一种大壁虎脑图谱三维重建的新方法及实现
|
摘要
由于机器人的结构设计复杂、造价高以及其受到的能量瓶颈的限制,针对机器人的这些种种缺点,动物机器人将受到越来越多的关注。
研发动物机器人的关键在于在动物脑的特定核团处植入微电极,此前必须对动物的脑结构有较好的了解,对特定核团的具体位置有一个较好的把握。
本实验室研究的是大壁虎动物机器人。本文的主要工作是对大壁虎脑切片图像进行分割、配准以及三维重建,为研发壁虎机器人提供参考数据。
对大壁虎的脑进行研究选用传统的切片法。对大壁虎脑进行石蜡切片,经过染色,最终进行数据采集,操作过程将在第二章中进行介绍。接下来对脑切片图像的不同皮层区域进行分割,在第三章中将介绍一种基于YCbCr空间的分割方法,针对于脑图谱本身的一些特点选择这样的分割方法,避免了传统手工绘制进行分割时带来的诸多弊端,而且解决了拍照时光线的变化所带来的问题,分割完全,效果好。第四章将对这些图谱进行配准,在此将介绍一种基于像素投影的图像配准新方法,此配准方法效率较高。接着对这些图谱进行三维重建,不仅仅还原出脑的外部形状,而且也反映脑内有关核团的立体模式,为深人探讨其脑功能及微电极植入提供形态学依据。
本课题着重研究了数字图像处理方法在脑切片图像分割及配准方面的应用,寻找出一种有效的区域阈值分割方法以及像素投影的配准方法。实验表明分割彻底,配准精度较高,三维重建的立体图像逼真。脑内结构的计算机重建图像可从多个角度进行观察,为脑的立体定向研究及微电极的植入提供重要参考数据。
As robot’s structural design is complex, the cost is very high and the energy taked by itself is very limited, as these shortcomings of mechanical robot, bio-robot will receive more and more attention.
The key to make bio-robots is to insert electrodes into relevant region of the animal’s brain. So, first of all, we need to be familiar with the animal’s brain, locate the relevant region of the animal’s brain.
Our laboratory use gekko gecko to make bio-robots. The main job in this article is to segment and register the atlas images, and then 3-D reconstruct the brain atlas to provide reliable date for making bio-robots.
We use a conventional method to do some study on gekko gecko’s brain, which is brain slices. First, cut the gekko gecko’s brain into slices, stain the slices, and photograph the slices into brain slices images, the process of these operations will be introduced in Chapter 2. Next, deal with the brain slices images, segment the different cortical regions, in Chapter 3, a segmentation based on YCbCr space will be introduced, for some characteristics of the brain atlases themselves, this method has taken the place of the artificial method, also it has solved the problem of changing lights when photographing, its segmentation is completed, and the result is very good. In Chapter 4, a registering method based on picture elements’projection will be introduced, the method has its own advantages in efficiency. After this work, 3-D reconstruct the slices images, not only return to the shape of the brain, but also the inner structure of the brain, so we can see the structure inside the brain, and it will provide trustworthy data for inserting the electrodes.
The main point in this article is using the method of processing digital images in processing the gekko gecko’s brain atlas image. An effective region threshold segmentation method and an image registering method based on elements’projection are proposed. The results have shown that the segmentation is complete, the registering is accurate, and the 3-D reconstruction image is lifelike. The inner structure of the brain can be viewed in any angle. It has made a good preparation for studying more about the gekko gecko’s brain and inserting electrodes.
研发动物机器人的关键在于在动物脑的特定核团处植入微电极,此前必须对动物的脑结构有较好的了解,对特定核团的具体位置有一个较好的把握。
本实验室研究的是大壁虎动物机器人。本文的主要工作是对大壁虎脑切片图像进行分割、配准以及三维重建,为研发壁虎机器人提供参考数据。
对大壁虎的脑进行研究选用传统的切片法。对大壁虎脑进行石蜡切片,经过染色,最终进行数据采集,操作过程将在第二章中进行介绍。接下来对脑切片图像的不同皮层区域进行分割,在第三章中将介绍一种基于YCbCr空间的分割方法,针对于脑图谱本身的一些特点选择这样的分割方法,避免了传统手工绘制进行分割时带来的诸多弊端,而且解决了拍照时光线的变化所带来的问题,分割完全,效果好。第四章将对这些图谱进行配准,在此将介绍一种基于像素投影的图像配准新方法,此配准方法效率较高。接着对这些图谱进行三维重建,不仅仅还原出脑的外部形状,而且也反映脑内有关核团的立体模式,为深人探讨其脑功能及微电极植入提供形态学依据。
本课题着重研究了数字图像处理方法在脑切片图像分割及配准方面的应用,寻找出一种有效的区域阈值分割方法以及像素投影的配准方法。实验表明分割彻底,配准精度较高,三维重建的立体图像逼真。脑内结构的计算机重建图像可从多个角度进行观察,为脑的立体定向研究及微电极的植入提供重要参考数据。
As robot’s structural design is complex, the cost is very high and the energy taked by itself is very limited, as these shortcomings of mechanical robot, bio-robot will receive more and more attention.
The key to make bio-robots is to insert electrodes into relevant region of the animal’s brain. So, first of all, we need to be familiar with the animal’s brain, locate the relevant region of the animal’s brain.
Our laboratory use gekko gecko to make bio-robots. The main job in this article is to segment and register the atlas images, and then 3-D reconstruct the brain atlas to provide reliable date for making bio-robots.
We use a conventional method to do some study on gekko gecko’s brain, which is brain slices. First, cut the gekko gecko’s brain into slices, stain the slices, and photograph the slices into brain slices images, the process of these operations will be introduced in Chapter 2. Next, deal with the brain slices images, segment the different cortical regions, in Chapter 3, a segmentation based on YCbCr space will be introduced, for some characteristics of the brain atlases themselves, this method has taken the place of the artificial method, also it has solved the problem of changing lights when photographing, its segmentation is completed, and the result is very good. In Chapter 4, a registering method based on picture elements’projection will be introduced, the method has its own advantages in efficiency. After this work, 3-D reconstruct the slices images, not only return to the shape of the brain, but also the inner structure of the brain, so we can see the structure inside the brain, and it will provide trustworthy data for inserting the electrodes.
The main point in this article is using the method of processing digital images in processing the gekko gecko’s brain atlas image. An effective region threshold segmentation method and an image registering method based on elements’projection are proposed. The results have shown that the segmentation is complete, the registering is accurate, and the 3-D reconstruction image is lifelike. The inner structure of the brain can be viewed in any angle. It has made a good preparation for studying more about the gekko gecko’s brain and inserting electrodes.
引文
[1] Nicholls J G, Martin A R,等著,杨雄里,等译.神经生物学.北京:科学出版社,2005,4
[2] Bear M F, Connors B W, Paradiso MA,著,王建军,主译.神经科学探索脑.北京;高等教育出版社,2004,50-70
[3] Lankertz B B, Muller K R, Curio G, et al.The BCI competition 2003:Progress and perspectives in detection and discrimination of EEG single trials.IEEE Trans on Biomedical Eng,2004,51 (6):1044-1051
[4] Neuper C, Schererc R , Reiner M, et a1.Imagery of motoractions:Differential effects of kinesthetic advisual-motor mode of imagery in single-trial EEG Brain Res Cogn Brain Res,2005,25(3):668-677
[5]谢文彬,杨建国,李蓓智,宋立博.管道检测机器人的研制.机械工程师,机械工程师MECHANICAL ENGINEER , 2005,01
[6]魏庆.鲨鱼特工.中国海洋报,2007,1,24
[7]俞方平.全球首只机器人鸟在青岛问世-比机器人先进.青岛早报,2007,2,26
[8] James E S. Neuro science. A laboratory mannual. Ch6: Stereo taxic atlas of the rat brain . W. B. Saunder Company. Philadelphia,1971
[9] Konig JFR, Klippel R A. The rat brain: A stereo taxic atlas of the forebrain and lower parts of the brain stem. William s and w ilk ins . Balt imo re,1963
[10] Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereo taxic coo rdinates (2nd ed.). A cademic Press . Inc . London,1986
[11] Pellegrino L J, Pellegrino A S, Cushman A J. A stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain (2nd ed.). P lenum Press. New York and London,1979
[12] Elizabeth Taber. Comp Neuro, Proc of the Eighth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings, CD-ROM,1961,116: 27
[13] Verhaart WJC. A stereo taxic atlas of the brain stem of the cat. Vangorcum &Compnv. The State University of Leyden Press,1964
[14] Robert K S, Channao Liu . A stereo taxic atlas of the dog’s brain . Spring field Illinois . USA ,1960
[15] Joseph S A, Knigge K A, Kalejs LM, et al. A stereo taxic atlas of the brain of the 132 line ground squirrel (Citellus tridecem lineatus). USA army Edgewood Arsend Special Publication.Maryland,1966
[16]包新民,舒斯云.大鼠脑立体定位图谱[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
[17]陈红岩.达乌尔黄鼠脑立体定位图谱的研制.北京大学生物系硕士论文,1991
[18] James E S. Neuro science. A laboratory mannual. Ch6: Stereo taxic atlas of the rat brain. W. B. Saunder Company . Philadelphia,1971
[19]许建平.脑立体定向的进展.中华神经精神科杂志,1983,16 (1) :60
[20] Robert K S, Channao Liu . A stereo taxic atlas of the dog’s brain . Spring field Illino is USA ,1960
[21] Wilhelmus JAJ. Smeets, Piet V Hoogland, and Anthonyh M Lohman. A Forebrain Atlas of the Lizard Gekko gecko. The Journal of Comparative Neurology,1986
[22] Hoogland P V, WJAJ Smeet, and HWM Steinhusch. Distribution of serotonin immune reactivity in the central nervous system of the lizard Gekko gecko.Neurosci.Lett.1983,14 (Suppl.):S170
[23]程湛,戴振东.基于HSV空间的大壁虎脑图谱图像分割研究[J].现代电子技术.2009,4(291):108-110
[24]诸素萍,戴振东.边缘检测算子在壁虎脑切片显微图像中的研究[J].现代电子技术,2008,31(10):148-150
[25] Sobel L.Camera Models and Machine Perception[D].Stan-ford University,Standford,CA,1970
[26] Roberts L D. Machine Perception of Three–Dimension Solids[C].Optical andElectro-Optimal Information Processing,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1965,157-197
[27] Kirsch R. Computer Determination of the Constituent Structure of Biological Images[J]. Computer and Biomedical Research,1971,18:113-125
[28] Prewitt J. Object Enhancement and Extraction [M].Picture Process. Psychopict,New York:Academic Press,1970
[29] Lunscher W H, Beddoes M P. Optimal Edge Detector Design I:Parameter Selection and Noise Effects[J].IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1986,164-177
[30]翁秀琴,沈武成.制作HE染色石蜡切片的关键技术[J].医药论坛杂志,2008(21):80-83
[31]孙久荣.神经解剖生理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[32] R.W.G. Hunt, The Reproduction of Colour in Photography, Printing & Television, 5th Ed. Fountain Press, England, 1995
[33]张汗灵.MATLAB在图像处理中的应用[M].清华大学出版社,2008
[34]张懿,刘旭,李海峰.数字RGB与YCbCr颜色空间转换的精度[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,6(2):200-202
[35] Wang L, Greenspan M, Ellis R. Validation of bone segmentation and improved 3-d registration using contour coherency in ctdata[J].IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 2006,25(3): 324-334
[36] Schwarz D, Kaspared T, Provaznik I,et al. A deformable registration method for automated morphometry of mri brain miages in neuropsychi-atric research [J]. IEEE Trans.Med. Imaging, 2007, 26(4):452-461
[37] Huang X, Paragiosn, Metaxas D. Shape registration in implicit spaces using information theory and free form deformations[J].IEEE Trans. Pattern Ana. Mach,Intell,2006, 28(8): 1303-1318
[38] Liu L, Jiang T, Yang J, et al. Fingerprint regist-ration by maximization of mutual information[ J].IEEE Trans Image Process, 2006,15(5): 1100-1110
[39] Bentoutou Y, Table N, Kpalma K, et al. An automatic image registration for applications in remote sensing[J].IEEE Trans. Geosc Remote Sens,2005,43(9):2127-2137
[40] Zitova B, Flusser I. Image resistration methods a survey[J].Image and Vision Computing, 2003, 21(11): 977-1000
[41] Brown L G. A survey of image registrtion techniques[J]. ACM Computing Surveys,1992,24(4): 325-367
[42] Hutten Locher D P, Klanderman G A, Rucklidgew J. Comparing image using the distance[J]. IEEE Transactions PAM I, 1993,15(9):850-863
[43] Hatabu A, Miyazaki T, Kuroda I. Optimization of decision-timing for early ter-Mination of SSDA-based block matching[C].Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Proce Edings (ICASSP’03), 2003 IEEE International Conference,2003
[44] Hong Zhenghua, Zhu Peiying. An improved SSDA applied in target tracking[J].Pattern Recognit-Ion, 1988, 9th IEEE International Conference,1988,767-769
[45]谢永胜,余正生.图像快速配准算法的改进[J].机电工程.2010, 27(2):36-38
[46] Zhang Yujin. Image processing and analysis[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing,1999
[47] Liu Wenping,Wu Lide. Study on the compare between methods of image segmentation threshold selection[J]. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 1997, 10(3): 271-277
[48] Liu Xiaojun, Zhou Yue. SAR images automatic registration based on contour features[J]. Computer Engineering, 2007,33(4): 176-178
[49]罗棻.一种简单的医学图像刚体配准方法[J].计算机技术与发展.2009,19(4):210-212
[50]戴朴,方耀云,姜泗长.连续切片的计算机三维重建及立体视觉[J].中国体视学与图像分析, 1996, 1
[51]陈百明.材料微观结构的连续切片图形三维可视化程序设[D].兰卅I :兰州理工大学, 2005
[52] Malcolm Y, Christopher B J, Dougla S T.Three-dimensional reconstruction of geoscientifie objects from serial section[J].Visual Comput, 1995(11):343
[53]诸葛斌,周荷琴等.人体切片数据颜色的自动校正方法[J].航天医学与医学工程, 2005, 18(3):211
[54] Li M, Ghost S, Richmond O, et a1.Three-dimensional characterization and modeling of particle reinforced metal matrix compsites: Part 1:Quantitative description of micro-structural morphology [J].Mater Sci Eng A,1999
[55]徐亮,范芦芳,周家镇,向敬池,贾培沂,蒋世明. MimicsV10.0软件的三维实体重建方法的研究.中国现代药物应用,2008,06
[56] Talwar S K, et al. Rat navigation guide by remote control. Nature[J],2002,417(6884):37-38
[57] Mody A. The roach, now within reach. Indian Express Newspaper,1983,3,1
[58]薛龙增,陈进贵,孙文陵等.四季鹅(椎)脑立体定位图谱的建立.海军医高专学报[J],1994,16(2):97-100
[59] Snider R S. A stereotaxic atlas of the monkey brain (Macaca Mulatta)[M]. University of Chicago Press,1961
[60] Karten H J, Hodos W, A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the pigeon(Columba livia). Baltmore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967
[61] Smeets W J . A forebrain atlas of the lizard gekko gecko,1986
[62] Smeets W J. Medina L The efferent connections of the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko. A combined tract-tracing/transmitter-immunohistochemical study ,1995(01)
[63]唐宗湘,姜世英,施敏.蛤蚧端脑前背侧室嵴Golgi Cox研究[J],解剖学研究,2000(01)
[64]李桂芬,蒙绍权,姜世英.蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区的纤维联系[J],动物学研究,2001(01)
[65]沈端文,张杏辉,姜世英.蛤蚧端脑前背侧室嵴头外侧区突触的电镜研究[J],电子显微学报, 1998(03)
[66]刘兴辉.大壁虎脑部结构与立体脑图谱构建的研究.[南京航空航天大学学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2007
[67]王文波.大壁虎运动人工诱导的基础研究.[南京航空航天大学学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2008
[68]马光磊.大壁虎中脑运动相关脑区的实验及脑区三维表示.[南京航空航天大学学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2008
[2] Bear M F, Connors B W, Paradiso MA,著,王建军,主译.神经科学探索脑.北京;高等教育出版社,2004,50-70
[3] Lankertz B B, Muller K R, Curio G, et al.The BCI competition 2003:Progress and perspectives in detection and discrimination of EEG single trials.IEEE Trans on Biomedical Eng,2004,51 (6):1044-1051
[4] Neuper C, Schererc R , Reiner M, et a1.Imagery of motoractions:Differential effects of kinesthetic advisual-motor mode of imagery in single-trial EEG Brain Res Cogn Brain Res,2005,25(3):668-677
[5]谢文彬,杨建国,李蓓智,宋立博.管道检测机器人的研制.机械工程师,机械工程师MECHANICAL ENGINEER , 2005,01
[6]魏庆.鲨鱼特工.中国海洋报,2007,1,24
[7]俞方平.全球首只机器人鸟在青岛问世-比机器人先进.青岛早报,2007,2,26
[8] James E S. Neuro science. A laboratory mannual. Ch6: Stereo taxic atlas of the rat brain . W. B. Saunder Company. Philadelphia,1971
[9] Konig JFR, Klippel R A. The rat brain: A stereo taxic atlas of the forebrain and lower parts of the brain stem. William s and w ilk ins . Balt imo re,1963
[10] Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereo taxic coo rdinates (2nd ed.). A cademic Press . Inc . London,1986
[11] Pellegrino L J, Pellegrino A S, Cushman A J. A stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain (2nd ed.). P lenum Press. New York and London,1979
[12] Elizabeth Taber. Comp Neuro, Proc of the Eighth International Symposium on Magnetic Bearings, CD-ROM,1961,116: 27
[13] Verhaart WJC. A stereo taxic atlas of the brain stem of the cat. Vangorcum &Compnv. The State University of Leyden Press,1964
[14] Robert K S, Channao Liu . A stereo taxic atlas of the dog’s brain . Spring field Illinois . USA ,1960
[15] Joseph S A, Knigge K A, Kalejs LM, et al. A stereo taxic atlas of the brain of the 132 line ground squirrel (Citellus tridecem lineatus). USA army Edgewood Arsend Special Publication.Maryland,1966
[16]包新民,舒斯云.大鼠脑立体定位图谱[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991
[17]陈红岩.达乌尔黄鼠脑立体定位图谱的研制.北京大学生物系硕士论文,1991
[18] James E S. Neuro science. A laboratory mannual. Ch6: Stereo taxic atlas of the rat brain. W. B. Saunder Company . Philadelphia,1971
[19]许建平.脑立体定向的进展.中华神经精神科杂志,1983,16 (1) :60
[20] Robert K S, Channao Liu . A stereo taxic atlas of the dog’s brain . Spring field Illino is USA ,1960
[21] Wilhelmus JAJ. Smeets, Piet V Hoogland, and Anthonyh M Lohman. A Forebrain Atlas of the Lizard Gekko gecko. The Journal of Comparative Neurology,1986
[22] Hoogland P V, WJAJ Smeet, and HWM Steinhusch. Distribution of serotonin immune reactivity in the central nervous system of the lizard Gekko gecko.Neurosci.Lett.1983,14 (Suppl.):S170
[23]程湛,戴振东.基于HSV空间的大壁虎脑图谱图像分割研究[J].现代电子技术.2009,4(291):108-110
[24]诸素萍,戴振东.边缘检测算子在壁虎脑切片显微图像中的研究[J].现代电子技术,2008,31(10):148-150
[25] Sobel L.Camera Models and Machine Perception[D].Stan-ford University,Standford,CA,1970
[26] Roberts L D. Machine Perception of Three–Dimension Solids[C].Optical andElectro-Optimal Information Processing,Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1965,157-197
[27] Kirsch R. Computer Determination of the Constituent Structure of Biological Images[J]. Computer and Biomedical Research,1971,18:113-125
[28] Prewitt J. Object Enhancement and Extraction [M].Picture Process. Psychopict,New York:Academic Press,1970
[29] Lunscher W H, Beddoes M P. Optimal Edge Detector Design I:Parameter Selection and Noise Effects[J].IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1986,164-177
[30]翁秀琴,沈武成.制作HE染色石蜡切片的关键技术[J].医药论坛杂志,2008(21):80-83
[31]孙久荣.神经解剖生理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[32] R.W.G. Hunt, The Reproduction of Colour in Photography, Printing & Television, 5th Ed. Fountain Press, England, 1995
[33]张汗灵.MATLAB在图像处理中的应用[M].清华大学出版社,2008
[34]张懿,刘旭,李海峰.数字RGB与YCbCr颜色空间转换的精度[J].江南大学学报(自然科学版),2007,6(2):200-202
[35] Wang L, Greenspan M, Ellis R. Validation of bone segmentation and improved 3-d registration using contour coherency in ctdata[J].IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 2006,25(3): 324-334
[36] Schwarz D, Kaspared T, Provaznik I,et al. A deformable registration method for automated morphometry of mri brain miages in neuropsychi-atric research [J]. IEEE Trans.Med. Imaging, 2007, 26(4):452-461
[37] Huang X, Paragiosn, Metaxas D. Shape registration in implicit spaces using information theory and free form deformations[J].IEEE Trans. Pattern Ana. Mach,Intell,2006, 28(8): 1303-1318
[38] Liu L, Jiang T, Yang J, et al. Fingerprint regist-ration by maximization of mutual information[ J].IEEE Trans Image Process, 2006,15(5): 1100-1110
[39] Bentoutou Y, Table N, Kpalma K, et al. An automatic image registration for applications in remote sensing[J].IEEE Trans. Geosc Remote Sens,2005,43(9):2127-2137
[40] Zitova B, Flusser I. Image resistration methods a survey[J].Image and Vision Computing, 2003, 21(11): 977-1000
[41] Brown L G. A survey of image registrtion techniques[J]. ACM Computing Surveys,1992,24(4): 325-367
[42] Hutten Locher D P, Klanderman G A, Rucklidgew J. Comparing image using the distance[J]. IEEE Transactions PAM I, 1993,15(9):850-863
[43] Hatabu A, Miyazaki T, Kuroda I. Optimization of decision-timing for early ter-Mination of SSDA-based block matching[C].Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Proce Edings (ICASSP’03), 2003 IEEE International Conference,2003
[44] Hong Zhenghua, Zhu Peiying. An improved SSDA applied in target tracking[J].Pattern Recognit-Ion, 1988, 9th IEEE International Conference,1988,767-769
[45]谢永胜,余正生.图像快速配准算法的改进[J].机电工程.2010, 27(2):36-38
[46] Zhang Yujin. Image processing and analysis[M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing,1999
[47] Liu Wenping,Wu Lide. Study on the compare between methods of image segmentation threshold selection[J]. Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 1997, 10(3): 271-277
[48] Liu Xiaojun, Zhou Yue. SAR images automatic registration based on contour features[J]. Computer Engineering, 2007,33(4): 176-178
[49]罗棻.一种简单的医学图像刚体配准方法[J].计算机技术与发展.2009,19(4):210-212
[50]戴朴,方耀云,姜泗长.连续切片的计算机三维重建及立体视觉[J].中国体视学与图像分析, 1996, 1
[51]陈百明.材料微观结构的连续切片图形三维可视化程序设[D].兰卅I :兰州理工大学, 2005
[52] Malcolm Y, Christopher B J, Dougla S T.Three-dimensional reconstruction of geoscientifie objects from serial section[J].Visual Comput, 1995(11):343
[53]诸葛斌,周荷琴等.人体切片数据颜色的自动校正方法[J].航天医学与医学工程, 2005, 18(3):211
[54] Li M, Ghost S, Richmond O, et a1.Three-dimensional characterization and modeling of particle reinforced metal matrix compsites: Part 1:Quantitative description of micro-structural morphology [J].Mater Sci Eng A,1999
[55]徐亮,范芦芳,周家镇,向敬池,贾培沂,蒋世明. MimicsV10.0软件的三维实体重建方法的研究.中国现代药物应用,2008,06
[56] Talwar S K, et al. Rat navigation guide by remote control. Nature[J],2002,417(6884):37-38
[57] Mody A. The roach, now within reach. Indian Express Newspaper,1983,3,1
[58]薛龙增,陈进贵,孙文陵等.四季鹅(椎)脑立体定位图谱的建立.海军医高专学报[J],1994,16(2):97-100
[59] Snider R S. A stereotaxic atlas of the monkey brain (Macaca Mulatta)[M]. University of Chicago Press,1961
[60] Karten H J, Hodos W, A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the pigeon(Columba livia). Baltmore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1967
[61] Smeets W J . A forebrain atlas of the lizard gekko gecko,1986
[62] Smeets W J. Medina L The efferent connections of the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko. A combined tract-tracing/transmitter-immunohistochemical study ,1995(01)
[63]唐宗湘,姜世英,施敏.蛤蚧端脑前背侧室嵴Golgi Cox研究[J],解剖学研究,2000(01)
[64]李桂芬,蒙绍权,姜世英.蛤蚧前背侧室嵴嘴外侧区的纤维联系[J],动物学研究,2001(01)
[65]沈端文,张杏辉,姜世英.蛤蚧端脑前背侧室嵴头外侧区突触的电镜研究[J],电子显微学报, 1998(03)
[66]刘兴辉.大壁虎脑部结构与立体脑图谱构建的研究.[南京航空航天大学学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2007
[67]王文波.大壁虎运动人工诱导的基础研究.[南京航空航天大学学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2008
[68]马光磊.大壁虎中脑运动相关脑区的实验及脑区三维表示.[南京航空航天大学学位论文],南京,南京航空航天大学,2008
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |