencken. Teacher Behaviors Related with Pupil Psychosocial Development in Physical Education:a Descriptive-analytic Study. Educational Research, Winterl995, Volume 37, No.3
[17]Catherine D. Ennis. Curriculum:Forming and Reshaping the Vision of Physical Education in a High Need, Low Demand World of Schools. Quest,2006,58,41-59
[18]Morgan, Philip.Teacher Perceptions of Physical Education in the Primary School:Attitudes, Values and Curriculum Preferences. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2008, Vol.65, Issue 1
[19]Richard Lowry, Howell Wechsler, Laura Kann, Janet L. Collins. Recent Trends in Participation in Physical Education Among US High School Students. Journal of School Health, April 2001,Vol.71. No.4
[20]Olafson, Lori. "I Hate Phys. Ed.":Adolescent Girls Talk about Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Spring2002, Vol.59, Issue 2
[21]Richard Baileya and David Morleyb. Towards a Model of Talent Development in Physical Education. Sport, Education and Society, August 2006, Vol.11, No.3,211230,
[22]Solomon, Gloria B. The Promotion of Sociomoral Growth through Physical Education:Field Testing of a Curricular Model. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2007, Vol.64, Issue 3
[23]Nahas, Markus V., Goldfine, Bernie, Collins, Mitchell A. Determinants of Physical Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults:The Basis for High School and College Physical Education to Promote Active Lifestyles. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2003, Vol. 60, Issue 1
[24]Gregory J. Welk. The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School-based Physical Activity Promotion. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,2008,12: 184-206
[25]Livingston, Lori A. Re-Defining the Role of Physical Activity Courses in the Preparation of Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall96, Vol.53, Issue 3
[26]Kelly R.Laurson. Joey C. Eisenmann, Gregory J. Welk, Eric E. Wickel, Douglas A. Gentile,David A.Walsh. Combined Influence of Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations on Childhood Overweight. The Journal of Pediatrics, August 2008, 209-214
[27]Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
[28]Magnotta, John R. A Future Direction for Physical Education:A Mandate for Change. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter93, Vol.50, Issue 1
[29]Anne E. Cox, Ph.D. Alan L. Smith, Ph.D, and Lavon Williams, Ph.D. Change in Physical Education Motivation and Physical Activity. Journal of Adolescent Health,2008,43,506-513
[30]Donetta J. Cothran. Curricular Change in Physical Education:Success Stories from the Front Line. Sport, Education and Society,2001, Vol.6, No.1,67-79
[31]Armstrong, Ketra L., O'Bryant, Camille, Costa, Carla. An Assessment of the Factors that Influence the Promotion and Delivery of Sport, Fitness, and Health Courses:Contributions of Marketing to Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol.59, Issue 3
[32]Derrick Mears. The Effects of Physical Education Requirements on Physical Activity of Young Adults. American Secondary Education, Summer2008,36 (3)
[33]Thomas Wandzilak. Values Development through Physical Education and Athletics. Quest, 1985,37,176-185
[35]Ang Chen, Catherine D. Ennis. Goals, Interests, and Learning in Physical Education. The Journal of Educational Research, July/August 2004, Vol.97, No.6
[36]Kathleen M. Armour, Rebecca Duncombe. Teachers'Continuing Professional Development in Primary Physical Education:Lessons from Present and Past to Inform the Future. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, May 2004, Vol.9, No.1
[37]Michael W. Beets, Kenneth H. Pitetti. Contribution of Physical Education and Sport to Health-Related Fitness in High School Students. Journal of School Health, January 2005, Vol. 75, Mo.1
[38]Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-time Exercise in High School Students. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol.59, Issue 3
[39]Portman, Penelope A. Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
[40]James C. Hannon. Physical Activity Levels of Overweight and Nonoverweight High School Students during Physical Education Classes. Journal of School Health, August 2008, Vol.78, No.8
[41]Ratliffe, Tom, Ratliffe, Laraie. Examining Skill Development in Physical Education Classes: Science on a Shoestring. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter90, Vol.47, Issue 1
[42]Fromel, Karel, Vasendova, Jana, Krapkova, Jana. Esthetic Aspects of Physical Education Classes for Girls. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2000, Vol.57, Issue 3
[43]Kathleen M. Armour and Martin Yelling. Effective Professional Development for Physical Education Teachers:The Role of Informal, Collaborative Learning. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education.2007,26,177-200
[44]John M. Dunn. Honoring the Past Embracing the Future. Quest,2001,53,495-506
[45]Mandigo, James L., Holt, Nicholas L. Elementary Students'Accounts of Optimal Challenge in Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 4
[46]Thomas J. Romance, Maureen R. Weiss and Jerry Bockoven. A Program to Promote Moral Development through Elementary School Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1986,5,126-136
[47]Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony. Rethinking Middle School Physical Education:Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 1
[48]Jenkins, Jayne M., Jenkins, Patience, Collums, Ashley, Werhonig, Gary. Student Perceptions of a Conceptual Physical Education Activity Course. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 4
[49]Ha, Amy S., Johns, David P., Shiu, Ellen W. Students'Perspective in the Design and Implementation of the Physical Education Curriculum. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter2003, Vol.60, Issue 4
[50]Couturier, Lynn E., Chepko, Steveda, Coughlin, Mary Ann. Student Voices---What Middle and High School Students Have to Say about Physical Education. Physical Educator, 00318981, Winter2005, Vol.62, issue 4
[51]Quill, Scott. Saving Generation XXL. Men's Health,10544836, Oct2006, Vol.21, Issue 8
[52]Arnett, Mark G. The Effect of Sport-based Physical Education Lessons on Physical Activity. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
[53]Jeffrey R. Lake, Gareth Stratton, Duncan Martin, Mike Money. Physical Education and Sustainable Development:An Untrodden Path. Quest,2001,53,471-482
[54]Alison Wrynn. Contesting the Canon:Understanding the History of the Evolving Discipline of Kinesiology. Quest,2003,55,244-256
[55]Kang, Sinbok, You, Jeong Ae. Developing a Challenge Program in School Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Spring2003, Vol.60, Issue 2
[56]Bulger, S.M., Mohr, D.J., Carson, L.M.,& Wiegand, R.L. Infusing health-related physical fitness in physical education teacher education. Quest,2001,53,403-417
[57]Darst, P.W. Fitness Routines for Directing Students toward a Physically Active Lifestyle. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,2001,72(82),27-29,33-34
[58]Ennis, C. D. Students'Experiences in Sport-based Physical Education:More than Apologies are Necessary. Quest,1996,48,453-456
[59]Malina, R.M. Tracking of Physical Activity and Fitness across the Lifespan. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1996,67,48-57
[60]Hastie, P. Applied Benefits of the Sport Education Model. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,1998,69(4),24-26
[61]Borra, S. T., Schwartz, N. E., Spain, C. G.,& Natchipolsky, M. M. Food, Physical Activity, and Fun:Inspiring American Kids to More Healthful Lifestyles. Journal of the American Dietetic Association,1995,7,816-818
[62]Wright, M, T., Patterson, D.L.,& Cardinal, B.J. Increasing Children's Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,2000,71(1),26-29
[63]Tannehill, D.,& Zakrajsek, D. Students'Attitudes towards Physical Education:A Multicultural Study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1993,13,78-84
[64]Siedentop, D. What is Sport Education and How does It Work. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,1998,69(4),18-20
[65]Pennington, T.R.,& Krouscas, J.A. Connecting Secondary Physical Education with the Lives of Students. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,1999,70(1),34-39
[66]Carlson, T.B. We Hate Gym:Alienation from Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,467-477
[67]Eston, R.G., Rowlands, A.V.,& Ingledew, D.K. Validity of Heart Rate, Pedometry, and Accelerometry for Predicting the Energy Cost of Children's Activities. Journal of Applied Physiology,1998,84,362-371
[68]Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr., Hyde, R.T., Wing, A.L., Lee, I., Jung, D.L.,& Kampert, J.B. The Association of Changes in Physical-Activity Level and Other Lifestyle Characteristics with Mortality among Men. New England Journal of Medicine,1993,328,538-545
[69]Pate, R.R., Pratt, M., Blair, S.N., et al. Physical Activity and Public Health:a Recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association,1995,273, 402-407
[70]Portman, P.A. Who is Having Fun in Physical Education Classes? Experiences of Sixth-Grade Students in Elementary and Middle Schools. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,435-444
[71]Ross, J.G.,& Pate, R.R. The National Children and Youth Fitness Study:a Summary of Findings. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1987,58(9),51-56
[72]Sallis, J.F.,& McKenzie, T.L. Physical Education's Role in Public Health. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1991,62,124-137
[73]Silverman, S. Research on Teaching in Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1991,62.352-364
[74]Stucky-Ropp, R.C..& DiLorenzo, T.M. Determinants of Exercise in Children. Preventive Medicine,1993,22.880-889
[75]Tinsley, B.J., Holtgrave, D.R., Reise, S.P., Erdley, C.,& Cupp, R.G. Developmental Status, Gender, Age, and Self-reported Decision Making Influences on Students'Risky and Preventive Health Behaviors. Health Education Quarterly,1995,22,244-259
[76]Welk, G.J. The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model:a Conceptual Bridge between Theory and Practice. Quest,1999,51,5-23
[77]Joens-Matre, R. R., Welk, G. J., Calabro, M. A., Russell, D. W.. Nicklay, E.,& Hensley, L. D. Rural-Urban Differences in Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Overweight Prevalence of Children. Journal of Rural Health,2008,24,49-54
[78]Katz, D. L., O'Connell, M., Yeh, M., Nawaz, H., Nijke, V., Anderson, L. M., et al. Public Health Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Overweight and Obesity in School and Worksite Settings:A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,2005,54,1-12
[79]Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E.,& Kowalski, N. P. Convergent Validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science,1997,9,342-352
[80]Cothran, D.C.,& Ennis, C.D. Curricula of Mutual Worth:Comparisons of Students'and Teachers'Curricular Goals. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1998,17,307-326
[81]Ennis, C.D. The Influence of Value Orientations in Curriculum Decision Making. Quest, 1992,44,317-329
[82]Fleming, D.S., Mitchell, M.F., Coleman, M.M.,& Gorecki, J.J. Gender and Race Differences in Rural Student Preferences for Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Supplement,1997,68(1), A-78
[83]Fleming, D.S., Mitchell, M.F., Gorecki, J.J.,& Coleman, M.M. Students Change and So Do Good Programs. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1999,70(2),79-83
[84]Lambert, L.T. A Differentiated Goal Structure Framework for High School Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1999,70(2),20-24
[85]Lenskyj, H.J. Girl-Friendly Sport and Female Values. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal,1994,3(1),35-45
[86]Locke, L.F. Changing Secondary School Physical Education. Quest,1992,44(3),361-372
[87]Mathes, S.,& Battista, R. College Men's and Women's Motives for Participation in Physical Activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills,1985,61,719-726
[88]Metzler, M. A Review of Research on Time in Sport Pedagogy. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1989,8,87-103
[89]Quarterman, J., Harris, G.,& Chew, R.M. African American Students'Perceptions of the Value of Basic Physical Education Activity Programs at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1996,15,188-204
[90]Siedentop, D. Thinking Differently about High School Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1992.63(7),69-73
[91]Strand, B.,& Scantling, B. An Analysis of Secondary Student Preferences towards Physical Education. Physical Educator,1994,51,119-129
[92]Dencker M, Thorsson O, KarlssonMK, et al. Daily Physical Activity Related to Body Fat in Children 8-11 Years. Pediatrics,2006,149:38-42
[93]Aicinena, S. The Teacher and Students Attitudes towards Physical Education. The Physical Educator,1991,48(1),28-32
[94]Blair, S.& Morrow, M. Surgeon General's Report on Physical Fitness. Health and Fitness Journal,1997,1(1),14-18
[95]Duncan, S. The Role of Cognitive Appraisal and Friendship Provisions in Adolescents'Affect and Motivation toward Activity in Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1993,64(3),314-323
[96]Figley, G. Determinants of Attitudes towards Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1985,4,229-240
[97]Greendorfer, S. The Role of Socializing Agents in Female Sport Involvement. Research Quarterly,1977,48,304-310
[98]Griffin, P. Girls'Participation Patterns in a Middle School Team Sports Unit. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1984,4,30-38
[99]Hooper, J.,& Leoni, E. A Physical Activity Curriculum and the Surgeon General's report. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance,1996,67(9),62-65
[100]Hopple, C.,& Graham, G. What Children Think, Feel, and Know about Physical Fitness Testing. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,408-417
[101]McKenzie, T., Alcaraz, J.,& Sails, J. Assessing Childrens'Liking for Activity Units in an Elementamy School Physical Education Curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1994,13,206-215
[102]Patterson, P.,& Faucette, N. Attitudes toward Physical Activity of Fourth and Fifth Grade Boys and Girls. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1990b,61,415-418
[103]Portman, P. Coping Behaviors of Low-Skilled Students in Physical Education Classes: Avoid, Announce, Act out, and Accept. The Physical Educator,1995a,4,29-39
[104]Chase, R. Youth Need More Gym, Less TV, Researchers Say. The Denver post,2000, June 07,8A
[105]Tannehill, D., Romer, J., O'Sullivan, M., England, K.,& Rosenberg, D. Attitudes towards Physical Education:Their Impact on How Physical Education Teachers Make Sense of Their Work. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1994,13,406-420
[106]Treanor, L., Graber, K., Housner, L.,& Weigand, R. Middle School Students'Perception of Coeducational and Same-Sex Physical Education Classes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1998,78,43-56
[107]Walling, M.,& Duda, J. Goals and Their Associations with Beliefs about Success in and Perceptions of the Purposes of Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,140-156
[108]Bailey, D. A.& Martin, A. D. Physical Activity and Skeletal Health in Adolescents. Pediatric and Exercise Science,1994,6,330-347
[109]Luke, M. D.,& Sinclair, G. D. Gender Differences in Adolescents'Attitudes toward School Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1991,11.31-46
[110]Ferguson, K. J., Yesalis, C. E., Pomrehn, P. R.,& Kirkpatrick, M. B. Attitudes, Knowledge, and Beliefs as Predictors of Exercise Intent and Behavior in School-Children. Journal of School Health,1989,59,112-115
[111]Iverson, D. C., Fielding, J. E., Crow, R. S.,& Christenson, G. M. The Promotion of Physical Activity in the United States Population:The Status of Programs in Medical, Worksite, Community, and School Settings. Public Health Reports,1985,100,212-224
[112]Rice, P. L. Attitude of High School Students toward Physical Education Activities, Teachers, and Personal Health. The Physical Educator,1988,45,94-99
[113]Silverman, S.& Subramaniam, P. R. Student Attitude toward Physical Education and Physical Activity:A Review of Measurement Issues and Outcomes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1999,19,97-125
[114]Simon-Morton, B. G., O'Hara, N. M., Simon-Morton, D. G.,& Parcel, G. S. Children and Fitness:A Public Health Perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1987,58, 295-302
[115]Smoll, F. L.,& Schutz, R. W. Children's Attitudes toward Physical Activity:A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology,1980,2,137-147.
[116]Smoll. F. L., Schutz, R. W.,& Keeney, J. K. Relationships among Children's Attitudes, Involvement, and Proficiency in Physical Activities. Research Quarterly,1976,47,797-803.
[117]Stucky-Ropp, R. C.,& DiLorenzo, T. M. Determinants of Exercise in Children. Preventive Medicine,1993,22,880-889.
[118]Gallahue, D.L. Developmental Physical Education for Today's Children. Dubuque. LA: Brown & Benchmark.1996
[119]Jewett, A.E., Bain, L.L.,& Ennis, CD. The Curriculum Process in Physical Education. Dubuque, IA:Brown & Benchmark.1995
[120]Cothran, D.& Ennis, C. Alone in a Crowd:Meeting Students'Needs for Relevance and Connection in Urban High School Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1999,18,234-247
[121]Ennis, C., Cothran, D., Davidson, K., Loftus, S., Owens, L., Swanson, L.& Hopsicker, P. Implementing Curriculum Within a Context of Fear and Disengagement. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1997,17.52-71
[122]Dishman, R. K. Exercise Adherence Research:Future Directions. American Journal of Health Promotion,1988,3,52-56
[123]Lirgg, C. Effects of Same-Sex Versus Coeducational Physical Education on the Self-Perceptions of Middle and High School Students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1993,64(3),324-334
[124]Slava, S., Laurie, D.,& Corbin, C. Long-term Effects of a Conceptual Physical Education Program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1984,55,161-168
[125]Scantling, E., Strand, B., Lackey, D.& McAleese, W. An Analysis of Physical Education Avoidance. The Physical Educator,1995,52(4),197-202
[126]Stewart, M., Green, S.& Huelskamp, J. Secondary Student Attitudes toward Physical Education. The Physical Educator,1991,48(2),72-79
[127]Alexander, P. A., Jetton, T. L.,& Kulikowich, J. M. Interrelationship of Knowledge, Interest, and Recall:Assessing a Model of Domain Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1995,87,559-575
[128]Ames, C. Classrooms:Goals. Structures, and Student Motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology,1992,84,261-271
[129]Newman, J.W. America's Teachers:An Introduction to Education.Longman.1998
[130]Chen, A. A Theoretical Conceptualization for Motivation Research in Physical Education: An Integrated Perspective. Quest,2001,53,35-58
[131]Chen, A.,& Darst, P. W. Situational Interest in Physical Education:A Function of Learning Task Design. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2001,72,150-164
[132]Chen, A.,& Darst, P. W. Individual and Situational Interest:The Role of Gender and Skill. Contemporary Educational Psychology,2002,27,250-269
[133]Clifton, R. T.,& Gill, D. L. Gender Differences in Self-Confidence on a Feminine-Typed Task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1994,16,150-162
[134]Corbin, C. B. Physical Activity for Everyone:What Every Physical Educator Should Know about Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,2002, 21,128-144
[135]Duda, J. L.,& Nicholls, J. G. Dimensions of Achievement Motivation in Schoolwork and Sport. Journal of Educational Psychology,1992,84,290-299
[136]Elliot, A. Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals. Educational Psychologist,1999,34,149-169
[137]Freedman, D. S., Khan, L. K., Serdula, M. K., Galuska, D. A.,& Dietz,W. H. Trends and Correlates of Class 3 Obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association,2002,288,1758-1761
[138]Goudas, M., Biddle, S. J. H., Fox, K. R.,& Underwood, M. It Ain't What You Do; It's the Way that You Do It! Teaching Style Affects Children's Motivation in Track and Field Lessons. The Sport Psychologist,1995,9,254-264
[139]Lee, A. M., Fredenburg, K., Belcher, D.,& Cleveland, N. Gender Differences in Children's Conceptions of Competence and Motivation in Physical Education. Sport, Education & Society,1999,4,161-175
[140]Papaioannou, A. Differential Perceptual and Motivational Patterns When Different Goals Are Adopted. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,1995,17,18-34
[141]Pringle, R. Physical Education, Positivism, and Optimistic Claims from Achievement Goal Theories. Quest,2000,52,18-31
[142]Spray, C. M.,& Biddle, S. J. H. Achievement Goal Orientations and Participation in Physical Education among Male and Female Sixth form Students. European Physical Education Review,1997,3,83-90
[143]Spray, C. M., Biddle, S. J. H.,& Fox, K. R. Achievement Goals, Beliefs about the Cause of Success and Reported Emotion in Post-16 Physical Education. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1999,17,213-219
[144]Tobias, S. Interest, Prior Knowledge, and Learning. Review of Educational Research,1994, 64,37-54
[145]Armour, K. M.& Yelling, M. R. Professional'Development'and Professional'Learning': Bridging the Gap for Experienced Physical Education Teachers, European Physical Education Review,2004,10(1),71-74
[146]Spink, K.S.,& Carron, A. V. The Effects of Team Building on the Adherence Patterns of Female Exercise Participants. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1993,15,39-49
[147]Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States,1999-2004. JAMA,2006,295:1549-1555
[148]Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among US Children, Adolescents, and Adults,1999-2002. JAMA,2004,291:2847-2850
[149]Kimm S, Barton B, Obarzanek E, et al. Obesity Development during Adolescence in a Biracial Cohort:the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Pediatrics,2002,110:e54
[150]Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and Trends in Overweight among US Children and Adolescents,1999-2000. JAMA,2002,288:1728-1732
[151]柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》.中山大学出版社,2005年
[152]王桂主编.《当代外国教育—教育改革的浪潮与趋势》.人民教育出版社,1995年
[153]耿培新,梁国立.《美国学校体育国家标准研究》.人民教育出版社,2007年
[154]梁国立等.《中、美体育课程之比较—关于课程性质和设计思路的比较》.课程·教材·教法,2004年6月第24卷第6期
[155]张建华,高嵘,毛振明.《当代美国体育课程改革及对我国的启示》.体育科学,2004年第24卷第1期
[156]伊向仁等.《美国<国家体育标准>与中国<课标>制定、实施和评价状况的研究》.体育学刊,2006年11月第13卷第6期
[157]阎智力,金玉光.《中美中小学体育课程目标比较研究》.天津体育学院学报,2005年第20卷第1期
[158]陈金凤.《中美体育课程标准的比较研究——美国体育课程标准的变化对我国体育课程改革的借鉴与反思》.南京师范大学,2007
[159]刘海元.《美国体育课程模式对我国体育与健康课程改革的启示》.西安体育学院学报,2008年1月第25卷第1期
[160]张兆斌,窦晓宁.《中美体育教学模式的比较研究》.南京体育学院学报,2007年10月第21卷第5期
[161]高振发.《美国、德国体育教学模式的比较研究》.南京体育学院学报,2004年10月第18卷第5期
[162]曹铭亮,渠广伟.《美国体育教育模式概述》.解放军体育学院学报,2004年10月第23卷第4期
[163]姚蕾.《体育教学论学程》.北京体育大学出版社,2005年
[164]张建华,杨铁黎.《当代美国体育教学评价的改革》.天津体育学院学报,2002年第17卷第1期
[165]张细谦,曾怀光,韩晓东.《中口美体育学习评价的比较》.体育学刊,2001年11月 第8卷第6期
[166]魏玉存.《中美体育教学评价比较》.哈尔滨体育学院学报,2007年第3期
[167]姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》.首都师范大学,2004
[168]李丽.《中日美等国中小学体育教师培养模式比较研究》.武汉体育学院学报,2006年1月第40卷第1期
[169]陈玉忠,徐菁.《美国体育师资培养和管理的特色及其启示》.体育文化导刊,2005.9
[170]张妙玲.《美国丛础教育体育教师资格认证标准及其启示》.武汉体育学院学报,2007年3月第41卷第3期
[171]姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》.首都师范大学,2004
[172]Bryan A. McCullick、刘文浩.《美国的体育与竞技运动：两者的比较与对照》.体育学刊,2000年第3期
[173]周传志.《当代美国体育发展的特点及其启示》.体育文化导刊,2006.4
[174]颜丽君,艾谢阳.《美国学校体育教育与社会体育教育关系研究》.体育科技,2008年(第29卷)第2期
[175]李佐惠.《美国学校竞技运动争论的问题与启示》.体育文化导刊,2007.8
[176]张宏喜.《英、美国家中小学体育健康教育研究》.华东师范大学,2008年
[177]杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》.广东教育出版社,2004
[178]李秉德.《教学论》.人民教育出版社,2001
[179]龚正伟.《美国体育溯源：1600-1918》.中国学校体育,2006.6
[180]范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》.人民体育出版社,1991年
[181]李静波.《美国总统体质委员会对美国学校体育的重要影响》.中国体育科技,2000.11
[182]钟启泉.《国外课程改革透视》.陕西人民体育出版社,1993年
[183]曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》.人民体育出版社,1999年
[184]史静寰.《当代美国教育》.社会科学文献出版社,2001年
[185]李志实,梁林.《学校体育设施》.北京体育大学出版社,2004年
[186]李兴艳.《20世纪末美、日、中学校体育之比较》.中国学校体育,2000年04期
[187]王永盛.《美国学校体育简介》.中国学校体育,1997年05期
[188]陈琦.《从终身体育思想审视我国学校体育的改革和发展》.北京体育大学,2002
[189]托马斯?怕特森.《美国政治文化》.东方出版社,2007
[190]理查德?D?范斯科德等.《美国教育基础——社会展望》.教育科学出版社,1984
[191]陈永明等.《比较教育行政》.华东师范大学出版社,2005
[192]朱斌.《当代美国科技》.社会科学文献出版社,2001年
[193]陈永明.《教育经费的国际比较》.天津教育出版社,2006
[194]国家教育发展与政策研究中心编.《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》.人民教育出版社,1986年
[195]胡庆芳.《美国教育360度》.教育科学出版社,2007年
[196]陈宝森.《当代美国经济》.社会科学文献出版社,2001年
[197]吴斐.《美国社会与文化》.武汉大学出版社,2003年
[198]潘绍伟,。于可红.《学校体育学》.高等教育出版社,2005年
[199]韦恩·厄本,杰宁斯·瓦格纳.《美国教育—部历史档案》.中国人民大学出版社,2009年
[200]卢瑟·S·路德克.《构建美国-美H国的社会与文化》.江苏人民出版社,2006年
(?)Daryl Siedentop. Introduction to Physical Education, Fitness, and Sport. The McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,2004
3杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
4 杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
5 李秉德.《教学论》[M].人民教育出版社,2001
6 龚正伟.《美国体育溯源：1600-1918》[J].中国学校体育,2006.6
7 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
8 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
9 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
10 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
11 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
12 范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》[M].人民体育出版社,1991年
13 李静波.《美国总统体质委员会对美国学校体育的重要影响》[J].中国体育科技,2000.11
14 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
15 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
16 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
17 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
18 钟启泉.《国外课程改革透视》[M].陕西人民体育出版社,1993年
9 王桂主编.《当代外国教育——教育改革的浪潮与趋势》[M].人民教育出版社,1995年
20 梁国立等.《中、美体育课程之比较—关于课程性质和设计思路的比较》[J].课程·教材·教法,2004年6月第24卷第6期
21 张建华,高嵘,毛振明.《当代美国体育课程改革及对我国的启示》[J].体育科学,2004年第24卷第1期
22伊向仁等.《美国<国家体育标准>与中国<课标>制定、实施和评价状况的研究》[J].体育学刊,2006年11月第13卷第6期
23阎智力,金玉光.《中美中小学体育课程目标比较研究》[J].天津体育学院学报,2005年第20卷第1期
24 陈金凤.《中美体育课程标准的比较研究——美国体育课程标准的变化对我国体育课程改革的借鉴与反思》[D].南京师范大学,2007
25Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony.Rethinking Middle School Physical Education: Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 1
26Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony.Rethinking Middle School Physical Education: Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 1
27Arnett, Mark GThe Effect of Sport-Based Physical Education Lessons on Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
28 柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
29 刘海元.《美国体育课程模式对我国体育与健康课程改革的启示》[J].西安体育学院学报,2008年1月第25卷第1期
30 张兆斌,窦晓宁.《中美体育教学模式的比较研究》[J].南京体育学院学报,2007年10月第21卷第5期
31 高振发.《美国、德国体育教学模式的比较研究》[J].南京体育学院学报,2004年10月第18卷第5期
32 曹铭亮,渠广伟.《美国体育教育模式概述》[J].解放军体育学院学报,2004年10月第23卷第4期
33 姚蕾.《体育教学论学程》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2005年
34Gregory J. Welk.The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School-Based Physical Activity Promotion [J]. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12:184-206,2008
35Gregory J. Welk.The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School-Based Physical Activity Promotion [J]. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,12:184-206,2008
36 张建华,杨铁黎.《当代美国体育教学评价的改革》[J].天津体育学院学报,2002年第17卷第1期
37 张细谦,曾怀光,韩晓东.《中日美体育学习评价的比较》[J].体育学刊,2001年11月第8卷第6期
38 魏玉存.《中美体育教学评价比较》[J].哈尔滨体育学院学报,2007年第3期
39 姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》[D].首都师范大学,2004
40 李丽.《中日美等国中小学体育教师培养模式比较研究》[J].武汉体育学院学报,2006年1月第40卷第1期
41 陈玉忠,徐菁.《美国体育师资培养和管理的特色及其启示》[J].体育文化导刊,2005.9
42 张妙玲.《美国基础教育体育教师资格认证标准及其启示》[J].武汉体育学院学报,2007年3月第41卷第3期
43 姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》[D].首都师范大学,2004
44Bryan A. McCullick、刘文浩.《美国的体育与竞技运动：两者的比较与对照》[J].体育学刊,2000年第3期
45 周传志.《当代美国体育发展的特点及其启示》[J].体育文化导刊,2006.4
46 颜丽君,艾谢阳.《美国学校体育教育与社会体育教育关系研究》[J].体育科技,2008年(第29卷)第2期
47 李佐惠.《美国学校竞技运动争论的问题与启示》[J].体育文化导刊,2007.8
48 张宏喜.《英、美国家中小学体育健康教育研究》[D].华东师范大学,2008年
49曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
50 耿培新,梁国立.《美国学校体育国家标准研究》[M].人民教育出版社,2007
51杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
52史静寰.《当代美国教育》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
53姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》[D].首都师范大学,2004
54曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
55Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
56Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
57Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
58Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
59Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
60Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
61Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
62Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
55柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005年
64Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
65Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
66李志实,梁林.《学校体育设施》[M].北京体育大学出版社,2004年
67Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
68Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
69Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
70 杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
71Newman, J.W. America's Teachers:An Introduction to Education.Longman.1998
72Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
73Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
李兴艳.《20世纪术美、日、中学校体育之比较》[J].中国学校体育,2000年04期
王永盛.《美国学校体育简介》[J].中国学校体育,1997年05期
76Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
77Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
78Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
79Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007. Vol.77, No.8
80Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
81Kovar, Susan K., Ermler, Kathy L., Mehrhof, Joella H., Napper-Owen, Gloria E., Choosing Activity Units to Promote Maximum Participation:Creative Physical Education Curricula [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001. Vol.58, Issue 3
82Portman, Penelope A.Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?: Experiences of Ninth Graders in their LastSemester of Required Physical Education[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
83Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony.Rethinking Middle School Physical Education: Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63. Issue 1
84Portman, Penelope A. Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
85Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D.Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
86Portman, Penelope A. Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
87托马斯?帕特森.《美国政治文化》[M].东方出版社,2007
88托马斯?f帕特森.《美国政治文化》[M].东方出版社,2007
89柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005 年
90柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》[M].中山大学出版社,2005 年
91杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
92理查德·D·范斯科德等.《美国教育基础——社会展望》[M].教肯科学出版社,1984
93杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
94杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
95杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
96慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
97慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
98静寰.《当代美国教育》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
99Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
(?)·帕特森.《美国政治文化》[M].东方出版社,2007
(?)湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
102Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
103Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007. Vol.77. No.8
104Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
105Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
106Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
107Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
108Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
109Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
110朱斌.《当代美国科技》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
111杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》[M].广东教育出版社,2004
112陈永明等.《比较教育行政》[M].华东师范大学出版社,2005
113陈永明.《教育经费的国际比较》[M].天津教育出版社,2006
114Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the-School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
115史静寰.《当代美国教育》[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001年
116维基百科http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3
117Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen.The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002. Vol. 59, Issue 3
118Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002. Vol. 59, Issue 3
119 Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol. 59. Issue 3
120 James C. Hannon. Physical Activity Levels of Overweight and Nonoverweight High School Students during Physical Education Classes [J]. Journal of School Health d August 2008, Vol.78, No. 8
121 Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol. 59, Issue 3
122 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
123 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
124 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
125 Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
126 Portman. Penelope A.Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003. Vol.60, Issue 3
117家教育发展与政策研究中心编.《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》[M】人民教育出版社,1986年
118国家教育发展与政策研究中心编.《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》[M].人民教育出版社,1986年
129Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D.Charlene R. Burgeson, MA. Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
130Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
131Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
132Kelly R.Laurson, Joey C. Eisenmann, Gregory J. Welk, Eric E. Wickel, Douglas A. Gentile.David A.Walsh. Combined Influence of Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations on Childhood Overweight [J]. The Journal of Pediatrics. August 2008, Pages 209-214
133Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
134Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007. Vol.77, No.8
135胡庆芳.《美国教育360度》[M].教育科学出版社,2007年
136Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006[J]. Journal of School Health. October 2007, Vol.77. No.8
137Portman, Penelope A.Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to bePhysically Active?: Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education[J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
138Couturier, Lynn E., Chepko, Steveda, Coughlin, Mary Ann. Student Voices--What Middle and High School Students Have to Say about Physical Education [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Winter2005, Vol.62, Issue 4
139Arnett, Mark G.The Effect of Sport-Based Physical Education Lessons on Physical Activity [J]. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
140 Ang Chen, Catherine D. Ennis. Goals, Interests, and Learning in Physical Education [J]. The Journal of Educational Research, July/August 2004,Vol.97, No.6
[1]曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》[M].人民体育出版社,1999年
[1]Sarah M. Lee, Ph.D,Charlene R. Burgeson, MA, Janet E. Fulton, Ph.D, Christine G. Spain, MA. Physical Education and Physical Activity:Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. Journal of School Health, October 2007, Vol.77, No.8
[2]Zeigler, Earle F. The Physical Education and Sport Curriculum in the 21st Century:Proposed Common Denominators. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol.59, Issue 3
[3]Sandra L. Gibbons& Vicki Ebbeck. The Effect of Different Teaching Strategies on the Moral Development of Physical Education Students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 1997,17,85-98
[4]Sarah Levin& Thomas L. McKenzie& James R. Hussey& Steven H. Kelder& Leslie A. Lytle. Variability of Physical Activity during Physical Education Lessons across Elementary School Grades. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,2001,5(4), 207-218
[5]Patricia S. Griffin. Teaching in an Urban, Multiracial Physical Education Program:The Power of Context. Quest,1985,37,154-165
[6]Kovar, Susan K., Ermler, Kathy L., Mehrhof, Joella H., Napper-Owen, Gloria E.,Choosing Activity Units to Promote Maximum Participation:Creative Physical Education Curricula. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
[7]Sheryle Bergmann Drewe. The Logical Connection between Moral Education and Physical Education. Curriculum Studies,2000, Vol.32, No.4,561-573
[8]Dawn Penneya & Mike Jessb. Physical Education and Physically Active Lives:A Lifelong Approach to Curriculum Development. Sport, Education and Society, July2004, Vol.9, No.2, 269-287
[9]Leah Holland Fiorentino. Service-based Scholarship:An Impetus for Change in Physical Education in Higher Education. Quest.1997,49,369-379
[10]R. Lowry, MD; N. Brener, Ph.D; S. Lee, Ph.D; J. Epping, Med; J. Fulton, Ph.D; D. Eaton, Ph.D. Participation in High School Physical Education-United States,1991-2003. Journal of School Health, February2005, Vol.75. No.2
[11]Taylor, George R. Foundations of Personal Fitness:Process versus product. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter96, Vol.53, Issue 4
[12]Phillip Ward and Panayiotis Doutis. Chapter 2:Toward a Consolidation of the Knowledge Base for Reform in Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1999,18, 382-402
[13]Benham-Deal, Tami, Jenkins, Jayne M., Wallhead, Tristan, Byra, Mark. The Impact of State Standards on Physical Education in Wyoming---A Decade of Change. Physical Educator, 00318981, Spring2007, Vol.64, Issue 2
[14]Tudor-Locke, C., Ainsworth, B. E., Thompson, R. W.,& Matthews, C. E. Comparison of Pedometer and Accelerometer Measures of Free-living Physical Activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2002,34,2045-2051.
[15]Judith Johnson, Connie Deshpande. Health Education and Physical Education:Disciplines Preparing Students as Productive, Healthy Citizens for the Challenges of the 21st Century. Journal of School Health, February2000, vol.70, No.2
[16]Matthew D. Curtner-Smith&Iain G.Kerr&Clare L. Hencken. Teacher Behaviors Related with Pupil Psychosocial Development in Physical Education:a Descriptive-analytic Study. Educational Research, Winterl995, Volume 37, No.3
[17]Catherine D. Ennis. Curriculum:Forming and Reshaping the Vision of Physical Education in a High Need, Low Demand World of Schools. Quest,2006,58,41-59
[18]Morgan, Philip.Teacher Perceptions of Physical Education in the Primary School:Attitudes, Values and Curriculum Preferences. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2008, Vol.65, Issue 1
[19]Richard Lowry, Howell Wechsler, Laura Kann, Janet L. Collins. Recent Trends in Participation in Physical Education Among US High School Students. Journal of School Health, April 2001,Vol.71. No.4
[20]Olafson, Lori. "I Hate Phys. Ed.":Adolescent Girls Talk about Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Spring2002, Vol.59, Issue 2
[21]Richard Baileya and David Morleyb. Towards a Model of Talent Development in Physical Education. Sport, Education and Society, August 2006, Vol.11, No.3,211230,
[22]Solomon, Gloria B. The Promotion of Sociomoral Growth through Physical Education:Field Testing of a Curricular Model. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2007, Vol.64, Issue 3
[23]Nahas, Markus V., Goldfine, Bernie, Collins, Mitchell A. Determinants of Physical Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults:The Basis for High School and College Physical Education to Promote Active Lifestyles. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2003, Vol. 60, Issue 1
[24]Gregory J. Welk. The Role of Physical Activity Assessments for School-based Physical Activity Promotion. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science,2008,12: 184-206
[25]Livingston, Lori A. Re-Defining the Role of Physical Activity Courses in the Preparation of Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall96, Vol.53, Issue 3
[26]Kelly R.Laurson. Joey C. Eisenmann, Gregory J. Welk, Eric E. Wickel, Douglas A. Gentile,David A.Walsh. Combined Influence of Physical Activity and Screen Time Recommendations on Childhood Overweight. The Journal of Pediatrics, August 2008, 209-214
[27]Greenwood, Michael, Stillwell, Jim. Activity Preferences of Middle School Physical Education Students. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2001, Vol.58, Issue 1
[28]Magnotta, John R. A Future Direction for Physical Education:A Mandate for Change. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter93, Vol.50, Issue 1
[29]Anne E. Cox, Ph.D. Alan L. Smith, Ph.D, and Lavon Williams, Ph.D. Change in Physical Education Motivation and Physical Activity. Journal of Adolescent Health,2008,43,506-513
[30]Donetta J. Cothran. Curricular Change in Physical Education:Success Stories from the Front Line. Sport, Education and Society,2001, Vol.6, No.1,67-79
[31]Armstrong, Ketra L., O'Bryant, Camille, Costa, Carla. An Assessment of the Factors that Influence the Promotion and Delivery of Sport, Fitness, and Health Courses:Contributions of Marketing to Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol.59, Issue 3
[32]Derrick Mears. The Effects of Physical Education Requirements on Physical Activity of Young Adults. American Secondary Education, Summer2008,36 (3)
[33]Thomas Wandzilak. Values Development through Physical Education and Athletics. Quest, 1985,37,176-185
[35]Ang Chen, Catherine D. Ennis. Goals, Interests, and Learning in Physical Education. The Journal of Educational Research, July/August 2004, Vol.97, No.6
[36]Kathleen M. Armour, Rebecca Duncombe. Teachers'Continuing Professional Development in Primary Physical Education:Lessons from Present and Past to Inform the Future. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, May 2004, Vol.9, No.1
[37]Michael W. Beets, Kenneth H. Pitetti. Contribution of Physical Education and Sport to Health-Related Fitness in High School Students. Journal of School Health, January 2005, Vol. 75, Mo.1
[38]Chung, Min-hau, Phillips, D. Allen. The Relationship between Attitude toward Physical Education and Leisure-time Exercise in High School Students. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2002, Vol.59, Issue 3
[39]Portman, Penelope A. Are Physical Education Classes Encouraging Students to be Physically Active?:Experiences of Ninth Graders in their Last Semester of Required Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2003, Vol.60, Issue 3
[40]James C. Hannon. Physical Activity Levels of Overweight and Nonoverweight High School Students during Physical Education Classes. Journal of School Health, August 2008, Vol.78, No.8
[41]Ratliffe, Tom, Ratliffe, Laraie. Examining Skill Development in Physical Education Classes: Science on a Shoestring. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter90, Vol.47, Issue 1
[42]Fromel, Karel, Vasendova, Jana, Krapkova, Jana. Esthetic Aspects of Physical Education Classes for Girls. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2000, Vol.57, Issue 3
[43]Kathleen M. Armour and Martin Yelling. Effective Professional Development for Physical Education Teachers:The Role of Informal, Collaborative Learning. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education.2007,26,177-200
[44]John M. Dunn. Honoring the Past Embracing the Future. Quest,2001,53,495-506
[45]Mandigo, James L., Holt, Nicholas L. Elementary Students'Accounts of Optimal Challenge in Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 4
[46]Thomas J. Romance, Maureen R. Weiss and Jerry Bockoven. A Program to Promote Moral Development through Elementary School Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1986,5,126-136
[47]Mohr, Derek J., Townsend, J. Scoff, Pritchard, Tony. Rethinking Middle School Physical Education:Combining Lifetime Leisure Activities and Sport Education to Encourage Physical Activity. Physical Educator,00318981, Late Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 1
[48]Jenkins, Jayne M., Jenkins, Patience, Collums, Ashley, Werhonig, Gary. Student Perceptions of a Conceptual Physical Education Activity Course. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter2006, Vol.63, Issue 4
[49]Ha, Amy S., Johns, David P., Shiu, Ellen W. Students'Perspective in the Design and Implementation of the Physical Education Curriculum. Physical Educator,00318981, Early Winter2003, Vol.60, Issue 4
[50]Couturier, Lynn E., Chepko, Steveda, Coughlin, Mary Ann. Student Voices---What Middle and High School Students Have to Say about Physical Education. Physical Educator, 00318981, Winter2005, Vol.62, issue 4
[51]Quill, Scott. Saving Generation XXL. Men's Health,10544836, Oct2006, Vol.21, Issue 8
[52]Arnett, Mark G. The Effect of Sport-based Physical Education Lessons on Physical Activity. Physical Educator,00318981, Fall2001, Vol.58, Issue 3
[53]Jeffrey R. Lake, Gareth Stratton, Duncan Martin, Mike Money. Physical Education and Sustainable Development:An Untrodden Path. Quest,2001,53,471-482
[54]Alison Wrynn. Contesting the Canon:Understanding the History of the Evolving Discipline of Kinesiology. Quest,2003,55,244-256
[55]Kang, Sinbok, You, Jeong Ae. Developing a Challenge Program in School Physical Education. Physical Educator,00318981, Spring2003, Vol.60, Issue 2
[56]Bulger, S.M., Mohr, D.J., Carson, L.M.,& Wiegand, R.L. Infusing health-related physical fitness in physical education teacher education. Quest,2001,53,403-417
[57]Darst, P.W. Fitness Routines for Directing Students toward a Physically Active Lifestyle. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,2001,72(82),27-29,33-34
[58]Ennis, C. D. Students'Experiences in Sport-based Physical Education:More than Apologies are Necessary. Quest,1996,48,453-456
[59]Malina, R.M. Tracking of Physical Activity and Fitness across the Lifespan. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1996,67,48-57
[60]Hastie, P. Applied Benefits of the Sport Education Model. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,1998,69(4),24-26
[61]Borra, S. T., Schwartz, N. E., Spain, C. G.,& Natchipolsky, M. M. Food, Physical Activity, and Fun:Inspiring American Kids to More Healthful Lifestyles. Journal of the American Dietetic Association,1995,7,816-818
[62]Wright, M, T., Patterson, D.L.,& Cardinal, B.J. Increasing Children's Physical Activity. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,2000,71(1),26-29
[63]Tannehill, D.,& Zakrajsek, D. Students'Attitudes towards Physical Education:A Multicultural Study. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1993,13,78-84
[64]Siedentop, D. What is Sport Education and How does It Work. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,1998,69(4),18-20
[65]Pennington, T.R.,& Krouscas, J.A. Connecting Secondary Physical Education with the Lives of Students. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation,& Dance,1999,70(1),34-39
[66]Carlson, T.B. We Hate Gym:Alienation from Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,467-477
[67]Eston, R.G., Rowlands, A.V.,& Ingledew, D.K. Validity of Heart Rate, Pedometry, and Accelerometry for Predicting the Energy Cost of Children's Activities. Journal of Applied Physiology,1998,84,362-371
[68]Paffenbarger, R.S., Jr., Hyde, R.T., Wing, A.L., Lee, I., Jung, D.L.,& Kampert, J.B. The Association of Changes in Physical-Activity Level and Other Lifestyle Characteristics with Mortality among Men. New England Journal of Medicine,1993,328,538-545
[69]Pate, R.R., Pratt, M., Blair, S.N., et al. Physical Activity and Public Health:a Recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association,1995,273, 402-407
[70]Portman, P.A. Who is Having Fun in Physical Education Classes? Experiences of Sixth-Grade Students in Elementary and Middle Schools. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,435-444
[71]Ross, J.G.,& Pate, R.R. The National Children and Youth Fitness Study:a Summary of Findings. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1987,58(9),51-56
[72]Sallis, J.F.,& McKenzie, T.L. Physical Education's Role in Public Health. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1991,62,124-137
[73]Silverman, S. Research on Teaching in Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1991,62.352-364
[74]Stucky-Ropp, R.C..& DiLorenzo, T.M. Determinants of Exercise in Children. Preventive Medicine,1993,22.880-889
[75]Tinsley, B.J., Holtgrave, D.R., Reise, S.P., Erdley, C.,& Cupp, R.G. Developmental Status, Gender, Age, and Self-reported Decision Making Influences on Students'Risky and Preventive Health Behaviors. Health Education Quarterly,1995,22,244-259
[76]Welk, G.J. The Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model:a Conceptual Bridge between Theory and Practice. Quest,1999,51,5-23
[77]Joens-Matre, R. R., Welk, G. J., Calabro, M. A., Russell, D. W.. Nicklay, E.,& Hensley, L. D. Rural-Urban Differences in Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Overweight Prevalence of Children. Journal of Rural Health,2008,24,49-54
[78]Katz, D. L., O'Connell, M., Yeh, M., Nawaz, H., Nijke, V., Anderson, L. M., et al. Public Health Strategies for Preventing and Controlling Overweight and Obesity in School and Worksite Settings:A Report on Recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,2005,54,1-12
[79]Kowalski, K. C., Crocker, P. R. E.,& Kowalski, N. P. Convergent Validity of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Pediatric Exercise Science,1997,9,342-352
[80]Cothran, D.C.,& Ennis, C.D. Curricula of Mutual Worth:Comparisons of Students'and Teachers'Curricular Goals. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1998,17,307-326
[81]Ennis, C.D. The Influence of Value Orientations in Curriculum Decision Making. Quest, 1992,44,317-329
[82]Fleming, D.S., Mitchell, M.F., Coleman, M.M.,& Gorecki, J.J. Gender and Race Differences in Rural Student Preferences for Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Supplement,1997,68(1), A-78
[83]Fleming, D.S., Mitchell, M.F., Gorecki, J.J.,& Coleman, M.M. Students Change and So Do Good Programs. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1999,70(2),79-83
[84]Lambert, L.T. A Differentiated Goal Structure Framework for High School Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1999,70(2),20-24
[85]Lenskyj, H.J. Girl-Friendly Sport and Female Values. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal,1994,3(1),35-45
[86]Locke, L.F. Changing Secondary School Physical Education. Quest,1992,44(3),361-372
[87]Mathes, S.,& Battista, R. College Men's and Women's Motives for Participation in Physical Activity. Perceptual and Motor Skills,1985,61,719-726
[88]Metzler, M. A Review of Research on Time in Sport Pedagogy. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1989,8,87-103
[89]Quarterman, J., Harris, G.,& Chew, R.M. African American Students'Perceptions of the Value of Basic Physical Education Activity Programs at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1996,15,188-204
[90]Siedentop, D. Thinking Differently about High School Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance,1992.63(7),69-73
[91]Strand, B.,& Scantling, B. An Analysis of Secondary Student Preferences towards Physical Education. Physical Educator,1994,51,119-129
[92]Dencker M, Thorsson O, KarlssonMK, et al. Daily Physical Activity Related to Body Fat in Children 8-11 Years. Pediatrics,2006,149:38-42
[93]Aicinena, S. The Teacher and Students Attitudes towards Physical Education. The Physical Educator,1991,48(1),28-32
[94]Blair, S.& Morrow, M. Surgeon General's Report on Physical Fitness. Health and Fitness Journal,1997,1(1),14-18
[95]Duncan, S. The Role of Cognitive Appraisal and Friendship Provisions in Adolescents'Affect and Motivation toward Activity in Physical Education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1993,64(3),314-323
[96]Figley, G. Determinants of Attitudes towards Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1985,4,229-240
[97]Greendorfer, S. The Role of Socializing Agents in Female Sport Involvement. Research Quarterly,1977,48,304-310
[98]Griffin, P. Girls'Participation Patterns in a Middle School Team Sports Unit. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1984,4,30-38
[99]Hooper, J.,& Leoni, E. A Physical Activity Curriculum and the Surgeon General's report. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance,1996,67(9),62-65
[100]Hopple, C.,& Graham, G. What Children Think, Feel, and Know about Physical Fitness Testing. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,408-417
[101]McKenzie, T., Alcaraz, J.,& Sails, J. Assessing Childrens'Liking for Activity Units in an Elementamy School Physical Education Curriculum. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1994,13,206-215
[102]Patterson, P.,& Faucette, N. Attitudes toward Physical Activity of Fourth and Fifth Grade Boys and Girls. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1990b,61,415-418
[103]Portman, P. Coping Behaviors of Low-Skilled Students in Physical Education Classes: Avoid, Announce, Act out, and Accept. The Physical Educator,1995a,4,29-39
[104]Chase, R. Youth Need More Gym, Less TV, Researchers Say. The Denver post,2000, June 07,8A
[105]Tannehill, D., Romer, J., O'Sullivan, M., England, K.,& Rosenberg, D. Attitudes towards Physical Education:Their Impact on How Physical Education Teachers Make Sense of Their Work. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1994,13,406-420
[106]Treanor, L., Graber, K., Housner, L.,& Weigand, R. Middle School Students'Perception of Coeducational and Same-Sex Physical Education Classes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1998,78,43-56
[107]Walling, M.,& Duda, J. Goals and Their Associations with Beliefs about Success in and Perceptions of the Purposes of Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1995,14,140-156
[108]Bailey, D. A.& Martin, A. D. Physical Activity and Skeletal Health in Adolescents. Pediatric and Exercise Science,1994,6,330-347
[109]Luke, M. D.,& Sinclair, G. D. Gender Differences in Adolescents'Attitudes toward School Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1991,11.31-46
[110]Ferguson, K. J., Yesalis, C. E., Pomrehn, P. R.,& Kirkpatrick, M. B. Attitudes, Knowledge, and Beliefs as Predictors of Exercise Intent and Behavior in School-Children. Journal of School Health,1989,59,112-115
[111]Iverson, D. C., Fielding, J. E., Crow, R. S.,& Christenson, G. M. The Promotion of Physical Activity in the United States Population:The Status of Programs in Medical, Worksite, Community, and School Settings. Public Health Reports,1985,100,212-224
[112]Rice, P. L. Attitude of High School Students toward Physical Education Activities, Teachers, and Personal Health. The Physical Educator,1988,45,94-99
[113]Silverman, S.& Subramaniam, P. R. Student Attitude toward Physical Education and Physical Activity:A Review of Measurement Issues and Outcomes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1999,19,97-125
[114]Simon-Morton, B. G., O'Hara, N. M., Simon-Morton, D. G.,& Parcel, G. S. Children and Fitness:A Public Health Perspective. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1987,58, 295-302
[115]Smoll, F. L.,& Schutz, R. W. Children's Attitudes toward Physical Activity:A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Sport Psychology,1980,2,137-147.
[116]Smoll. F. L., Schutz, R. W.,& Keeney, J. K. Relationships among Children's Attitudes, Involvement, and Proficiency in Physical Activities. Research Quarterly,1976,47,797-803.
[117]Stucky-Ropp, R. C.,& DiLorenzo, T. M. Determinants of Exercise in Children. Preventive Medicine,1993,22,880-889.
[118]Gallahue, D.L. Developmental Physical Education for Today's Children. Dubuque. LA: Brown & Benchmark.1996
[119]Jewett, A.E., Bain, L.L.,& Ennis, CD. The Curriculum Process in Physical Education. Dubuque, IA:Brown & Benchmark.1995
[120]Cothran, D.& Ennis, C. Alone in a Crowd:Meeting Students'Needs for Relevance and Connection in Urban High School Physical Education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1999,18,234-247
[121]Ennis, C., Cothran, D., Davidson, K., Loftus, S., Owens, L., Swanson, L.& Hopsicker, P. Implementing Curriculum Within a Context of Fear and Disengagement. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,1997,17.52-71
[122]Dishman, R. K. Exercise Adherence Research:Future Directions. American Journal of Health Promotion,1988,3,52-56
[123]Lirgg, C. Effects of Same-Sex Versus Coeducational Physical Education on the Self-Perceptions of Middle and High School Students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1993,64(3),324-334
[124]Slava, S., Laurie, D.,& Corbin, C. Long-term Effects of a Conceptual Physical Education Program. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,1984,55,161-168
[125]Scantling, E., Strand, B., Lackey, D.& McAleese, W. An Analysis of Physical Education Avoidance. The Physical Educator,1995,52(4),197-202
[126]Stewart, M., Green, S.& Huelskamp, J. Secondary Student Attitudes toward Physical Education. The Physical Educator,1991,48(2),72-79
[127]Alexander, P. A., Jetton, T. L.,& Kulikowich, J. M. Interrelationship of Knowledge, Interest, and Recall:Assessing a Model of Domain Learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1995,87,559-575
[128]Ames, C. Classrooms:Goals. Structures, and Student Motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology,1992,84,261-271
[129]Newman, J.W. America's Teachers:An Introduction to Education.Longman.1998
[130]Chen, A. A Theoretical Conceptualization for Motivation Research in Physical Education: An Integrated Perspective. Quest,2001,53,35-58
[131]Chen, A.,& Darst, P. W. Situational Interest in Physical Education:A Function of Learning Task Design. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,2001,72,150-164
[132]Chen, A.,& Darst, P. W. Individual and Situational Interest:The Role of Gender and Skill. Contemporary Educational Psychology,2002,27,250-269
[133]Clifton, R. T.,& Gill, D. L. Gender Differences in Self-Confidence on a Feminine-Typed Task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1994,16,150-162
[134]Corbin, C. B. Physical Activity for Everyone:What Every Physical Educator Should Know about Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education,2002, 21,128-144
[135]Duda, J. L.,& Nicholls, J. G. Dimensions of Achievement Motivation in Schoolwork and Sport. Journal of Educational Psychology,1992,84,290-299
[136]Elliot, A. Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals. Educational Psychologist,1999,34,149-169
[137]Freedman, D. S., Khan, L. K., Serdula, M. K., Galuska, D. A.,& Dietz,W. H. Trends and Correlates of Class 3 Obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. Journal of the American Medical Association,2002,288,1758-1761
[138]Goudas, M., Biddle, S. J. H., Fox, K. R.,& Underwood, M. It Ain't What You Do; It's the Way that You Do It! Teaching Style Affects Children's Motivation in Track and Field Lessons. The Sport Psychologist,1995,9,254-264
[139]Lee, A. M., Fredenburg, K., Belcher, D.,& Cleveland, N. Gender Differences in Children's Conceptions of Competence and Motivation in Physical Education. Sport, Education & Society,1999,4,161-175
[140]Papaioannou, A. Differential Perceptual and Motivational Patterns When Different Goals Are Adopted. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,1995,17,18-34
[141]Pringle, R. Physical Education, Positivism, and Optimistic Claims from Achievement Goal Theories. Quest,2000,52,18-31
[142]Spray, C. M.,& Biddle, S. J. H. Achievement Goal Orientations and Participation in Physical Education among Male and Female Sixth form Students. European Physical Education Review,1997,3,83-90
[143]Spray, C. M., Biddle, S. J. H.,& Fox, K. R. Achievement Goals, Beliefs about the Cause of Success and Reported Emotion in Post-16 Physical Education. Journal of Sports Sciences, 1999,17,213-219
[144]Tobias, S. Interest, Prior Knowledge, and Learning. Review of Educational Research,1994, 64,37-54
[145]Armour, K. M.& Yelling, M. R. Professional'Development'and Professional'Learning': Bridging the Gap for Experienced Physical Education Teachers, European Physical Education Review,2004,10(1),71-74
[146]Spink, K.S.,& Carron, A. V. The Effects of Team Building on the Adherence Patterns of Female Exercise Participants. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,1993,15,39-49
[147]Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in the United States,1999-2004. JAMA,2006,295:1549-1555
[148]Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, et al. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among US Children, Adolescents, and Adults,1999-2002. JAMA,2004,291:2847-2850
[149]Kimm S, Barton B, Obarzanek E, et al. Obesity Development during Adolescence in a Biracial Cohort:the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Pediatrics,2002,110:e54
[150]Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and Trends in Overweight among US Children and Adolescents,1999-2000. JAMA,2002,288:1728-1732
[151]柯森等.《当代美国中小学课程概观》.中山大学出版社,2005年
[152]王桂主编.《当代外国教育—教育改革的浪潮与趋势》.人民教育出版社,1995年
[153]耿培新,梁国立.《美国学校体育国家标准研究》.人民教育出版社,2007年
[154]梁国立等.《中、美体育课程之比较—关于课程性质和设计思路的比较》.课程·教材·教法,2004年6月第24卷第6期
[155]张建华,高嵘,毛振明.《当代美国体育课程改革及对我国的启示》.体育科学,2004年第24卷第1期
[156]伊向仁等.《美国<国家体育标准>与中国<课标>制定、实施和评价状况的研究》.体育学刊,2006年11月第13卷第6期
[157]阎智力,金玉光.《中美中小学体育课程目标比较研究》.天津体育学院学报,2005年第20卷第1期
[158]陈金凤.《中美体育课程标准的比较研究——美国体育课程标准的变化对我国体育课程改革的借鉴与反思》.南京师范大学,2007
[159]刘海元.《美国体育课程模式对我国体育与健康课程改革的启示》.西安体育学院学报,2008年1月第25卷第1期
[160]张兆斌,窦晓宁.《中美体育教学模式的比较研究》.南京体育学院学报,2007年10月第21卷第5期
[161]高振发.《美国、德国体育教学模式的比较研究》.南京体育学院学报,2004年10月第18卷第5期
[162]曹铭亮,渠广伟.《美国体育教育模式概述》.解放军体育学院学报,2004年10月第23卷第4期
[163]姚蕾.《体育教学论学程》.北京体育大学出版社,2005年
[164]张建华,杨铁黎.《当代美国体育教学评价的改革》.天津体育学院学报,2002年第17卷第1期
[165]张细谦,曾怀光,韩晓东.《中口美体育学习评价的比较》.体育学刊,2001年11月 第8卷第6期
[166]魏玉存.《中美体育教学评价比较》.哈尔滨体育学院学报,2007年第3期
[167]姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》.首都师范大学,2004
[168]李丽.《中日美等国中小学体育教师培养模式比较研究》.武汉体育学院学报,2006年1月第40卷第1期
[169]陈玉忠,徐菁.《美国体育师资培养和管理的特色及其启示》.体育文化导刊,2005.9
[170]张妙玲.《美国丛础教育体育教师资格认证标准及其启示》.武汉体育学院学报,2007年3月第41卷第3期
[171]姚淳.《美国学校体育教育计划研究》.首都师范大学,2004
[172]Bryan A. McCullick、刘文浩.《美国的体育与竞技运动：两者的比较与对照》.体育学刊,2000年第3期
[173]周传志.《当代美国体育发展的特点及其启示》.体育文化导刊,2006.4
[174]颜丽君,艾谢阳.《美国学校体育教育与社会体育教育关系研究》.体育科技,2008年(第29卷)第2期
[175]李佐惠.《美国学校竞技运动争论的问题与启示》.体育文化导刊,2007.8
[176]张宏喜.《英、美国家中小学体育健康教育研究》.华东师范大学,2008年
[177]杨慧敏.《美国基础教育》.广东教育出版社,2004
[178]李秉德.《教学论》.人民教育出版社,2001
[179]龚正伟.《美国体育溯源：1600-1918》.中国学校体育,2006.6
[180]范冷达著、张泳译.《美国的体育》.人民体育出版社,1991年
[181]李静波.《美国总统体质委员会对美国学校体育的重要影响》.中国体育科技,2000.11
[182]钟启泉.《国外课程改革透视》.陕西人民体育出版社,1993年
[183]曲宗湖,杨文轩.《域外学校体育传真》.人民体育出版社,1999年
[184]史静寰.《当代美国教育》.社会科学文献出版社,2001年
[185]李志实,梁林.《学校体育设施》.北京体育大学出版社,2004年
[186]李兴艳.《20世纪末美、日、中学校体育之比较》.中国学校体育,2000年04期
[187]王永盛.《美国学校体育简介》.中国学校体育,1997年05期
[188]陈琦.《从终身体育思想审视我国学校体育的改革和发展》.北京体育大学,2002
[189]托马斯?怕特森.《美国政治文化》.东方出版社,2007
[190]理查德?D?范斯科德等.《美国教育基础——社会展望》.教育科学出版社,1984
[191]陈永明等.《比较教育行政》.华东师范大学出版社,2005
[192]朱斌.《当代美国科技》.社会科学文献出版社,2001年
[193]陈永明.《教育经费的国际比较》.天津教育出版社,2006
[194]国家教育发展与政策研究中心编.《发达国家教育改革的动向和趋势》.人民教育出版社,1986年
[195]胡庆芳.《美国教育360度》.教育科学出版社,2007年
[196]陈宝森.《当代美国经济》.社会科学文献出版社,2001年
[197]吴斐.《美国社会与文化》.武汉大学出版社,2003年
[198]潘绍伟,。于可红.《学校体育学》.高等教育出版社,2005年
[199]韦恩·厄本,杰宁斯·瓦格纳.《美国教育—部历史档案》.中国人民大学出版社,2009年
[200]卢瑟·S·路德克.《构建美国-美H国的社会与文化》.江苏人民出版社,2006年