国际农业发展基金（IFAD）中国农村金融项目转贷模式研究
摘要
如何向贫困地区农村人口提供有效的金融服务,缓解融资约束,是我国农村经济发展必须要解决的重要瓶颈问题之一,也一直是我国政府面临的严峻挑战。自上世纪80年代以来,我国政府关于推动农村金融改革与发展的努力始终没有停止过。然而,尽管多年的改革也取得了一定的成果,农村金融改革过程仍面临许多问题,农户金融需求仍长期得不到满足,农村地区金融抑制现象仍很明显,广大农户特别是贫困农户“贷款难”的问题依然没有得到根本解决。通过不同转贷模式运作的IFAD中国农村金融项目信贷资金的引入为解决这一问题提供了一个新的渠道和契机。但各转贷模式均有其各自的优缺点,如何对转贷模式进行评价,转贷机构可持续发展及农户贷款覆盖率如何,如何选择适合不同目标群体的模式进行转贷都是急需解决的重要问题。
本文首先介绍了农村金融理论的演变过程与小额信贷模式的特点,对IFAD作了简介并描述了其农村金融项目在我国实施状况,结合我国农户借贷状况的实际情况,研究了我国农户借贷需求满足状况。其次,在此基础上结合调研资料,本文系统地介绍了IFAD农村金融项目在我国的几种转贷模式运作过程,并从金融机构和农户角度对财政转贷模式、农村信用社转贷模式、妇联转贷模式和村级发展基金转贷模式进行分析。然后,提出转贷模式的改造要求。最后,将分析的结论付诸实际,构造适合我国国情的IFAD农村金融项目转贷模式,并提出了改善其外部环境的建议。
本研究的主要结论:
第一,国际农村金融理论的发展和演进,改变了政府在农村金融市场中的角色;
第二,农村金融理论的变迁,也深刻影响着我国渐进式农村金融体制改革的进程,导致了IFAD在我国的农村金融项目模式的转变;
第三,从供给层面来看, IFAD作为一个长期扶持贫困地区农业发展的国际金融机构,其转贷模式的转变和试验紧密伴随我国农村金融体制改革的局部试验而开展,有时甚至走在我国农村金融体制改革的前沿,从某种意义上也可以说这些模式运作过程是我国农村金融体制改革在局部地区的一个试验,为我国农村金融体制改革演进和试验提供了宝贵经验;
第四,从需求层面来看,我国农村金融体制改革虽不断深化,农村金融体系也逐步完善,但作为小农经济条件下的传统农业国,我国仍普遍存在着资金、技术和制度的短缺。我国农村正规金融机构的供给行为分析以及IFAD农村金融项目目标主体分析表明,我国农户存在着大量信贷需求,但各地区普遍存在着金融供给不足的现状,严重抑制农村经济的发展,制约农民生活的改善;
第五,IFAD农村金融项目现有的农村信用社转贷模式、妇联转贷模式以及试行的村级发展基金模式试验尽管都有各自的一些不足,需不断完善,但经过分析认为,这几种模式在可持续发展、风险防范、信贷资金和制度保障以及目标群体到达方面都有其各自鲜明的优点,能够保障项目信贷资金的可持续运作和目标群体的广泛覆盖;
第六,农村信用社农户小额信用贷款的开展,是解决长期以来农村商业信贷市场上存在的农户贷款抵押担保难和农村信用社难放款矛盾的重要途径;
第七,虽然IFAD农村金融项目小额信贷的覆盖面受其信贷资金有限性的约束,远远不能满足项目区农户的信贷需求,但在未来一段时间内有很大的发展空间,依然是中西部项目区贫困农户重要的信贷资金来源;
第八,以农村信用社转贷模式为主并伴之社区主导型的、与农户较接近的信贷模式是将来一段时间IFAD中国农村金融项目与我国农村金融体制改革进程有机结合的产物。
第九,在从金融服务角度支持贫困农户获得贷款的同时,农村小额贷款的提供者不但要将被扶持的目标群体当作经济人而非救济对象对待,而且应该改进和协调与农户之间的信贷关系,变纯粹的贷款交易和客户关系为互利合作的双赢关系。
How to provide rural poor people with effective financing service to reduce financial constraints, is one of the important bottleneck problems that has to be resolved for the development of the rural economy, and has always been a severe challenge facing our government.Since 1980s, our government has endeavoured endlessly to promote the financial reform and development in the rural area.Some achievements have been made after years of reform. Nevertheless, there are still many problems in the course of financial reform in the rural area and the financial needs of the households are still not satisfied in a long run.Financial repression is still obvious in rural area, and no ultimate solution has been made to the difficulty in gaining access to loans for the majority of rural households, especially the poor. The introduction of IFAD’s financial project, which operates through different ways to transfer loan, in China’s rural area provides a new source and opportunity to resolve this problem.However, each model of transfers of loans has its own advantages and disadvantages. How to evaluate the models of transfers of loans, how to realize the sustainable development of the institutions for transferring loans and the loan coverage of rural people,and how to select different models to match different targeted groups to transfer loans are all important questions imminently needed to be resolved
This study first describes the evolution of financing theory for rural area and the characteristics of microfinance model, and introduces the IFAD and the implementation situation of its rural financial program in China, and investigates the situation of demand meeting of household’s loan in China through investigating actual loans of rural households.Second, based on this and combination of the survey data, this study introduces systematically the operational procedure of several models of transferring loans of IFAD’s rural financial project in China. This study also assesses the fiscal models, the rural credit cooperative model, the women union model, and village development fund model of transferring loans from the perspectives of financial institutions and rural households.Then, we propose the need for reforming the models of transfers of loans. Finally, we apply the conclusion of the analysis into practice constructing the IFAD’s rural financial project model of transferring loans that is suitable for China’s situation, and provide suggestions regarding improvement of its external environment.
The main conclusions of this research:
First, the development and evolution of international rural financial theory has changed the role of the government in the rural financial market.
Second, the evolution of rural financial theory also deeply influences the process of China’s transitional rural financial system reform, resulting in the changing of the models of IFAD’s project in China’s rural area.
Third, from the perspective of the supply side, IFAD, as a long-term international financial institution that supports the agricultural development in the poor area, changes and tests its patterns of transfers of loans, closely associating with China's rural financial system that carries out local tests, and sometimes even leading the way of China's rural financial system reform. In a sense the operation of these models can also be taken as the experimentation of China's rural financial system reform in some areas and hence provides valuable experience for the evolution and experimentation of China's rural financial system reform.
Fourth, from the perspective of demand side, although China's rural financial system is deepening and the rural financial system has been gradually improved, the shortage of capital, technology and institutions are still prevalent in China, being the traditional agricultural country under the conditions of a small-scale peasant economy. The analysis of the supply behavior of China's formal financial institutions in rural areas, as well as analysis of the main objectives of IFAD’s rural finance project, shows that farmers in our country have great demand for credit, but the shortage of financial supply is prevalent in all regions, which seriously inhibit the development of the rural economy, restricting the improvement of the lives of farmers.
Fifth, although the transfers of loans by rural credit cooperatives, women union, and pilot village development fund ,the existing pattern of IFAD’s rural finance project to transfer loans, have their own disadvantages, which need to be constantly improved, but after the performance analysis, these modes have their own distinct advantages in sustainable development, risk prevention, credit funds and institutions support, as well as the target groups reaching, which can guarantee the sustainable operation of the credit funds and the wide coverage of target groups.
Sixth, the launching of microfinance credit by rural credit cooperatives is an important way to solve the long term contradictions in the commercial credit market in rural areas that rural households have difficulties in providing loan collateral, and therefore the rural credit cooperatives have difficulties in providing loan.
Seventh, although the coverage of the microfinance credit of IFAD’s rural finance project is constrained by the limitation of the credit funds, and is far from meeting the demand of households in the project area, but over a period of time in the future it has much room for development and remains an important source of credit funds for the poor farmers in central and western project area.
Eighth, the credit modes, with the rural credit cooperatives model of transfers of loan as the main mode associating with the community-oriented, and closer to farmers’credit mode, is the product of the organic integration of IFAD’s rural finance projects in China and China's rural financial system reform process over a period of time in future.
Ninth, the providers of microfinance credit in rural areas support the poor farmers getting access to credit from the perspective of financial services, at the same time, they should not only treat supported target groups as economic persons rather than objects to provide relief, but also improve and coordinate the credit relations between them and farmers, changing purely loan transactions and customer relationships into mutually beneficial cooperation of win-win relationship.
本文首先介绍了农村金融理论的演变过程与小额信贷模式的特点,对IFAD作了简介并描述了其农村金融项目在我国实施状况,结合我国农户借贷状况的实际情况,研究了我国农户借贷需求满足状况。其次,在此基础上结合调研资料,本文系统地介绍了IFAD农村金融项目在我国的几种转贷模式运作过程,并从金融机构和农户角度对财政转贷模式、农村信用社转贷模式、妇联转贷模式和村级发展基金转贷模式进行分析。然后,提出转贷模式的改造要求。最后,将分析的结论付诸实际,构造适合我国国情的IFAD农村金融项目转贷模式,并提出了改善其外部环境的建议。
本研究的主要结论:
第一,国际农村金融理论的发展和演进,改变了政府在农村金融市场中的角色;
第二,农村金融理论的变迁,也深刻影响着我国渐进式农村金融体制改革的进程,导致了IFAD在我国的农村金融项目模式的转变;
第三,从供给层面来看, IFAD作为一个长期扶持贫困地区农业发展的国际金融机构,其转贷模式的转变和试验紧密伴随我国农村金融体制改革的局部试验而开展,有时甚至走在我国农村金融体制改革的前沿,从某种意义上也可以说这些模式运作过程是我国农村金融体制改革在局部地区的一个试验,为我国农村金融体制改革演进和试验提供了宝贵经验;
第四,从需求层面来看,我国农村金融体制改革虽不断深化,农村金融体系也逐步完善,但作为小农经济条件下的传统农业国,我国仍普遍存在着资金、技术和制度的短缺。我国农村正规金融机构的供给行为分析以及IFAD农村金融项目目标主体分析表明,我国农户存在着大量信贷需求,但各地区普遍存在着金融供给不足的现状,严重抑制农村经济的发展,制约农民生活的改善;
第五,IFAD农村金融项目现有的农村信用社转贷模式、妇联转贷模式以及试行的村级发展基金模式试验尽管都有各自的一些不足,需不断完善,但经过分析认为,这几种模式在可持续发展、风险防范、信贷资金和制度保障以及目标群体到达方面都有其各自鲜明的优点,能够保障项目信贷资金的可持续运作和目标群体的广泛覆盖;
第六,农村信用社农户小额信用贷款的开展,是解决长期以来农村商业信贷市场上存在的农户贷款抵押担保难和农村信用社难放款矛盾的重要途径;
第七,虽然IFAD农村金融项目小额信贷的覆盖面受其信贷资金有限性的约束,远远不能满足项目区农户的信贷需求,但在未来一段时间内有很大的发展空间,依然是中西部项目区贫困农户重要的信贷资金来源;
第八,以农村信用社转贷模式为主并伴之社区主导型的、与农户较接近的信贷模式是将来一段时间IFAD中国农村金融项目与我国农村金融体制改革进程有机结合的产物。
第九,在从金融服务角度支持贫困农户获得贷款的同时,农村小额贷款的提供者不但要将被扶持的目标群体当作经济人而非救济对象对待,而且应该改进和协调与农户之间的信贷关系,变纯粹的贷款交易和客户关系为互利合作的双赢关系。
How to provide rural poor people with effective financing service to reduce financial constraints, is one of the important bottleneck problems that has to be resolved for the development of the rural economy, and has always been a severe challenge facing our government.Since 1980s, our government has endeavoured endlessly to promote the financial reform and development in the rural area.Some achievements have been made after years of reform. Nevertheless, there are still many problems in the course of financial reform in the rural area and the financial needs of the households are still not satisfied in a long run.Financial repression is still obvious in rural area, and no ultimate solution has been made to the difficulty in gaining access to loans for the majority of rural households, especially the poor. The introduction of IFAD’s financial project, which operates through different ways to transfer loan, in China’s rural area provides a new source and opportunity to resolve this problem.However, each model of transfers of loans has its own advantages and disadvantages. How to evaluate the models of transfers of loans, how to realize the sustainable development of the institutions for transferring loans and the loan coverage of rural people,and how to select different models to match different targeted groups to transfer loans are all important questions imminently needed to be resolved
This study first describes the evolution of financing theory for rural area and the characteristics of microfinance model, and introduces the IFAD and the implementation situation of its rural financial program in China, and investigates the situation of demand meeting of household’s loan in China through investigating actual loans of rural households.Second, based on this and combination of the survey data, this study introduces systematically the operational procedure of several models of transferring loans of IFAD’s rural financial project in China. This study also assesses the fiscal models, the rural credit cooperative model, the women union model, and village development fund model of transferring loans from the perspectives of financial institutions and rural households.Then, we propose the need for reforming the models of transfers of loans. Finally, we apply the conclusion of the analysis into practice constructing the IFAD’s rural financial project model of transferring loans that is suitable for China’s situation, and provide suggestions regarding improvement of its external environment.
The main conclusions of this research:
First, the development and evolution of international rural financial theory has changed the role of the government in the rural financial market.
Second, the evolution of rural financial theory also deeply influences the process of China’s transitional rural financial system reform, resulting in the changing of the models of IFAD’s project in China’s rural area.
Third, from the perspective of the supply side, IFAD, as a long-term international financial institution that supports the agricultural development in the poor area, changes and tests its patterns of transfers of loans, closely associating with China's rural financial system that carries out local tests, and sometimes even leading the way of China's rural financial system reform. In a sense the operation of these models can also be taken as the experimentation of China's rural financial system reform in some areas and hence provides valuable experience for the evolution and experimentation of China's rural financial system reform.
Fourth, from the perspective of demand side, although China's rural financial system is deepening and the rural financial system has been gradually improved, the shortage of capital, technology and institutions are still prevalent in China, being the traditional agricultural country under the conditions of a small-scale peasant economy. The analysis of the supply behavior of China's formal financial institutions in rural areas, as well as analysis of the main objectives of IFAD’s rural finance project, shows that farmers in our country have great demand for credit, but the shortage of financial supply is prevalent in all regions, which seriously inhibit the development of the rural economy, restricting the improvement of the lives of farmers.
Fifth, although the transfers of loans by rural credit cooperatives, women union, and pilot village development fund ,the existing pattern of IFAD’s rural finance project to transfer loans, have their own disadvantages, which need to be constantly improved, but after the performance analysis, these modes have their own distinct advantages in sustainable development, risk prevention, credit funds and institutions support, as well as the target groups reaching, which can guarantee the sustainable operation of the credit funds and the wide coverage of target groups.
Sixth, the launching of microfinance credit by rural credit cooperatives is an important way to solve the long term contradictions in the commercial credit market in rural areas that rural households have difficulties in providing loan collateral, and therefore the rural credit cooperatives have difficulties in providing loan.
Seventh, although the coverage of the microfinance credit of IFAD’s rural finance project is constrained by the limitation of the credit funds, and is far from meeting the demand of households in the project area, but over a period of time in the future it has much room for development and remains an important source of credit funds for the poor farmers in central and western project area.
Eighth, the credit modes, with the rural credit cooperatives model of transfers of loan as the main mode associating with the community-oriented, and closer to farmers’credit mode, is the product of the organic integration of IFAD’s rural finance projects in China and China's rural financial system reform process over a period of time in future.
Ninth, the providers of microfinance credit in rural areas support the poor farmers getting access to credit from the perspective of financial services, at the same time, they should not only treat supported target groups as economic persons rather than objects to provide relief, but also improve and coordinate the credit relations between them and farmers, changing purely loan transactions and customer relationships into mutually beneficial cooperation of win-win relationship.
引文
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