课余体育竞赛中青少年的成就动机、道德选择的特点及其关系研究
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摘要
作为人类文化的重要组成，体育自古以来就被认为是一种极有价值的德育手段。然而“体育能否塑造品格”却是学术界争论已久的话题，对体育影响人道德选择的内部机制的探讨也日益成为近年来国际体育理论界研究的热点。然而已有研究仅限于职业竞技体育和体育教学领域，研究对象都是运动员或课堂教学情境中的学生，忽视了对课余体育领域道德问题的考察。本研究认为，课余体育在促进青少年道德发展方面比职业竞技比赛和体育教学有着更优越的条件，因为课余体育的情境特殊性可以使个体对竞赛中的两难道德推理进行更加自由的价值选择。另一方面，职业体育对青少年课余体育竞赛中道德选择的潜移默化的负面影响也值得探究。回归生活世界是当代道德教育的重要课题。现代德育也理论认为，德性养成的最有效地途径是学生道德的自我建构。基于这一德育过程模式，本研究首次引入参与课余体育竞赛这一变量，考察了青少年在课余体育竞赛中的道德选择的特点，并从运动成就动机的角度对课余体育竞赛影响道德选择的内部机制做了尝试性的探讨，以期为体育与人道德发展关系的跨文化研究和体育竞赛中道德问题的干预作出贡献。
本研究探讨的主要问题包括：(1)青少年在课余体育竞赛情境中运动成就动机的特点；(2)青少年在课余体育竞赛情境中道德选择和一般生活情境中道德判断的特点；(3)青少年在课余体育竞赛中运动成就动机和道德选择的关系。
本研究采用整群抽样的方法从济南市四所高中的高二年级抽取450名受测者，运用课余体育竞赛参与情况调查问卷、运动成就动机量表、体育情境中道德选择问卷、限定问题测验进行了调查。数据采用SPSS for windows 10.2进行统计分析。
本研究条件下，获得主要研究结果如下：
1．青少年在课余体育竞赛中的运动成就动机受参与水平的影响显著。竞赛倾向和获胜倾向维度均受参与水平的影响显著；目标倾向维度未表现出显著的性别和参与水平差异。
2．在课余体育竞赛中，青少年的道德判断与道德意向受性别与参与水平的影响显著，在性别与参与水平上的交互作用也达到了显著水平；而道德行为只存在显著的参与水平差异。青少年在一般生活情境中的道德判断不存在显著的参与水平差异。
3．青少年在一般生活情境和课余体育竞赛情境中的道德判断存在显著的负相关关系。
4．运动成就动机的竞赛倾向维度与课余体育竞赛情境中的道德判断、道德意向均呈显著负相关；获胜倾向维度与道德意向呈显著负相关；目标倾向与道德
判断、道德意向与道德行为均呈显著正相关关系。
5．运动成就动机的目标倾向维度对青少年在课余体育竞赛情境中的道德行
为有一定的正向预测作用。
As the important build-up of human culture, sport has ever been reputed to be the valuable moral education instrument. However, whether sport can shaping character or not is a long-standing disputable topic. In recent year, the inner mechanism of this progress is becoming the focus of this field. But previous researches were limited in professional sport and P.E in class, but not for after-school sports activity. After-school sports activity is superior to professional sport and P.E. teaching in influence moral development of adolescents. Firstly, individual can perform value-choice more freely in the moral dilemma in after-school sports. Secondly, professional sport exerts a subtle negative influence on moral choices in after-school sports. It is taken for granted that the sole valid approach of moral development is moral construction of oneself. Inspired by the principles of the model of moral education, participate in after-school sport was introduced into the present study as an important influencing var
iable to moral choice to explore the character of moral choice in after-school sports, and the mechanism of the progress from the view of sport achievement motivation.
The present study has examined: (1) the characteristic of adolescent's sport achievement motivation in after-school sports; (2) the characteristic of adolescent' s moral choice in after-school sports; (3) the relationship between sport achievement motivation and moral choice in after-school sports.
Data were collected via a questionnaire battery administered to a sample of 450 adolescents from grade 2 in senior high school. The questionnaire battery contained participation on after-school sports, sport orientation, moral choice in sport and defining issues test. Date were statistical analysed with SPSS for windows 10.2.
The main findings from the present study are as follows:
1. In general, adolescent's sport achievement motivation in after-school sports. Competitive orientation and win orientation were influenced significantly by participation level; however No significant main effect of gender and participation on goal orientation.
2. The main effects of gender and participation level on moral judgment and moral intention in after-school sports were significant, and obvious interaction of gender and participation level was also found. However, moral action was influenced
significantly by participation level solely. No significant participation level main effect on moral judgment in general life.
3. No significant correlation was found between moral judgement in general life and special sport situation in after-school sports.
4. Significant positive correlation was found between competitive orientation and moral judgment/moral intention; Significant positive correlation was found between win orientation and moral intention; significant positive correlation existed between goal orientation and moral choice(moral judgment, moral intention and moral action).
5 . Goal orientation can positively predict adolescent's moral action in after-school sports to some extent.
本研究探讨的主要问题包括：(1)青少年在课余体育竞赛情境中运动成就动机的特点；(2)青少年在课余体育竞赛情境中道德选择和一般生活情境中道德判断的特点；(3)青少年在课余体育竞赛中运动成就动机和道德选择的关系。
本研究采用整群抽样的方法从济南市四所高中的高二年级抽取450名受测者，运用课余体育竞赛参与情况调查问卷、运动成就动机量表、体育情境中道德选择问卷、限定问题测验进行了调查。数据采用SPSS for windows 10.2进行统计分析。
本研究条件下，获得主要研究结果如下：
1．青少年在课余体育竞赛中的运动成就动机受参与水平的影响显著。竞赛倾向和获胜倾向维度均受参与水平的影响显著；目标倾向维度未表现出显著的性别和参与水平差异。
2．在课余体育竞赛中，青少年的道德判断与道德意向受性别与参与水平的影响显著，在性别与参与水平上的交互作用也达到了显著水平；而道德行为只存在显著的参与水平差异。青少年在一般生活情境中的道德判断不存在显著的参与水平差异。
3．青少年在一般生活情境和课余体育竞赛情境中的道德判断存在显著的负相关关系。
4．运动成就动机的竞赛倾向维度与课余体育竞赛情境中的道德判断、道德意向均呈显著负相关；获胜倾向维度与道德意向呈显著负相关；目标倾向与道德
判断、道德意向与道德行为均呈显著正相关关系。
5．运动成就动机的目标倾向维度对青少年在课余体育竞赛情境中的道德行
为有一定的正向预测作用。
As the important build-up of human culture, sport has ever been reputed to be the valuable moral education instrument. However, whether sport can shaping character or not is a long-standing disputable topic. In recent year, the inner mechanism of this progress is becoming the focus of this field. But previous researches were limited in professional sport and P.E in class, but not for after-school sports activity. After-school sports activity is superior to professional sport and P.E. teaching in influence moral development of adolescents. Firstly, individual can perform value-choice more freely in the moral dilemma in after-school sports. Secondly, professional sport exerts a subtle negative influence on moral choices in after-school sports. It is taken for granted that the sole valid approach of moral development is moral construction of oneself. Inspired by the principles of the model of moral education, participate in after-school sport was introduced into the present study as an important influencing var
iable to moral choice to explore the character of moral choice in after-school sports, and the mechanism of the progress from the view of sport achievement motivation.
The present study has examined: (1) the characteristic of adolescent's sport achievement motivation in after-school sports; (2) the characteristic of adolescent' s moral choice in after-school sports; (3) the relationship between sport achievement motivation and moral choice in after-school sports.
Data were collected via a questionnaire battery administered to a sample of 450 adolescents from grade 2 in senior high school. The questionnaire battery contained participation on after-school sports, sport orientation, moral choice in sport and defining issues test. Date were statistical analysed with SPSS for windows 10.2.
The main findings from the present study are as follows:
1. In general, adolescent's sport achievement motivation in after-school sports. Competitive orientation and win orientation were influenced significantly by participation level; however No significant main effect of gender and participation on goal orientation.
2. The main effects of gender and participation level on moral judgment and moral intention in after-school sports were significant, and obvious interaction of gender and participation level was also found. However, moral action was influenced
significantly by participation level solely. No significant participation level main effect on moral judgment in general life.
3. No significant correlation was found between moral judgement in general life and special sport situation in after-school sports.
4. Significant positive correlation was found between competitive orientation and moral judgment/moral intention; Significant positive correlation was found between win orientation and moral intention; significant positive correlation existed between goal orientation and moral choice(moral judgment, moral intention and moral action).
5 . Goal orientation can positively predict adolescent's moral action in after-school sports to some extent.
引文
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② 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会．学会生存[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，1979：14．
③ [美]科尔伯格，杜里尔．道德发展与道德教育[C]．教育学文集·德育．北京：人民教育出版社，1989：515．
④ 同①，P212．
⑤ 阿兰．幸福论．转引自筱田纪行．体育思想史[M]．国家体委百科全书体育卷编写组，1982：97．
⑥ 李伯黍，岑国桢．中国儿童的道德发展研究[J]．上海师范大学学报．1987(4)：82．
⑦ 郭本禹．道德认知发展与道德教育[M]．福建：福建教育出版社，1999：111．
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② 联合国教科文组织国际教育发展委员会．学会生存[M]．上海：上海译文出版社，1979：14．
③ [美]科尔伯格，杜里尔．道德发展与道德教育[C]．教育学文集·德育．北京：人民教育出版社，1989：515．
④ 同①，P212．
⑤ 阿兰．幸福论．转引自筱田纪行．体育思想史[M]．国家体委百科全书体育卷编写组，1982：97．
⑥ 李伯黍，岑国桢．中国儿童的道德发展研究[J]．上海师范大学学报．1987(4)：82．
⑦ 郭本禹．道德认知发展与道德教育[M]．福建：福建教育出版社，1999：111．
[1] 钟启泉，黄志成．西方德育原理[M]．陕西：陕西人民教育出版社，1998：395．
[2] 郭本禹．道德认知发展与道德教育[M]．福建：福建教育出版社，1999：106．
[3] 张承芬．教育心理学[M]．济南：山东教育出版社，2001：237．
[4] 孙煜明．动机心理学[M]．南京：南京大学出版社，1993：115．
[5] 张力为，任未多．体育运动心理学研究进展[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，2000：56～58，69～72．
[6] 程慎玲，贺亮峰等．体育运动与道德发展的探讨[J]．体育函授通讯．2000，(2)：31～33．
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