英、美国家中小学体育健康教育研究
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摘要
强健的体魄是一个人成就大业的基石,广大青少年身心健康成长是一个民族生命力旺盛的标志。然而一个事实我们是无法忽视的,那就是,学校多年来片面追求升学率、“重智轻体”的导向,使很多中国学生很长时间远离阳光和操场。很多家长在“没病就是健康”健康观的误导下,很少关心孩子的体育锻炼,认为孩子只要学习成绩好,是否进行体育锻炼无所谓。最新的全国青少年体质健康监测表明,中国青少年耐力、力量、速度等体能指标持续下降,视力不良率居高不下。因此,加强中小学体育健康教育方面的研究也就显的尤为重要。
本文从以下几个方面对英国和美国的中小学体育健康教育进行描述和分析:一、体育健康课程。主要从体育课程的结构、体育课程的教学内容、教学的基本原则三个方面介绍了英国国家体育标准;从体育标准的发展、国家体育标准并以加利福利亚州体育课程标准为例介绍了美国体育课程标准。二、体育健康教育模式。首先分析了英国高质量学校体育课及体育运动和美国高质量体育教育,其次,着重研究分析了美国的SPARK体育教育模式。三、学校体育资源保障与体育教育评价。保障体系包括政府的强力保障、学校和社区的互动、家长/成人对青少年体育运动的支持;英国体育评价的目的、评价的方法和工具、评价的内容,美国的体育课程评价方法与内容。
通过对英国和美国体育课程与实践的分析研究,结合我国中小学体育健康教育的实际,从三个方面提出了自己的一些见解,一是学校、家庭、社区三位一体共同促进学生健康发展,二是体育活动的开展要具有多质性,三是体育教育教学评价注重过程,淡化结果。希望通过自己的研究分析,能够对我国的体育健康教育的发展与改革有所裨益。
Healthy body is the base of a person to succeed; the healthy growth of young students symbolizes a dynamic lifestyle of a nation. Nevertheless, it can't be neglected is the truth that many students in China have left the ground road and sunshine for a long time, at the pressure of study burden. At the same time, many parents hold the belief that academic achievement is the only and most important item on their children's program. The latest health survey about the young demonstrates that many health related problems existing in the young students nowadays. As a result, it is significant to conduct the study to enhance physical and health education in elementary and secondary school.
The paper includes the following parts: The first one is the physical and health curriculum. Through three aspects of its structure, contents and basic principle, it addresses the criteria of physical education in UK; through its development, it also introduces the criteria of physical education in USA. The second part analyzes the modes of physical and health education. It goes through the high quality of physical education in UK and USA, and then attaches importance to the SPARK Mode of physical education in USA. The last part is the guarantee and assessment of Physical Education Resource in school. The guarantee system comes from government, community, and parents, etc. the assessment includes the purpose, ways and contents of evaluation in UK and USA.
Finally, through the analysis of physical education in UK and USA, some thinking and suggestions are made through our practice in China. There are three aspects, one is the school, family and community should cooperate with each other; the other is physical activities should have variety and alternatives; another is paying attention to the process of assessment.
本文从以下几个方面对英国和美国的中小学体育健康教育进行描述和分析:一、体育健康课程。主要从体育课程的结构、体育课程的教学内容、教学的基本原则三个方面介绍了英国国家体育标准;从体育标准的发展、国家体育标准并以加利福利亚州体育课程标准为例介绍了美国体育课程标准。二、体育健康教育模式。首先分析了英国高质量学校体育课及体育运动和美国高质量体育教育,其次,着重研究分析了美国的SPARK体育教育模式。三、学校体育资源保障与体育教育评价。保障体系包括政府的强力保障、学校和社区的互动、家长/成人对青少年体育运动的支持;英国体育评价的目的、评价的方法和工具、评价的内容,美国的体育课程评价方法与内容。
通过对英国和美国体育课程与实践的分析研究,结合我国中小学体育健康教育的实际,从三个方面提出了自己的一些见解,一是学校、家庭、社区三位一体共同促进学生健康发展,二是体育活动的开展要具有多质性,三是体育教育教学评价注重过程,淡化结果。希望通过自己的研究分析,能够对我国的体育健康教育的发展与改革有所裨益。
Healthy body is the base of a person to succeed; the healthy growth of young students symbolizes a dynamic lifestyle of a nation. Nevertheless, it can't be neglected is the truth that many students in China have left the ground road and sunshine for a long time, at the pressure of study burden. At the same time, many parents hold the belief that academic achievement is the only and most important item on their children's program. The latest health survey about the young demonstrates that many health related problems existing in the young students nowadays. As a result, it is significant to conduct the study to enhance physical and health education in elementary and secondary school.
The paper includes the following parts: The first one is the physical and health curriculum. Through three aspects of its structure, contents and basic principle, it addresses the criteria of physical education in UK; through its development, it also introduces the criteria of physical education in USA. The second part analyzes the modes of physical and health education. It goes through the high quality of physical education in UK and USA, and then attaches importance to the SPARK Mode of physical education in USA. The last part is the guarantee and assessment of Physical Education Resource in school. The guarantee system comes from government, community, and parents, etc. the assessment includes the purpose, ways and contents of evaluation in UK and USA.
Finally, through the analysis of physical education in UK and USA, some thinking and suggestions are made through our practice in China. There are three aspects, one is the school, family and community should cooperate with each other; the other is physical activities should have variety and alternatives; another is paying attention to the process of assessment.
引文
1 高靓.欧盟学校:体育课面临全面更新.[N]《中国教育报》2007年4月24日第9版
1 李晓文,王莹.编著 教学策略[M].高等教育出版社.
2 季浏,祝蓓里.主编体育心理学[M].高等教育出版社,2000,5
3 刘德佩.体育价值观念的形成与变迁[J].体育科学,1987,7(3):5-9
4 唐宏贵.体育价值观念的嬗变与社会体育发展[J].武汉体育学院学报,1996,30(2):9-12.
5 陈琦,杨文轩,刘海元,等.我国当代体育价值观的研究[J].体育科学,2006,26(8):3-9.
1 倪欣.浅析体育价值观与学校体育[J].山西师大体育学院学报,2002,17(1):15-16.
2 谭兆风,伍天慧.学校体育价值观念的回归与守望——近10年来我国学校体育思想发展述略[J].体育与科学,2002,23(6):64-65,72
3 李可兴,黄晓丽.学校体育价值观的思考[J].体育文化导刊,2005(3):59-60
1 克里斯托佛·阿·埃丁顿.二十一世纪的美国休闲[J].广州体育学院学报,1996,16(3).
1 National Association for sport and physical education.Moving into the future:National standards for physical education:A guide to content and assisment[S].American Alliance for health,physical education,Recreation and Dance.Reston,VA,1995
2 Pieron M.Cloes M.Research on instruction in physical education:Review of the research in selected roman language[J].J physical education,2002,39(1):12-20.
1 http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/physical.htm.National Standards for Physical Education.
2 Thomas P T,using standards to make a difference:Four options[J].educational Horizons,1997,75:121-125.
3 同1
1 Learning through PE and Sport-A guide to the PE,School Sport and Club Links Strategy.http://www.dfes.gov.uk/pess.
1 http://www.sparkpe.org/mission and objectives.jsp
1 An Interview With Mr.Paul Rosengard of the SPARK Program,Jennifer Brady,GuidanceChannel.com of Sunburst Visual Media,November 8,2006
1 http://www.sparkpe.org/programMiddlePE.jsp
2 http://www.sparkpe.org/programHighSchoolPE.jsp
1 A Gym Class That Really Works Out,Anne Pleshette Murphy and Jennifer Allen,ABC News-Everett.Pennsylvania October 23.2006
2 同上
1 An Interview With Mr.Paul Rosengard of the SPARK Program,Jennifer Brady,GuidanceChannel.com of Sunburst Visual Media,November 8,2006
2 同上
1 P.E.Classes Turn to Video Game That Works Legs。http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/2007.04.30。
1 P.E.Classes Turn to Video Game That Works Legs。http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/2007.04.30。
1 Schofield L,Mummery WK,Schofield G.(2005).Effects of a controlled pedometer-intervention trial for low-active adolescent girls.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,37,8,1414-1420.
1 http://www.schoolsonthemove.co.uk/public/physicalactivity/index.htm
2 Oliver M,Schofield G,McEvoy,E.(2006).An integrated curriculum approach to increasing habitual physical activity in children:A feasibility study.Journal of School Health,76,2,74-79
1 www.walktoschool.org.uk
1 www.youthsporttrust.org
2 Doak,C.M.,Visscher,T.L.S.,Renders,C.M.,& Seidell,J.C.(2006).The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents:A review of interventions and programmes.Obesity reviews,7,111-136.
1 Wilson,P.M.,Rodgers,W.M.,Blanchard,C.M.,& Gessell,J.(2003).The relationship between psychological needs,self-determined motivation,exercise attitudes and physical fitness.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,33,2373-2392.
2 Dr.Afroditi Stathi.Evaluation of the "Schools on the Move"Project.September 2006.www.bhfactive.org.uk/downloads/YSTreport/2007092006.doc
1 Evans,J.,Davis,B.& Penny,D.(1996).Teachers,teaching and the social construction of gender relations.Sport,Education and Society,1(2),165-183.
2 Flintoff,A.(1991).Equal opportunities and practical assessment in examination PE:Part 2.British Journal of Physical Education,22(1),35-37
3 Flintoff,A.(1996).We have no problems with equal opportunities here...we've got mixed changing rooms!British Journal of Physical Education,Spring,21-23
4 The National Curriculum of Physical Education.(2000).DEFES.
5 Lawton,D.(1992).Education and Politics in the 1990s:Conflicts or Consensus? London:The Falmer Press
1 http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/physicalbest,Physical Best Overview PowerPoint presentation
2 钱铭佳.“最佳体适能”:教育、娱乐与健身.1999
1 范立仁.全国学生参加课外体育活动现状的研究[J].体育科学,2000(3):7-11
1.高靓.欧盟学校:体育课面临全面更新.[N]《中国教育报》2007年4月24日第9版
2.季浏.体育与健康课程与教学论[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2003.
3.毛振明.体育教学改革新视野[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003.
4.毛振明,赖天德,陈雁飞,马凌.关于完善《体育(与健康)课程标准》的建议(上)[J].体育学刊,2007(5).
5.中华人民共和国教育部制定.体育(与健康)课程标准(实验稿)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
6.李晓文,王莹.编著 教学策略[M].高等教育出版社.
7.陈琦,杨文轩,刘海元,等.我国当代体育价值观的研究[J].体育科学,2006,26(8)
8.季浏.祝蓓里.主编体育心理学[M].高等教育出版社,2000,5
9.刘德佩.体育价值观念的形成与变迁[J].体育科学,1987,7(3)
10.唐宏贵.体育价值观念的嬗变与社会体育发展[J].武汉体育学院学报,1996,30(2)
11.倪欣.浅析体育价值观与学校体育[J].山西师大体育学院学报,2002,17(1).
12.谭兆风,伍天慧.学校体育价值观念的回归与守望——近10年来我国学校体育思想发展述略[J].体育与科学,2002,23(6)
13.李可兴,黄晓丽.学校体育价值观的思考[J].体育文化导刊,2005(3)
14.克里斯托佛·阿·埃丁顿.二十一世纪的美国休闲[J].广州体育学院学报,1996,16(3).
15.钱铭佳.“最佳体适能”:教育、娱乐与健身.1999
16.范立仁.全国学生参加课外体育活动现状的研究[J].体育科学,2000(3).
17.National Association for sport and physical education.Moving into the future:National standards for physical education:A guide to content and assisment[S].American Alliance for health,physical education,Recreation and Dance.Reston,VA,1995
18.Pieron M.Cloes M.Research on instruction in physical education:Review of the research in selected roman language[J].J physical education,2002,39(1).
19.http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/physical.htm.National Standards for Physical Education
20.Thomas P T,using standards to make a difference:Four options[J].educational Horizons,1997,75:.
21.http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/physical.htm.National Standards for Physical Education.
22.Learning through PE and Sport-A guide to the PE,School Sport and Club Links Strategy.http://www.dfes.gov.uk/pess.
23.National Association for Sport and Physical Education.(2004).Moving into the future:National standards for physical education(2nd ed.).Reston,VA:Author.
24.http://www.sparkpe.org/mission and objectives.jsp
25.An Interview With Mr.Paul Rosengard of the SPARK Program,Jennifer Brady,GuidanceChannel.com of Sunburst Visual Media,November 8,2006
26.http://www.sparkpe.org/programMiddlePE.jsp
27.http://www.sparkpe.org/programHighSchoolPE.jsp
28.A Gym Class That Really Works Out,Anne Pleshette Murphy and Jennifer Allen,ABC News-Everett,Pennsylvania October 23,2006
29.An Interview With Mr.Paul Rosengard of the SPARK Program,Jennifer Brady,GuidanceChannel.com of Sunburst Visual Media,November 8,2006
30.P.E.Classes Turn to Video Game That Works Legs.http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/2007.04.30.
31.Schofield L,Mummery WK,Schofield G.(2005).Effects of a controlled pedometer-intervention trial for low-active adolescent girls.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
32.http://www.schoolsonthemove.co.uk/public/physicalactivity/index.htm
33.Oliver M,Schofield G,McEvoy,E.(2006).An integrated curriculum approach to increasing habitual physical activity in children:A feasibility study.Journal of School Health
34.www.walktoschool.org.uk
35.www.youthsporttrust.org
36.Doak,C.M.,Visscher,T.L.S.,Renders,C.M.,& Seidell,J.C.(2006).The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents:A review of interventions and programmes.Obesity reviews.
37.Wilson,P.M.,Rodgers,W.M.,Blanchard,C.M.,& Gessell,J.(2003).The relationship between psychological needs,self-determined motivation,exercise attitudes and physical fitness.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,.
38.Dr.Afroditi Stathi.Evaluation of the "Schools on the Move"Project.September 2006.www.bhfactive.org.uk/downloads/YSTreport/2007092006.doc
39.Evans,J.,Davis,B.& Penny,D.(1996).Teachers,teaching and the social construction of gender relations.Sport,Education and Society,1(2).
40.Flintoff,A.(1991).Equal opportunities and practical assessment in examination PE:Part 2.British Journal of Physical Education,22(1),35-37
41.Flintoff,A.(1996).We have no problems with equal opportunities here...we've got mixed changing rooms!British Journal of Physical Education,Spring,21-23(Flintoff,1996)
42.The National Curriculum of Physical Education.(2000).DEFES.
43.Lawton,D.(1992).Education and Politics in the 1990s:Conflicts or Consensus? London:The Falmer Press
44.http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/physicalbest,Physical Best Overview PowerPoint presentation
1 李晓文,王莹.编著 教学策略[M].高等教育出版社.
2 季浏,祝蓓里.主编体育心理学[M].高等教育出版社,2000,5
3 刘德佩.体育价值观念的形成与变迁[J].体育科学,1987,7(3):5-9
4 唐宏贵.体育价值观念的嬗变与社会体育发展[J].武汉体育学院学报,1996,30(2):9-12.
5 陈琦,杨文轩,刘海元,等.我国当代体育价值观的研究[J].体育科学,2006,26(8):3-9.
1 倪欣.浅析体育价值观与学校体育[J].山西师大体育学院学报,2002,17(1):15-16.
2 谭兆风,伍天慧.学校体育价值观念的回归与守望——近10年来我国学校体育思想发展述略[J].体育与科学,2002,23(6):64-65,72
3 李可兴,黄晓丽.学校体育价值观的思考[J].体育文化导刊,2005(3):59-60
1 克里斯托佛·阿·埃丁顿.二十一世纪的美国休闲[J].广州体育学院学报,1996,16(3).
1 National Association for sport and physical education.Moving into the future:National standards for physical education:A guide to content and assisment[S].American Alliance for health,physical education,Recreation and Dance.Reston,VA,1995
2 Pieron M.Cloes M.Research on instruction in physical education:Review of the research in selected roman language[J].J physical education,2002,39(1):12-20.
1 http://www.ericdigests.org/1997-4/physical.htm.National Standards for Physical Education.
2 Thomas P T,using standards to make a difference:Four options[J].educational Horizons,1997,75:121-125.
3 同1
1 Learning through PE and Sport-A guide to the PE,School Sport and Club Links Strategy.http://www.dfes.gov.uk/pess.
1 http://www.sparkpe.org/mission and objectives.jsp
1 An Interview With Mr.Paul Rosengard of the SPARK Program,Jennifer Brady,GuidanceChannel.com of Sunburst Visual Media,November 8,2006
1 http://www.sparkpe.org/programMiddlePE.jsp
2 http://www.sparkpe.org/programHighSchoolPE.jsp
1 A Gym Class That Really Works Out,Anne Pleshette Murphy and Jennifer Allen,ABC News-Everett.Pennsylvania October 23.2006
2 同上
1 An Interview With Mr.Paul Rosengard of the SPARK Program,Jennifer Brady,GuidanceChannel.com of Sunburst Visual Media,November 8,2006
2 同上
1 P.E.Classes Turn to Video Game That Works Legs。http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/2007.04.30。
1 P.E.Classes Turn to Video Game That Works Legs。http://www.nytimes.com/pages/health/2007.04.30。
1 Schofield L,Mummery WK,Schofield G.(2005).Effects of a controlled pedometer-intervention trial for low-active adolescent girls.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,37,8,1414-1420.
1 http://www.schoolsonthemove.co.uk/public/physicalactivity/index.htm
2 Oliver M,Schofield G,McEvoy,E.(2006).An integrated curriculum approach to increasing habitual physical activity in children:A feasibility study.Journal of School Health,76,2,74-79
1 www.walktoschool.org.uk
1 www.youthsporttrust.org
2 Doak,C.M.,Visscher,T.L.S.,Renders,C.M.,& Seidell,J.C.(2006).The prevention of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents:A review of interventions and programmes.Obesity reviews,7,111-136.
1 Wilson,P.M.,Rodgers,W.M.,Blanchard,C.M.,& Gessell,J.(2003).The relationship between psychological needs,self-determined motivation,exercise attitudes and physical fitness.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,33,2373-2392.
2 Dr.Afroditi Stathi.Evaluation of the "Schools on the Move"Project.September 2006.www.bhfactive.org.uk/downloads/YSTreport/2007092006.doc
1 Evans,J.,Davis,B.& Penny,D.(1996).Teachers,teaching and the social construction of gender relations.Sport,Education and Society,1(2),165-183.
2 Flintoff,A.(1991).Equal opportunities and practical assessment in examination PE:Part 2.British Journal of Physical Education,22(1),35-37
3 Flintoff,A.(1996).We have no problems with equal opportunities here...we've got mixed changing rooms!British Journal of Physical Education,Spring,21-23
4 The National Curriculum of Physical Education.(2000).DEFES.
5 Lawton,D.(1992).Education and Politics in the 1990s:Conflicts or Consensus? London:The Falmer Press
1 http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/physicalbest,Physical Best Overview PowerPoint presentation
2 钱铭佳.“最佳体适能”:教育、娱乐与健身.1999
1 范立仁.全国学生参加课外体育活动现状的研究[J].体育科学,2000(3):7-11
1.高靓.欧盟学校:体育课面临全面更新.[N]《中国教育报》2007年4月24日第9版
2.季浏.体育与健康课程与教学论[M].杭州:浙江教育出版社,2003.
3.毛振明.体育教学改革新视野[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,2003.
4.毛振明,赖天德,陈雁飞,马凌.关于完善《体育(与健康)课程标准》的建议(上)[J].体育学刊,2007(5).
5.中华人民共和国教育部制定.体育(与健康)课程标准(实验稿)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001.
6.李晓文,王莹.编著 教学策略[M].高等教育出版社.
7.陈琦,杨文轩,刘海元,等.我国当代体育价值观的研究[J].体育科学,2006,26(8)
8.季浏.祝蓓里.主编体育心理学[M].高等教育出版社,2000,5
9.刘德佩.体育价值观念的形成与变迁[J].体育科学,1987,7(3)
10.唐宏贵.体育价值观念的嬗变与社会体育发展[J].武汉体育学院学报,1996,30(2)
11.倪欣.浅析体育价值观与学校体育[J].山西师大体育学院学报,2002,17(1).
12.谭兆风,伍天慧.学校体育价值观念的回归与守望——近10年来我国学校体育思想发展述略[J].体育与科学,2002,23(6)
13.李可兴,黄晓丽.学校体育价值观的思考[J].体育文化导刊,2005(3)
14.克里斯托佛·阿·埃丁顿.二十一世纪的美国休闲[J].广州体育学院学报,1996,16(3).
15.钱铭佳.“最佳体适能”:教育、娱乐与健身.1999
16.范立仁.全国学生参加课外体育活动现状的研究[J].体育科学,2000(3).
17.National Association for sport and physical education.Moving into the future:National standards for physical education:A guide to content and assisment[S].American Alliance for health,physical education,Recreation and Dance.Reston,VA,1995
18.Pieron M.Cloes M.Research on instruction in physical education:Review of the research in selected roman language[J].J physical education,2002,39(1).
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