低温、遮荫、干旱和氮素对棉（Gossypium hirsutum L.）纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
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摘要
棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)纤维长度是重要的原棉品质指标之一,形成于纤维极性伸长阶段,是品种遗传特性、环境因素和栽培措施共同作用的结果。在目前棉花主栽品种遗传背景较为优异的情况下,环境因素和栽培措施(尤其是施氮量)对纤维发育的影响日益凸显。本文应用比较蛋白质组学方法,研究了低温、遮荫、干旱等生态胁迫和氮素对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系,揭示了纤维伸长发育响应低温、遮荫、干旱等胁迫和氮素的分子机理,为抗逆栽培和分子辅助育种提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：
1低温对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
选用纤维比强度形成存在低温敏感性差异的两个棉花品种(科棉1号：低温弱敏感型品种,苏棉15号：低温敏感型品种)为材料,采用分期播种的方法,研究低温对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与正常播期(棉纤维发育日均最低温为26.3℃)相比,晚播所致的低温(日均最低温低于20.8℃)显著缩短了棉纤维长度,37个蛋白在不同播期间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其在低温胁迫下的变化特征发现：磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶、R1蛋白和转醛醇酶等参与苹果酸和可溶性糖合成的相关蛋白含量上调明显,可以产生相对较多的苹果酸和可溶性糖,保证了细胞膨压的产生；内木聚糖转移酶和Expansin等参与细胞壁的松弛的相关蛋白上调表达明显,保证了低温下纤维细胞壁的松弛度；蔗糖合成酶和p-半乳糖苷酶等参与细胞壁组分的合成的相关蛋白上调表达明显,有利于纤维素、半乳糖的合成；肌动蛋白和微管蛋白等参与物质转运和纤维素排列的骨架蛋白下调明显,导致物质运输受阻纤维排列受抑制；且上述低温响应蛋白在低温敏感型品种(苏棉15号)的变化幅度较低温弱敏感型品种(科棉1号)小,这可能是导致品种间低温敏感性存在差异的内在原因。另外,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和质子焦磷酸化酶的含量变化以及乙烯调控途径的活跃程度可作为衡量棉花品种耐低温的指标蛋白和途径。
2遮荫对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
以美棉33B为材料,以CRLR100%为对照,设置棉花花铃期遮荫(CRLR80%)试验,研究遮荫对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与CRLR100%相比,CRLR80%导致纤维长度明显缩短,40个蛋白在CRLR100%、CRLR80%间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其在遮荫条件下的变化特征发现：在CRLR80%条件下,钙离子结合蛋白和磷脂酶D等参与信号转导的相关蛋白上调表达,在10DAA上调幅度最大,表明纤维细胞伸长前期的信号转导比较活跃,有利于及时调整细胞的代谢平衡；磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等参与碳/能量代谢的相关蛋白持续下调表达,导致物质合成和能量代谢受阻；腺苷酸环化酶结合蛋白、前纤维蛋白和膜联蛋白等骨架蛋白在5-15DAA下调表达,导致细胞骨架系统紊乱,纤维细胞无法正常伸长；但是超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶等参与细胞氧化平衡的相关蛋白持续上调表达,有利于控制细胞内活性氧水平,以保证细胞膜的稳定性和完整性；热击蛋白、蛋白酶体等蛋白上调表达,保证了细胞内蛋白质的稳定和更新。综上所述,碳氮代谢受阻、骨架蛋白系统紊乱是遮荫导致纤维长度缩短的内在原因。
3花铃期短期土壤干旱对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
以美棉33B为材料,以SRWC(75±5)%为对照,设置棉花花铃期短期土壤干旱再复水试验,研究花铃期短期土壤干旱及复水对棉纤维蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与SRWC(75±5)%相比,花铃期短期土壤干旱处理棉花随土壤相对含水量的减少,纤维长度明显缩短；复水后,纤维长度改善不明显。在花铃期短期土壤干旱条件下,132个蛋白在水分处理间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其干旱条件下的变化特征发现：(1)蔗糖合酶、牛乳糖苷酶、鼠李糖酶和糖基转移酶等参与核苷糖代谢的相关蛋白上调表达,尤其是在5DAA上调幅度最大,有利于纤维素等细胞壁物质的合成；(2)5-甲基四氢叶酸-高半胱氨酸-S-甲基转移酶、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合酶和腺苷激酶等参与甲基化循环的相关蛋白呈上升趋势,活跃的甲基化循环可为乙烯合成提供甲硫氨酸,另一方面甲基化循环还可以栓化木质素有利于抵抗干旱；(3)花色素还原酶、查耳酮合酶和查耳酮二氢黄酮异构酶等参与类黄酮物质合成的相关蛋白上调表达,可能因为纤维细胞起始分化数量减少的缘故；(4)参与ABA信号转导途径和14-3-3蛋白介导的信号转导途径的相关蛋白在5DAA上调表达明显,在纤维伸长期响应干旱胁迫的过程中具有重要作用。综上,核苷糖代谢、甲基化循环、激素平衡等过程在纤维伸长发育抵御干旱的过程中具有重要作用。
4氮素对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
以美棉33B为材料,设置棉花施氮量试验(0、240、480kg N hm-2),研究氮素对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与240kg Nhm～2施氮量相比,0、480kg N hm～2均显著缩短了棉纤维长度,61个蛋白在不同施氮量间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其在不同施氮量下的变化特征表明：与240kg N hm～2施氮量相比,在0kg N hm-2施氮量下,磷酸丙糖异构酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶和ATP合酶等参与碳和能量代谢的相关蛋白含量持续下调表达,谷氨酰胺合成酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶等参与氮代谢的相关蛋白含量下降,蔗糖合酶和鼠李糖合酶等参与细胞壁物质合成的相关蛋白含量下降,NAC3、PDI和蛋白酶体含量下降但分子伴侣和抗氧化酶等相关蛋白上调表达。在480kg N hm～2施氮量下,磷酸丙糖异构酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶和ATP合酶等参与碳/能量代谢的相关蛋白含量持续上调表达,谷氨酰胺合成酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶等参与氮代谢的相关蛋白含量上调,蔗糖合酶和鼠李糖合酶等参与细胞壁物质合成的相关蛋白含量下降,NAC3、PDI和蛋白酶体含量下降,但分子伴侣和抗氧化酶等相关蛋白上调表达。综上所述,碳氮代谢不平衡、细胞壁物质合成受阻是氮素影响纤维伸长发育及纤维长度形成的内在原因。
Fiber length is an important criterion of cotton quality and is determined by the polar elongation stage. Fiber length was affected by genotype, environmental condition and cultivation measures. Theis study was about the effects of ecological stress and nitrogrn rates on cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation. In this paper, we use comparative proteomics approach to find the key proteins that are sensitive to ecological stress/nitrogen rates and combining with their function and dynamic change between the control and treatments to uncover the molecular mechanism response to ecological stress and nitrogen rates. The main results were as follows:
1. The effects of low-temperature on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
Two cotton cultivars with different low temperature sensitivity were selected to study the effects of low temperature on cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with fiber length formation. And the results were as follows:low temperature shortened the cotton fiber length, and37proeins have significant change. The results showed that:the increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, R1proteins and transketolase resulted in the relatively more production of malate and soluble sugar content, resulting in the relatively more generation of cell turgor; The expression of endo-xyloglucan transferase and expansin increased to ensure that the loose of in/exro-cellulose to intensifiy the fiber cell wall laxity; the expression of sucrose synthase and β-galactosidase enzyme was significantly increased, in favor of cellulose, synthetic galactose; the expression of actin and tubulin was observed decreased resulting in disruption of material transport and inhibited fiber arrangement; the change magnitude of the above low-temperature-responsive proteins in Kemian1was smaller than that in Sumian15, which may be the underlying reasons lead to differences among varieties with low temperature sensitivity. In addition, the change content of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and the proton pyrophosphorylase and the activation of ethylene signaling pathway can be an indicator of cotton varieties resistant to low-temperature approach.
2. The effects of shading on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
The investigation was aiming to understand the changes of the cotton fiber proteome and their relationships with cotton fiber length formation. The results showed that the fiber becomed shorter under shading condition. And there were40proteins changed significantly under low temperature. Combing with the expression characteristic of the above proteins under shading stress, we conclude that:CBL3and phospholipase D increasing at10DAA illustrated that the signal transduction was active during the early fiber elongation. It was useful for cotton fiber to regulate the base metabolism to adapt the shading stress. The decreases of the phosphofructokinase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase resulted in the reduction of material synthesis and energy production. The decreasse of adenylyl cyclase associated protein, profiling and annexin caused the disorders of cytoskeletal structure. The increases of the SOD and APX could enhance the redoxiation activity of cotton fiber. Overall, the reduced metabolism of carbon/energy and the the disorders of cytoskeletal structure are the main reason for the short fibers under shading.
3. The effects of short-term soil drought and rehydration on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
For the materials with NuCOTN33B, the normal irrigation experiment and short-term soil drough experiment during the flowering and boll-setting period were set to study the influences of short-term soil drought and rehydration on cotton fiber proteome and the relationship with cotton fiber length. The results showed that the fiber of cotton becomes shorter while the cotton relative water content decreased with drough experiment. After rehydration, though the cotton wilting was improved, the cotton fiber was still shorter than the control. In drought condition, there were163differentially expressed proteins which were closely related with drought stress. Mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of132differentially expressed proteins:(1) the expression of sucrose synthase, bate glycosidase enzymes and UDP-L-rhamnose synthase and glycosyl transferase participated in the protein nucleoside sugar metabolism increased, especially at5DAA raised the largest amount.(2) The related enzymes which participated in methylation cycle, such as5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and adenosine kinase, showed ascendant trend. Active methylation cycle can provide methionine for ethylene synthesis, and for the other hand, methylation cycle could suberize the lignin to resist drought.(3)The proteins which participated in flavonoids synthesis, such as anthocyanidin, chalcone synthase and chalcone flavanone isomerase, raised expression, may be the result from the decreased fiber cells.(4) The ABA signal transduction pathway and14-3-3protein transduction pathway, raised expression in5DAA, may play an important role in drought tolerance of cotton fiber. In conclusion, the active nucleoside sugar metabolism was good for the synthesis of primary cell wall materials beneficial for the fiber elongation; methylation cycle had important significance in the process of fiber drought tolerance; the signal transduction system, especially hormone metabolism balance was effective for fiber cell to resist drought stress.
4. The effects of nitrogen on the cotton proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
This experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen rates on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with cotton fiber length formation. The results showed that: comparing to240kg·N·hm-2, the fiber length becomes shorter under0、480kg N hm-2. And there were87differentially expressed proteins that responsible for the nitrogen tolerance of cotton fiber. Mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of61differentially expressed proteins. Combined with the expression characteristic of the61proteins, the conclusions were concluded as follows:The expression of triosephosphate isomerase and ATP synthase that participated in glysythse decreased resulted in the reduction of material synthesis and energy; The decreased expression of glutamine synthase and ALATra caused the reduction of nitrogen metabolism; the expression of sucrose synthase, UDP-D-glucose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-L-rhamnose synthase decreased which caused the reduction of the cellulose and UDP-L-rhamnose; the decreases of NAC3, PDI and proteasome blocked the targeting, transformation and degradation of proteins; the increases of chaperon and antioxidant could prevent the protein denaturation and elimination of ROS. The proteins involoved in the glycolysis and nitrogen metabolism, which increased to produce more material and energy production that useful for C/N metabolism. In conclusion, the reduction of C/N metabolism, the synthesis of cell wall components and the blockage of the proteins targeting, transformation and degradation were the reasons for reduction of fiber length under Okg N hm"2nitrogen rates; however, the reduction of the synthesis of cell wall components resulted in shorter fiber under480kg N hm-2nitrogen rate.
1低温对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
选用纤维比强度形成存在低温敏感性差异的两个棉花品种(科棉1号：低温弱敏感型品种,苏棉15号：低温敏感型品种)为材料,采用分期播种的方法,研究低温对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与正常播期(棉纤维发育日均最低温为26.3℃)相比,晚播所致的低温(日均最低温低于20.8℃)显著缩短了棉纤维长度,37个蛋白在不同播期间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其在低温胁迫下的变化特征发现：磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化酶、R1蛋白和转醛醇酶等参与苹果酸和可溶性糖合成的相关蛋白含量上调明显,可以产生相对较多的苹果酸和可溶性糖,保证了细胞膨压的产生；内木聚糖转移酶和Expansin等参与细胞壁的松弛的相关蛋白上调表达明显,保证了低温下纤维细胞壁的松弛度；蔗糖合成酶和p-半乳糖苷酶等参与细胞壁组分的合成的相关蛋白上调表达明显,有利于纤维素、半乳糖的合成；肌动蛋白和微管蛋白等参与物质转运和纤维素排列的骨架蛋白下调明显,导致物质运输受阻纤维排列受抑制；且上述低温响应蛋白在低温敏感型品种(苏棉15号)的变化幅度较低温弱敏感型品种(科棉1号)小,这可能是导致品种间低温敏感性存在差异的内在原因。另外,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和质子焦磷酸化酶的含量变化以及乙烯调控途径的活跃程度可作为衡量棉花品种耐低温的指标蛋白和途径。
2遮荫对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
以美棉33B为材料,以CRLR100%为对照,设置棉花花铃期遮荫(CRLR80%)试验,研究遮荫对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与CRLR100%相比,CRLR80%导致纤维长度明显缩短,40个蛋白在CRLR100%、CRLR80%间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其在遮荫条件下的变化特征发现：在CRLR80%条件下,钙离子结合蛋白和磷脂酶D等参与信号转导的相关蛋白上调表达,在10DAA上调幅度最大,表明纤维细胞伸长前期的信号转导比较活跃,有利于及时调整细胞的代谢平衡；磷酸果糖激酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶和苹果酸脱氢酶等参与碳/能量代谢的相关蛋白持续下调表达,导致物质合成和能量代谢受阻；腺苷酸环化酶结合蛋白、前纤维蛋白和膜联蛋白等骨架蛋白在5-15DAA下调表达,导致细胞骨架系统紊乱,纤维细胞无法正常伸长；但是超氧化物歧化酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶等参与细胞氧化平衡的相关蛋白持续上调表达,有利于控制细胞内活性氧水平,以保证细胞膜的稳定性和完整性；热击蛋白、蛋白酶体等蛋白上调表达,保证了细胞内蛋白质的稳定和更新。综上所述,碳氮代谢受阻、骨架蛋白系统紊乱是遮荫导致纤维长度缩短的内在原因。
3花铃期短期土壤干旱对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
以美棉33B为材料,以SRWC(75±5)%为对照,设置棉花花铃期短期土壤干旱再复水试验,研究花铃期短期土壤干旱及复水对棉纤维蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与SRWC(75±5)%相比,花铃期短期土壤干旱处理棉花随土壤相对含水量的减少,纤维长度明显缩短；复水后,纤维长度改善不明显。在花铃期短期土壤干旱条件下,132个蛋白在水分处理间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其干旱条件下的变化特征发现：(1)蔗糖合酶、牛乳糖苷酶、鼠李糖酶和糖基转移酶等参与核苷糖代谢的相关蛋白上调表达,尤其是在5DAA上调幅度最大,有利于纤维素等细胞壁物质的合成；(2)5-甲基四氢叶酸-高半胱氨酸-S-甲基转移酶、S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合酶和腺苷激酶等参与甲基化循环的相关蛋白呈上升趋势,活跃的甲基化循环可为乙烯合成提供甲硫氨酸,另一方面甲基化循环还可以栓化木质素有利于抵抗干旱；(3)花色素还原酶、查耳酮合酶和查耳酮二氢黄酮异构酶等参与类黄酮物质合成的相关蛋白上调表达,可能因为纤维细胞起始分化数量减少的缘故；(4)参与ABA信号转导途径和14-3-3蛋白介导的信号转导途径的相关蛋白在5DAA上调表达明显,在纤维伸长期响应干旱胁迫的过程中具有重要作用。综上,核苷糖代谢、甲基化循环、激素平衡等过程在纤维伸长发育抵御干旱的过程中具有重要作用。
4氮素对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系
以美棉33B为材料,设置棉花施氮量试验(0、240、480kg N hm-2),研究氮素对棉纤维伸长期蛋白质组的影响及其与纤维长度形成的关系。结果表明：与240kg Nhm～2施氮量相比,0、480kg N hm～2均显著缩短了棉纤维长度,61个蛋白在不同施氮量间差异表达明显。结合上述差异表达蛋白的功能及其在不同施氮量下的变化特征表明：与240kg N hm～2施氮量相比,在0kg N hm-2施氮量下,磷酸丙糖异构酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶和ATP合酶等参与碳和能量代谢的相关蛋白含量持续下调表达,谷氨酰胺合成酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶等参与氮代谢的相关蛋白含量下降,蔗糖合酶和鼠李糖合酶等参与细胞壁物质合成的相关蛋白含量下降,NAC3、PDI和蛋白酶体含量下降但分子伴侣和抗氧化酶等相关蛋白上调表达。在480kg N hm～2施氮量下,磷酸丙糖异构酶、磷酸甘油酸激酶和ATP合酶等参与碳/能量代谢的相关蛋白含量持续上调表达,谷氨酰胺合成酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶等参与氮代谢的相关蛋白含量上调,蔗糖合酶和鼠李糖合酶等参与细胞壁物质合成的相关蛋白含量下降,NAC3、PDI和蛋白酶体含量下降,但分子伴侣和抗氧化酶等相关蛋白上调表达。综上所述,碳氮代谢不平衡、细胞壁物质合成受阻是氮素影响纤维伸长发育及纤维长度形成的内在原因。
Fiber length is an important criterion of cotton quality and is determined by the polar elongation stage. Fiber length was affected by genotype, environmental condition and cultivation measures. Theis study was about the effects of ecological stress and nitrogrn rates on cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation. In this paper, we use comparative proteomics approach to find the key proteins that are sensitive to ecological stress/nitrogen rates and combining with their function and dynamic change between the control and treatments to uncover the molecular mechanism response to ecological stress and nitrogen rates. The main results were as follows:
1. The effects of low-temperature on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
Two cotton cultivars with different low temperature sensitivity were selected to study the effects of low temperature on cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with fiber length formation. And the results were as follows:low temperature shortened the cotton fiber length, and37proeins have significant change. The results showed that:the increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, R1proteins and transketolase resulted in the relatively more production of malate and soluble sugar content, resulting in the relatively more generation of cell turgor; The expression of endo-xyloglucan transferase and expansin increased to ensure that the loose of in/exro-cellulose to intensifiy the fiber cell wall laxity; the expression of sucrose synthase and β-galactosidase enzyme was significantly increased, in favor of cellulose, synthetic galactose; the expression of actin and tubulin was observed decreased resulting in disruption of material transport and inhibited fiber arrangement; the change magnitude of the above low-temperature-responsive proteins in Kemian1was smaller than that in Sumian15, which may be the underlying reasons lead to differences among varieties with low temperature sensitivity. In addition, the change content of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and the proton pyrophosphorylase and the activation of ethylene signaling pathway can be an indicator of cotton varieties resistant to low-temperature approach.
2. The effects of shading on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
The investigation was aiming to understand the changes of the cotton fiber proteome and their relationships with cotton fiber length formation. The results showed that the fiber becomed shorter under shading condition. And there were40proteins changed significantly under low temperature. Combing with the expression characteristic of the above proteins under shading stress, we conclude that:CBL3and phospholipase D increasing at10DAA illustrated that the signal transduction was active during the early fiber elongation. It was useful for cotton fiber to regulate the base metabolism to adapt the shading stress. The decreases of the phosphofructokinase and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase resulted in the reduction of material synthesis and energy production. The decreasse of adenylyl cyclase associated protein, profiling and annexin caused the disorders of cytoskeletal structure. The increases of the SOD and APX could enhance the redoxiation activity of cotton fiber. Overall, the reduced metabolism of carbon/energy and the the disorders of cytoskeletal structure are the main reason for the short fibers under shading.
3. The effects of short-term soil drought and rehydration on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
For the materials with NuCOTN33B, the normal irrigation experiment and short-term soil drough experiment during the flowering and boll-setting period were set to study the influences of short-term soil drought and rehydration on cotton fiber proteome and the relationship with cotton fiber length. The results showed that the fiber of cotton becomes shorter while the cotton relative water content decreased with drough experiment. After rehydration, though the cotton wilting was improved, the cotton fiber was still shorter than the control. In drought condition, there were163differentially expressed proteins which were closely related with drought stress. Mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of132differentially expressed proteins:(1) the expression of sucrose synthase, bate glycosidase enzymes and UDP-L-rhamnose synthase and glycosyl transferase participated in the protein nucleoside sugar metabolism increased, especially at5DAA raised the largest amount.(2) The related enzymes which participated in methylation cycle, such as5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine methyltransferase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and adenosine kinase, showed ascendant trend. Active methylation cycle can provide methionine for ethylene synthesis, and for the other hand, methylation cycle could suberize the lignin to resist drought.(3)The proteins which participated in flavonoids synthesis, such as anthocyanidin, chalcone synthase and chalcone flavanone isomerase, raised expression, may be the result from the decreased fiber cells.(4) The ABA signal transduction pathway and14-3-3protein transduction pathway, raised expression in5DAA, may play an important role in drought tolerance of cotton fiber. In conclusion, the active nucleoside sugar metabolism was good for the synthesis of primary cell wall materials beneficial for the fiber elongation; methylation cycle had important significance in the process of fiber drought tolerance; the signal transduction system, especially hormone metabolism balance was effective for fiber cell to resist drought stress.
4. The effects of nitrogen on the cotton proteome and their relationship with the fiber length formation
This experiment was carried out to study the effects of nitrogen rates on the cotton fiber proteome and their relationship with cotton fiber length formation. The results showed that: comparing to240kg·N·hm-2, the fiber length becomes shorter under0、480kg N hm-2. And there were87differentially expressed proteins that responsible for the nitrogen tolerance of cotton fiber. Mass spectrometry analysis led to the identification of61differentially expressed proteins. Combined with the expression characteristic of the61proteins, the conclusions were concluded as follows:The expression of triosephosphate isomerase and ATP synthase that participated in glysythse decreased resulted in the reduction of material synthesis and energy; The decreased expression of glutamine synthase and ALATra caused the reduction of nitrogen metabolism; the expression of sucrose synthase, UDP-D-glucose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-L-rhamnose synthase decreased which caused the reduction of the cellulose and UDP-L-rhamnose; the decreases of NAC3, PDI and proteasome blocked the targeting, transformation and degradation of proteins; the increases of chaperon and antioxidant could prevent the protein denaturation and elimination of ROS. The proteins involoved in the glycolysis and nitrogen metabolism, which increased to produce more material and energy production that useful for C/N metabolism. In conclusion, the reduction of C/N metabolism, the synthesis of cell wall components and the blockage of the proteins targeting, transformation and degradation were the reasons for reduction of fiber length under Okg N hm"2nitrogen rates; however, the reduction of the synthesis of cell wall components resulted in shorter fiber under480kg N hm-2nitrogen rate.
引文
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