航天搭载对小桐子SP1诱变效应的初步研究
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摘要
本课题利用“实践八号”育种卫星搭载返回的2个种源(版纳种源、元阳种源)小桐子种子和未搭载种子(对照),通过地面播种及种植试验,观察经空间作用后的小桐子种子活力,定植后1a生和2a生植株的株高、地径、冠幅等生长情况,并进行物候观测,对定植第二年植株的单株产量、种子性状及含油率进行测定,根据测定指标制定优良单株筛选标准,初步筛选出优良单株。同时还研究了航天搭载对小桐子光合特性的影响。主要研究结果如下:
1.航天搭载对小桐子种子活力的影响达到极显著水平。2个种源处理的种子发芽率与发芽势比对照明显降低。在出苗率方面,航天搭载对2个种源出苗率的影响未达到显著水平。由此认为航天搭载诱变对小桐子种子活力有抑制作用。
2.航天搭载对当代1a生和2a生小桐子生长性状(株高、地径、冠幅、初级分枝数、顶端分枝数)的影响呈现一定规律。具体表现为:元阳种源1a生植株表现为矮化,生长势较对照弱;版纳种源的生长则优于对照。而2a生版纳、元阳种源植株生长均明显优于对照;航天搭载改变了小桐子的生长发育进程及结果能力,主要表现在2个种源处理的定植至开花、开花至坐果、坐果至果熟的天数均低于对照,2个种源处理的第一花序、第二花序和第三花序的小花数、雌雄花比例和结果率都较对照增加,但差异均不明显。总体趋势是航天搭载对改变小桐子植株生长有明显的促进作用。
3.航天搭载明显提高了2个种源当代2a生植株的平均单株产量。其中版纳种源处理的平均单株产量为339.50g,对照为183.15g;元阳种源处理的平均单株产量为363.71g,对照为219.66g。航天搭载对小桐子单株产量有极显著影响。航天搭载对2个种源处理群体的种子含油率影响不明显,但航天搭载扩大了小桐子种子含油率的变异幅度,处理中出现了较多低含油率和高含油率的植株。
4.航天搭载提高了2个种源植株的光合同化潜力,且使2个种源利用弱光的能力明显高于对照。而航天搭载对2种源2a生植株叶绿素含量的影响均不明显。
5.小桐子经航天搭载处理后各主要经济性状的相关性与对照相比发生了变化。版纳、元阳种源初步筛选出的优良单株平均产油率分别比对照优良单株平均产油率高+29.37%、+43.38%。处理中出现了叶形、树形发生变异的植株,航天搭载还使植株的抗病性增强。
本研究为选育高产、高油和抗逆性强的优良小桐子品种提供了丰富的育种材料,也为进一步深入研究太空环境诱发突变的生物学基础提供了有关信息。
Aerospace has different environmental conditions from the biosphere of the earth such as gravity, radiation, and magnetic field. Plant growth, development and genetic information may be affected under the aerospace conditions. Genetic changes may be used as an effective means of creating new germ plasm.
The seeds of 2 provenances of Jatropha curcas L. were carried by spaceship. The primary objective of this study was to identify the possibility mutations of seeds induced by aerospace and to select plants which had advantageous traits. So the seeds vigor, growing development and photosynthetic characteristics were analyzed. The results showed as following:
1. Effections of specelight on Jatropha curcas L. seeds were significant .Germination rate and germination energy of 2 provenances showed a decrease as a whole, while the seedling survival rate had no obviously changes. The results indicated that spaceflight can significant inhibit vigor of Jatropha curcas L.
2. There were differences between spacetreatments and ground controls in plants height, diameter, width, primary/top branches. For example, in one-year old plants, Yuanyang provenances were lower than the control. while Banna provenances were higher than the control. The twe-year old plants of 2 provenances were both heighter than that of the ground controls. And the days of spacetreatments from setting to flowering and maturation days shorts than control, the number of flower, the ratios of female to male and the ratios of native fruiting on the first, second and third inflorescence also higher. It was showed that the trend of mutation of the plants' growth development were positive.
3. Space environment had obvious effects on the yield of two-year old plants of Jatropha curcas L. After mutation, the yield of single plant increased significantly, the yields of Banna (339.50g) was highter than that of the control(183.15g), the yields of Yuanyang(363.71g)were also highter than that of the control(219.66g). While seeds oil showed no significant difference.
4. Photosynthesis characteristics were analyzed; the resulits indicated that there were significant differences between spacetreatments and controls. the two-year old plants of 2 provenances were higher than the control in net photosynthesis rate, and the apparent quantum efficiency of spacetreatments were all increased. The content of the chlorophyll a and b and a/b ratio of 2 provenances were the same as control.
5. Correlations of main economic traits of Jatropha curcas L. after spaceflight were different from control. The average oil yield of selected individual plants hight than than of the control.
The results of this study provided preliminary insight about the physiology changes of Jatropha curcas L.induced by space environment. The plants selected in the study are to be used as materials in breeding and the future researches.
1.航天搭载对小桐子种子活力的影响达到极显著水平。2个种源处理的种子发芽率与发芽势比对照明显降低。在出苗率方面,航天搭载对2个种源出苗率的影响未达到显著水平。由此认为航天搭载诱变对小桐子种子活力有抑制作用。
2.航天搭载对当代1a生和2a生小桐子生长性状(株高、地径、冠幅、初级分枝数、顶端分枝数)的影响呈现一定规律。具体表现为:元阳种源1a生植株表现为矮化,生长势较对照弱;版纳种源的生长则优于对照。而2a生版纳、元阳种源植株生长均明显优于对照;航天搭载改变了小桐子的生长发育进程及结果能力,主要表现在2个种源处理的定植至开花、开花至坐果、坐果至果熟的天数均低于对照,2个种源处理的第一花序、第二花序和第三花序的小花数、雌雄花比例和结果率都较对照增加,但差异均不明显。总体趋势是航天搭载对改变小桐子植株生长有明显的促进作用。
3.航天搭载明显提高了2个种源当代2a生植株的平均单株产量。其中版纳种源处理的平均单株产量为339.50g,对照为183.15g;元阳种源处理的平均单株产量为363.71g,对照为219.66g。航天搭载对小桐子单株产量有极显著影响。航天搭载对2个种源处理群体的种子含油率影响不明显,但航天搭载扩大了小桐子种子含油率的变异幅度,处理中出现了较多低含油率和高含油率的植株。
4.航天搭载提高了2个种源植株的光合同化潜力,且使2个种源利用弱光的能力明显高于对照。而航天搭载对2种源2a生植株叶绿素含量的影响均不明显。
5.小桐子经航天搭载处理后各主要经济性状的相关性与对照相比发生了变化。版纳、元阳种源初步筛选出的优良单株平均产油率分别比对照优良单株平均产油率高+29.37%、+43.38%。处理中出现了叶形、树形发生变异的植株,航天搭载还使植株的抗病性增强。
本研究为选育高产、高油和抗逆性强的优良小桐子品种提供了丰富的育种材料,也为进一步深入研究太空环境诱发突变的生物学基础提供了有关信息。
Aerospace has different environmental conditions from the biosphere of the earth such as gravity, radiation, and magnetic field. Plant growth, development and genetic information may be affected under the aerospace conditions. Genetic changes may be used as an effective means of creating new germ plasm.
The seeds of 2 provenances of Jatropha curcas L. were carried by spaceship. The primary objective of this study was to identify the possibility mutations of seeds induced by aerospace and to select plants which had advantageous traits. So the seeds vigor, growing development and photosynthetic characteristics were analyzed. The results showed as following:
1. Effections of specelight on Jatropha curcas L. seeds were significant .Germination rate and germination energy of 2 provenances showed a decrease as a whole, while the seedling survival rate had no obviously changes. The results indicated that spaceflight can significant inhibit vigor of Jatropha curcas L.
2. There were differences between spacetreatments and ground controls in plants height, diameter, width, primary/top branches. For example, in one-year old plants, Yuanyang provenances were lower than the control. while Banna provenances were higher than the control. The twe-year old plants of 2 provenances were both heighter than that of the ground controls. And the days of spacetreatments from setting to flowering and maturation days shorts than control, the number of flower, the ratios of female to male and the ratios of native fruiting on the first, second and third inflorescence also higher. It was showed that the trend of mutation of the plants' growth development were positive.
3. Space environment had obvious effects on the yield of two-year old plants of Jatropha curcas L. After mutation, the yield of single plant increased significantly, the yields of Banna (339.50g) was highter than that of the control(183.15g), the yields of Yuanyang(363.71g)were also highter than that of the control(219.66g). While seeds oil showed no significant difference.
4. Photosynthesis characteristics were analyzed; the resulits indicated that there were significant differences between spacetreatments and controls. the two-year old plants of 2 provenances were higher than the control in net photosynthesis rate, and the apparent quantum efficiency of spacetreatments were all increased. The content of the chlorophyll a and b and a/b ratio of 2 provenances were the same as control.
5. Correlations of main economic traits of Jatropha curcas L. after spaceflight were different from control. The average oil yield of selected individual plants hight than than of the control.
The results of this study provided preliminary insight about the physiology changes of Jatropha curcas L.induced by space environment. The plants selected in the study are to be used as materials in breeding and the future researches.
引文
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