双馈式变速恒频风力发电系统仿真研究
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摘要
作为目前技术最为成熟的一种可再生能源利用形式,风力发电近年来发展迅速。世界各国普遍重视并大力发展风力发电,技术上不断进步,具有良好的运行性能的双馈式变速恒频风力发电系统成为了研究的热点。
本文重点研究了双馈式变速恒频风力发电系统的控制策略及实现方法,获得了一些重要的仿真结果和结论。首先详细归纳了风力发电系统的仿真模型,研究了包括空气动力系统、风机轴系系统、桨距控制系统和变频器在内的动态仿真模型；然后针对双馈电机进行数学建模,推导了双馈电机中电压、磁链、功率、电磁转矩等关键量的表达式,研究了双馈电机转子侧和定子侧变换器的控制策略；再次,研究了双馈风力发电机的并网控制策略,建立了基于磁场定向的控制方法,通过仿真验证了双馈风力发电机的良好的软并网特性。最后,建立了空气动力学、双馈电机和控制系统的模型,构建了完整的双馈风力发电系统的动态仿真模型,根据其运行特性对模型的有效性进行了验证。本文介绍了一种双馈风力发电机在电网故障时保持并网的解决方案,重点研究了Crowbar保护电路及实现方法,进行了电网故障时的仿真分析,验证了该保护措施可以满足电网的低电压穿越要求,对实际的工作具有一定指导意义。
As one form of renewable energy, wind power is the most mature renewable power generation technology and developed rapidly in recent years. More and more countries pay attention to improve wind power generation techniques. Good operating performance of the DFIG wind power generation technology has become research focus.
This paper addresses the issues related to the control theory and simulation of DFIG wind power generation system, with the followed research folds. First, the wind power system model is summarized, specifying the aerodynamic system, wind turbine shaft system, pitch control system and frequency converter. Then the double-fed generator mathematical model is built. The voltage, flux, power, torque expression of DFIG is detailed derived, and the control theory of DFIG rotor and grid side converters are discussed. And then the field oriented control of DFIG gird-connection control strategy is studied and taken simulation analysis. Last the aerodynamic, DFIG and control system are built, founded an integrated dynamic simulation model of double-fed wind power generation system. According to the operating characteristic, the dynamic model is validated by simulation. A solution is described that makes it possible for doubly-fed induction generators to stay connected to the grid during grid faults. The Crowbar protection is discussed and taken the simulation analysis of power gird during fault. Examples of application are shown to confirm its effectiveness to meet the requirements of LVRT.
本文重点研究了双馈式变速恒频风力发电系统的控制策略及实现方法,获得了一些重要的仿真结果和结论。首先详细归纳了风力发电系统的仿真模型,研究了包括空气动力系统、风机轴系系统、桨距控制系统和变频器在内的动态仿真模型；然后针对双馈电机进行数学建模,推导了双馈电机中电压、磁链、功率、电磁转矩等关键量的表达式,研究了双馈电机转子侧和定子侧变换器的控制策略；再次,研究了双馈风力发电机的并网控制策略,建立了基于磁场定向的控制方法,通过仿真验证了双馈风力发电机的良好的软并网特性。最后,建立了空气动力学、双馈电机和控制系统的模型,构建了完整的双馈风力发电系统的动态仿真模型,根据其运行特性对模型的有效性进行了验证。本文介绍了一种双馈风力发电机在电网故障时保持并网的解决方案,重点研究了Crowbar保护电路及实现方法,进行了电网故障时的仿真分析,验证了该保护措施可以满足电网的低电压穿越要求,对实际的工作具有一定指导意义。
As one form of renewable energy, wind power is the most mature renewable power generation technology and developed rapidly in recent years. More and more countries pay attention to improve wind power generation techniques. Good operating performance of the DFIG wind power generation technology has become research focus.
This paper addresses the issues related to the control theory and simulation of DFIG wind power generation system, with the followed research folds. First, the wind power system model is summarized, specifying the aerodynamic system, wind turbine shaft system, pitch control system and frequency converter. Then the double-fed generator mathematical model is built. The voltage, flux, power, torque expression of DFIG is detailed derived, and the control theory of DFIG rotor and grid side converters are discussed. And then the field oriented control of DFIG gird-connection control strategy is studied and taken simulation analysis. Last the aerodynamic, DFIG and control system are built, founded an integrated dynamic simulation model of double-fed wind power generation system. According to the operating characteristic, the dynamic model is validated by simulation. A solution is described that makes it possible for doubly-fed induction generators to stay connected to the grid during grid faults. The Crowbar protection is discussed and taken the simulation analysis of power gird during fault. Examples of application are shown to confirm its effectiveness to meet the requirements of LVRT.
引文
[1]薛析,朱瑞兆,中国风能资源贮量估算,太阳能学报,2001,22(2)：25-28
[2]王承熙等,风力发电,北京：中国电力出版社,2003.
[3]陈雷,大型风力发电机组技术发展趋势.可再生能源,2003,107(1).27-30.
[4]R. Pena, J.C Clare, etc. Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM convertors and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation, IEE Proc, Electrical Power Application,1996,143(3):231-241.
[5]R. Pena, J.C Clare, etc. A doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM convertors supplying an isolated load from variable-speed wind-turbine, IEE Proc, Electrical Power Application,1996,143(5):380-387.
[6]Yifang. Tang, Longya Xu, A flexible active and reactive power control strategy for a variable speed constant frequency generating system, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics,1995,10(4):472-478.
[7]Yifang. Tang, Longya Xu, Stator field oriented control of doubly-excited induction machine in wind power generating system, Proceeding of 35th Midwest Symposium on Circuit and System,1992, pp:1446-1449.
[8]Dajib Datta, V. T. Ranganathan, Decoupled control of active and reactive power for a grid-conncected doubly-fed wound rotor induction machine without postion sensors, Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Application System Annual Meeting,1999, pp:2623-2630.
[9]Dongsheng Zhou, R. Spee, Synchronous frame model and decoupled control development for doubly-fed machines, Proceedings of the IEEE Industry Electronics Specicalist Conference,1994, pp:1229-1236.
[10]刘其辉,贺益康等,变速恒频风力发电机空载并网控制,中国电机工程学报,2004,(4)
[11]贺益康,刘其辉,变速恒频风力发电机并网控制策略研究,高技术通讯,2003,(12)
[12]刁瑞盛,徐政,常勇,几种常见风力发电系统的技术比较,能源工程,2006,2：20-25
[13]汤涌,卜广全,侯俊贤,宋新立.PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序用户手册.北京：中国电力科学研究院.
[14]Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca. Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators. October 27,2003.
[15]Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul S(?)rensen, Frede Blaabjerg. Wind Turbine Blockset in Matlab/Simulink. Aalborg University March 2004.
[16]E. Muljadi, K. Pierce, P.Migliore. Control Strategy for Variable-Speed, Stall Regulated Wind Turbines. American Controls Conference Philadelphia, PA June 24-26,1998.
[17]陈坚,电力电子学,北京：高等教育出版社,2004.
[18]辜承林等,电机学,武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007
[19]陈伯时,电力拖动自动控制系统,北京：机械工程出版社,2003.
[20]姚兴佳等,风力发电机组原理与应用,北京：机械工程出版社,2009.
[21]陈伯时,陆逊敏,交流调速系统,北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[22]柴肇基,电力传动与调速系统,北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,1992.
[23]冯双磊等,双馈式变速恒频风电机组动态模型仿真.电网技术,2007,31(17).30-35.
[24]许大中,交流电机调速理论,杭州：浙江大学出版社,1991.
[25]高景德等,交流电机及其系统的分析,北京：清华大学出版社,1993.
[26]张崇魏,张兴,PWM整流器及其控制,北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[27]Trzynadlowski,A.M.."An overview of modern PWM techniques for three-phase, inverters",Proceedings of the IEEE Internationalvoltage-controlled, voltage-source Symposium on Industrial Electronics,1996,1(1):25-39.
[28]叶杭冶,风力发电机组的控制技术,北京：机械工业出版社,2002
[29]吴烽,风力发电机并网技术综述,风力发电,1992,(1)：5-8
[30]赵斌,许洪华,大型风力发电机组的软并网控制系统,新能源,2000,22(12)：45-47.
[31]Boldea I, Tutelea L, Serban I. Variable speed electric generators and their control:an emerging technology[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering,2002,1(3): 20-28.
[32]Khanbadkone Ashwin M, ect. Compensated synchronous PI current controller in overmodulation range and six-step operation of space-vector modulation based vector-controlled drives[J]. IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronic,2002, 49(3):574-580.
[33]田亚菲等,电压空间矢量脉宽调制算法仿真实现及分析,电力系统及其自动化学报,2004,4(16)：68-72.
[34]Byung-duk Min, Jang-Hyoun, ect. A space vector modulation based hysteresis current controller for PWM rectifier with voltage link. INT. Electronics,1999, 86(3):363-377.
[35]张靠社等,滞环矢量控制在双馈风力发电机中的应用,电网与清洁能源,2009,25(5)：46-50.
[36]Abbey C, Joos G. Effect of low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic on voltage stability[J]. IEEE, Transactions on Industry Applications,2005,41(3): 1-7.
[37]国家电网公司风电场接入电网技术规定.2009.
[38]Johan Morren, Sjoerd W H de Haan. Ride through of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2005,20(2):435-441.
[39]Helsinki, Finland. Voltage dip ride through of a doubly-fed generator equipped with an active crowbar[J]. Nordic Wind Power Conference, Chalmers University of Technology 1-2 March,2004:1-4.
[40]关宏亮,赵海翔等,风电机组低电压穿越功能及其应用,电工技术学报,2007,22(10)：173-177.
[41]Muller S,Deicke M et al.Adjustable Speed Generators for Wind Turbines based on Doubly-fed Induction Machines and Quadrant IGBT Converter Linked to the Rotor. IEEE Trans.On Industry Applications,2000,30 (3):21-23.
[42]Arantxa Tapia,Gerardo Tapia et al.Modeling and Control of a Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator.IEEE Trans.On Energy Conversion,2003,18(2):194-204.
[43]Poller M. Doubly-fed induction machine models for stability assessment of wind farms[C]. Proceedings of IEEE-Power-Tech Conference, Bologna, Italy,2003.
[44]Akhmatov V. Variable speed wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators, Part Ⅰ:Modeling in dynamic simulation tools[J]. Wind Engineering, 2002,26(2):85-107.
[45]Arantxa Tapia,Gerardo Tapia et al.Modeling and Control of a Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator.IEEE Trans.On Energy Conversion,2003,18(2):194-204.
[46]卞松江,吕晓美,相会杰等.交流励磁变速恒频风力发电系统控制策略的仿真研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(16)：57-62.
[47]李晶,宋家骅,王伟胜.大型变速恒频风力发电机组建模与仿真[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(6)：100-105.
[48]Petersson A. Analysis, modeling and control of doubly-fed induction generators for wind turbines[D]. Sweden:Department of Electric Power Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology,2003.
[49]Ekanayake J B, Wu X G, Jenkins N. Dynamic modeling of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines [J]. IEEE Trans on power systems,2003,18(2):803-809.
[50]Brune C, Spee R. Experimental evaluation of a variable-speed doubly fed wind power generation system[J]. IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,1994,30(3): 648-655.
[51]贺益康,郑康,潘再平,刘其辉,交流励磁变速恒频风电系统运行研究.电力系(13)：55-59统自动化,2004,28.
[2]王承熙等,风力发电,北京：中国电力出版社,2003.
[3]陈雷,大型风力发电机组技术发展趋势.可再生能源,2003,107(1).27-30.
[4]R. Pena, J.C Clare, etc. Doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM convertors and its application to variable-speed wind-energy generation, IEE Proc, Electrical Power Application,1996,143(3):231-241.
[5]R. Pena, J.C Clare, etc. A doubly fed induction generator using back-to-back PWM convertors supplying an isolated load from variable-speed wind-turbine, IEE Proc, Electrical Power Application,1996,143(5):380-387.
[6]Yifang. Tang, Longya Xu, A flexible active and reactive power control strategy for a variable speed constant frequency generating system, IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics,1995,10(4):472-478.
[7]Yifang. Tang, Longya Xu, Stator field oriented control of doubly-excited induction machine in wind power generating system, Proceeding of 35th Midwest Symposium on Circuit and System,1992, pp:1446-1449.
[8]Dajib Datta, V. T. Ranganathan, Decoupled control of active and reactive power for a grid-conncected doubly-fed wound rotor induction machine without postion sensors, Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Application System Annual Meeting,1999, pp:2623-2630.
[9]Dongsheng Zhou, R. Spee, Synchronous frame model and decoupled control development for doubly-fed machines, Proceedings of the IEEE Industry Electronics Specicalist Conference,1994, pp:1229-1236.
[10]刘其辉,贺益康等,变速恒频风力发电机空载并网控制,中国电机工程学报,2004,(4)
[11]贺益康,刘其辉,变速恒频风力发电机并网控制策略研究,高技术通讯,2003,(12)
[12]刁瑞盛,徐政,常勇,几种常见风力发电系统的技术比较,能源工程,2006,2：20-25
[13]汤涌,卜广全,侯俊贤,宋新立.PSD-BPA暂态稳定程序用户手册.北京：中国电力科学研究院.
[14]Nicholas W. Miller, William W. Price, Juan J. Sanchez-Gasca. Dynamic Modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 Wind Turbine-Generators. October 27,2003.
[15]Florin Iov, Anca Daniela Hansen, Poul S(?)rensen, Frede Blaabjerg. Wind Turbine Blockset in Matlab/Simulink. Aalborg University March 2004.
[16]E. Muljadi, K. Pierce, P.Migliore. Control Strategy for Variable-Speed, Stall Regulated Wind Turbines. American Controls Conference Philadelphia, PA June 24-26,1998.
[17]陈坚,电力电子学,北京：高等教育出版社,2004.
[18]辜承林等,电机学,武汉：华中科技大学出版社,2007
[19]陈伯时,电力拖动自动控制系统,北京：机械工程出版社,2003.
[20]姚兴佳等,风力发电机组原理与应用,北京：机械工程出版社,2009.
[21]陈伯时,陆逊敏,交流调速系统,北京：机械工业出版社,2000.
[22]柴肇基,电力传动与调速系统,北京：北京航空航天大学出版社,1992.
[23]冯双磊等,双馈式变速恒频风电机组动态模型仿真.电网技术,2007,31(17).30-35.
[24]许大中,交流电机调速理论,杭州：浙江大学出版社,1991.
[25]高景德等,交流电机及其系统的分析,北京：清华大学出版社,1993.
[26]张崇魏,张兴,PWM整流器及其控制,北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[27]Trzynadlowski,A.M.."An overview of modern PWM techniques for three-phase, inverters",Proceedings of the IEEE Internationalvoltage-controlled, voltage-source Symposium on Industrial Electronics,1996,1(1):25-39.
[28]叶杭冶,风力发电机组的控制技术,北京：机械工业出版社,2002
[29]吴烽,风力发电机并网技术综述,风力发电,1992,(1)：5-8
[30]赵斌,许洪华,大型风力发电机组的软并网控制系统,新能源,2000,22(12)：45-47.
[31]Boldea I, Tutelea L, Serban I. Variable speed electric generators and their control:an emerging technology[J]. Journal of Electrical Engineering,2002,1(3): 20-28.
[32]Khanbadkone Ashwin M, ect. Compensated synchronous PI current controller in overmodulation range and six-step operation of space-vector modulation based vector-controlled drives[J]. IEEE Trans on Industrial Electronic,2002, 49(3):574-580.
[33]田亚菲等,电压空间矢量脉宽调制算法仿真实现及分析,电力系统及其自动化学报,2004,4(16)：68-72.
[34]Byung-duk Min, Jang-Hyoun, ect. A space vector modulation based hysteresis current controller for PWM rectifier with voltage link. INT. Electronics,1999, 86(3):363-377.
[35]张靠社等,滞环矢量控制在双馈风力发电机中的应用,电网与清洁能源,2009,25(5)：46-50.
[36]Abbey C, Joos G. Effect of low voltage ride through (LVRT) characteristic on voltage stability[J]. IEEE, Transactions on Industry Applications,2005,41(3): 1-7.
[37]国家电网公司风电场接入电网技术规定.2009.
[38]Johan Morren, Sjoerd W H de Haan. Ride through of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator during a voltage dip[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,2005,20(2):435-441.
[39]Helsinki, Finland. Voltage dip ride through of a doubly-fed generator equipped with an active crowbar[J]. Nordic Wind Power Conference, Chalmers University of Technology 1-2 March,2004:1-4.
[40]关宏亮,赵海翔等,风电机组低电压穿越功能及其应用,电工技术学报,2007,22(10)：173-177.
[41]Muller S,Deicke M et al.Adjustable Speed Generators for Wind Turbines based on Doubly-fed Induction Machines and Quadrant IGBT Converter Linked to the Rotor. IEEE Trans.On Industry Applications,2000,30 (3):21-23.
[42]Arantxa Tapia,Gerardo Tapia et al.Modeling and Control of a Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator.IEEE Trans.On Energy Conversion,2003,18(2):194-204.
[43]Poller M. Doubly-fed induction machine models for stability assessment of wind farms[C]. Proceedings of IEEE-Power-Tech Conference, Bologna, Italy,2003.
[44]Akhmatov V. Variable speed wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generators, Part Ⅰ:Modeling in dynamic simulation tools[J]. Wind Engineering, 2002,26(2):85-107.
[45]Arantxa Tapia,Gerardo Tapia et al.Modeling and Control of a Wind Turbine Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator.IEEE Trans.On Energy Conversion,2003,18(2):194-204.
[46]卞松江,吕晓美,相会杰等.交流励磁变速恒频风力发电系统控制策略的仿真研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(16)：57-62.
[47]李晶,宋家骅,王伟胜.大型变速恒频风力发电机组建模与仿真[J].中国电机工程学报,2004,24(6)：100-105.
[48]Petersson A. Analysis, modeling and control of doubly-fed induction generators for wind turbines[D]. Sweden:Department of Electric Power Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology,2003.
[49]Ekanayake J B, Wu X G, Jenkins N. Dynamic modeling of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines [J]. IEEE Trans on power systems,2003,18(2):803-809.
[50]Brune C, Spee R. Experimental evaluation of a variable-speed doubly fed wind power generation system[J]. IEEE Trans on Industry Applications,1994,30(3): 648-655.
[51]贺益康,郑康,潘再平,刘其辉,交流励磁变速恒频风电系统运行研究.电力系(13)：55-59统自动化,2004,28.