冰封与潜流
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摘要
汉字是中国的自源文字,在日本、韩国、越南等国家和地区,汉字也得到广泛使用,并经过吸收、消化、再创造之后融入了本土文化,形成了具有各地特色的汉字文化。汉字在越南的使用和发展既是作为一种记录语言的工具,又是一个作为文化因素的积累过程。
上世纪初,越南废除汉字,使用拉丁文字。文字的替换不仅使越南汉字文化及其传承模式发生了重大变化,而且直接影响到整个越南传统文化的传承,造成了现代人与古典文化的隔膜。在当今的社会、文化变革中,重新审视越南汉字文化在传统文化中的位置以及汉字文化传承对弘扬传统文化的作用是非常有必要的。现代社会给越南汉字文化的传承带来更多的考验和机遇,汉字文化传承能否承载历史使命,即重新连接将近100年传统文化的断层,什么样的传承模式才能超越当前的危机并满足现代社会发展所提出的要求,这就是本论文研究的问题。
本论文运用文献分析法、田野工作方法以及比较研究方法,针对越南汉字文化传承问题展开研究。本论文系统归纳了越南汉字文化的形成条件、发展方式及发展过程,明确指出了越南汉字文化在传统文化中占有的地位,勾勒出了传统社会中越南汉字文化的传承模式。本论文分析了越南汉字文化及其传承模式进入近代以后遭受文字替换的冲击而产生的变化,并在此基础上深入研究了革新以来越南汉字文化传承模式所遇到的危机,揭示产生这些危机的社会现实基础,指出这些危机对社会的影响,预测这些危机深化之后的民族精神文化等问题。最后,本论文在人们对汉字文化的认同情况以及汉字文化对语言建设、历史研究、旅游开发、人文精神建设、地区文化交流等方面的作用揭示出当今汉字文化传承的机遇,并对新型汉字文化传承模式进行了预测与建构,提出建构思路:官方传承通过学校汉字文化教育的进行由静态转为动态;自发性的传承通过传承主体间的互动发展到引导性的传承;由正向传承到某种程度的反向传承;参与式多样化的传承等。本论文得出的结论,综合如下:
(1)越南汉字文化是一个文化体系,它不仅包括汉字文化(汉喃文化)遗产,还包括人们生活中的宗教信仰、风俗习惯、思维逻辑等,它不仅存在于各种文献,而且是一个流动的实体,渗透到并影响着社会生活。越南汉字文化是东亚汉字文化的分支,虽然它朝着另一个方向发展,但仍然受到东亚汉字文化演变规律的支配。汉字文化进入越南以后不断被本土化,并由上层社会逐渐渗透到民间,形成了具有越南特色的多层次的汉字文化体系,是越南传统文化的重要组成部分。
(2)汉字在越南被废除以后,文字的替换给汉字文化带来致命的冲击,越南汉字文化由此失去了许多内涵,从而影响整个越南传统文化的传承,引起文化断裂危机。越南文化的发展和变化是必然的,但那应该是一个依从文化本性自然演变的过程,在其新旧形态之间血脉相通、“基因”相连。文化断裂危机加剧,长期在这种文化中接受浸染、熏陶的人们的生存方式、思维方式和精神取向就会被强行改变,甚至被另一种异己文化的功能所替代,因而无法与之交融、“互化”。本文认为越南文化传承出现的问题在于血脉不通、基因不连,而汉字文化是越南传统文化的基因之一,我们需要认真反思和正视它对越南文化“生存状态”的影响。因此汉字文化传承要承担这一历史使命,即通过汉字文化传承,为整个越南传统文化传承“通脉”,增强越南文化的“免疫”功能。
(3)从社会的变迁到汉字文化变异再到汉字文化传承模式变迁是环环相扣的,它们之间存在着相互作用的关系。传统社会儒学占独尊位置,汉字文化主要通过科举制度得以传承。近代社会的文字替换全面影响着汉字文化,古籍翻译成为其主要传承方式。经过近百年的现代变迁,汉字文化传承模式已显示出许多不足,其结果不仅不能满足现代社会发展的要求,而且会进一步威胁民族文化的认同以及加快民族精神文化知识浅薄化的趋势。构建新型传承模式要从社会对传承模式所提出的要求出发,从最基础——汉字认字做起,强调学校的汉字文化教育,同时结合古籍翻译、文献研究、网络建设、旅游开发等方式,实现传承主体二元性即官方与民间的结合,使得汉字文化在现代生活中流动不息。
本论文从文化人类学角度出发,把越南汉字文化当作一个真正的文化体系,从而进行梳理、排比、分层次并对其展开论述,是越南汉字文化理论系统构建的初步探讨,同时也丰富了东亚汉字文化领域的研究。探索越南汉字文化传承的途径让其输入传承的载体成为流动中生生不息的是本研究考虑到的实用价值。因此本研究结合教育人类学理论,走出只有研究汉喃文化遗产的窠臼,从而大大扩展和深化了越南汉字文化“社会化”问题,启示人们从文化传承的意义上,体会越南汉字文化的连续性;从传统汉字文化与现代生活的关系,意识到传承汉字文化的责任。另外,本研究还论证了汉字对文化传承的特殊性,这对于处理文字变动和文化传承的矛盾应该是一个有实际意义的探索。
诚然,由于研究方法和个人研究水平的局限以及其他方面的限制,本研究在以下几个方面有待继续努力:越南汉字文化批判性传承问题;学校汉字文化教育内容与方案等。这些不足是本人今后的研究方向,相信本研究会不断得到完善。学术没有止境,追求的脚步将永不停歇。
Chinese character originated in China,is widely used in some countries such as Japan、Korea、Vietnam etc.After digestion and recreation,Chinese character was merged into local culture and respective Chinese character culture was formed based on the practical use or enlightening of Chinese character.Chinese character's use and development in Vietnam is not only a kind of tool of recording language,but also an accumulative procession of cultural factor.
At the beginning of last century,abolishing Chinese and Vietnamese character and making use of Latin character have brought great change to Vietnamese character culture and its transmission mode,and had direct influence on transmission of Vietnamese traditional culture,further caused the barrier between modern people and traditional culture.In contemporary society and culture revolution,it is very necessary that we should survey the position of Vietnamese Chinese character culture in its traditional culture,and the importance that the transmission of Chinese character culture carries forward traditional culture.The transmission of Chinese character culture is facing much more challenges and new opportunities brought by modern society.What this paper focuses on is whether Chinese character culture can complete the mission of history,that is,the transmission can bridge the gap of traditional culture which existed for nearly 100 years,which transmission mode can overcome the crisis and meet the needs of modern society.
This paper makes use of documental analysis,field work and comparative research to carry out study to transmission of Vietnam character culture.It systematically generalizes the forming conditions, developing ways and its process of Vietnam character culture,clearly points out the position of Vietnam character culture in the traditional culture,and outlines the transmission mode of Vietnam character culture in its traditional society.It analyses the variation caused by the impact of suffering character change after Vietnam character culture and its traditional society came into modern time,based on the above the study looks into the crisis suffered by the transmission mode after the renovation,reveals the society reality foundation leading to these crises,points out the society effect of the crises,and predicts national spirit culture after the crisis' deepening and so forth.Finally,the paper reveals the importance of Chinese character culture's transmission from the identity of Chinese character culture and its role on the language construction,history research,tourism exploitation,humanistic spirit construction,and regional cultural communication.This research has its prediction and construction for the transmission mode of new-typed Chinese character culture,and indicates the constructive thinking for transmission of Vietnamese Chinese character culture in the contemporary era as follows:Official way through which the education of Chinese character culture in schools could be converted from being static into being dynamic; Automatic transmission develops to guidable transmission through interaction among the subjects of transmission;Transmission from positive transmission,to some extent,negative transmission; Participatory and multiple transmission.This paper reaches its conclusion as follows:
Firstly,Vietnamese Chinese character culture is a cultural system,including Chinese character cultural legacy(Han Nom culture),religious beliefs,customs,thinking logic and so on.It not only existes in various kinds of documents,but also as a moveable cultural substance,which penetrates and affects all walks of social lives.Vietnam character culture is a branch of eastern Asian Character culture,although the former develops itself,but at sometime it is dominated by the latter.In the procession of forming and developing,this elite culture is constantly localized,from upper-class society to common people,and forms a Vietnamese-specific multi-layered Chinese character culture system,as wellas become one of the most important part of Vietnamese traditional culture.
Secondly,after Chinese character was abolished in Vietnam,as the hit of character exchanging was brought to Chinese character culture,much inner meaning of some Chinese character culture was lost, which led to culture rupture crisis.The development and variation of Vietnam culture is an evolvement according to its cultural nature,and the new culture is closely connected to the old,their gene was inherited from then.The increasing of the culture rupture crisis forced Vietnam people's living and thinking ways as well as value concept to change.By being replaced by the alien culture,the new culture had no way to blend with the old.The paper shows that the transmission of Vietnam culture is not-geneconnected, and Chinese character as one of the Vietnam culture genes plays the role of connecting the new culture to the old,therefore improving immune function of Vietnam culture.
Thirdly,the transmission from the social changes to the variation of Chinese character culture and to the variation of transmission mode of Chinese character culture is a series of interaction.Confucianism kept monopoly in traditional Vietnam society,and character culture was transmitted mainly by imperial examinations.Character variation of modern society has an all-sided affect on the character culture,which makes translation to be its main transmission mode.Nearly a hundred years of change makes the current transmission mode not only fail to satisfy society development,but also further threaten the identity of national culture and quicken the trend of superficiality of national spirit and culture.Construction of new transmission mode starts from the requirement of society to offer transmission mode,from the foundation to do——Chinese character recognition,emphasize the Chinese character education at school,at the same time combine with translation of ancient books,documents exploration,network practicing,and tourism exploitation.This also realizes the subject of transmission duality,that is the combination of official and folk transmission,and makes Chinese character circulate all around in modern life.
This paper starts its research from the perspective of cultural anthropology,takes the culture of Chinese character as a real cultural phenomenon so that it could implement clarification,comparison, levelling and discussion.The paper is an initiative study to construction of Vietnam character culture and enriches the research of eastern Asian character culture.Exploring the transmission way of Vietnam character culture and making it become carrier of transmission is its practical value.In addition,this paper is somewhat based on the theory of educational anthropology,it is not constrained by the narrow thinking of Han furans cultural legacy only.Thus,it expands and extends the problem of "socialization" of Vietnamese Chinese character culture,which enlighten us to feel the continuity of Vietnamese Chinese character culture from the perspective of cultural transmission to understanding the responsibility of transmitting Chinese character culture from the relations between traditional Chinese character culture and modern life.In addition,the paper argues that Chinese character's particularity to culture transmission,is a practical exploration to dealing with the conflict between character variation and culture transmission.
Indeed,owing to the limit ation of the research method,personal research skills and other limits ations,the paper should further its study on the following aspects:criticism transmission of Vietnam character culture;and the content of character culture education at school and its scheme.These shortcomings are the future research focus in which the study will be directed.
上世纪初,越南废除汉字,使用拉丁文字。文字的替换不仅使越南汉字文化及其传承模式发生了重大变化,而且直接影响到整个越南传统文化的传承,造成了现代人与古典文化的隔膜。在当今的社会、文化变革中,重新审视越南汉字文化在传统文化中的位置以及汉字文化传承对弘扬传统文化的作用是非常有必要的。现代社会给越南汉字文化的传承带来更多的考验和机遇,汉字文化传承能否承载历史使命,即重新连接将近100年传统文化的断层,什么样的传承模式才能超越当前的危机并满足现代社会发展所提出的要求,这就是本论文研究的问题。
本论文运用文献分析法、田野工作方法以及比较研究方法,针对越南汉字文化传承问题展开研究。本论文系统归纳了越南汉字文化的形成条件、发展方式及发展过程,明确指出了越南汉字文化在传统文化中占有的地位,勾勒出了传统社会中越南汉字文化的传承模式。本论文分析了越南汉字文化及其传承模式进入近代以后遭受文字替换的冲击而产生的变化,并在此基础上深入研究了革新以来越南汉字文化传承模式所遇到的危机,揭示产生这些危机的社会现实基础,指出这些危机对社会的影响,预测这些危机深化之后的民族精神文化等问题。最后,本论文在人们对汉字文化的认同情况以及汉字文化对语言建设、历史研究、旅游开发、人文精神建设、地区文化交流等方面的作用揭示出当今汉字文化传承的机遇,并对新型汉字文化传承模式进行了预测与建构,提出建构思路:官方传承通过学校汉字文化教育的进行由静态转为动态;自发性的传承通过传承主体间的互动发展到引导性的传承;由正向传承到某种程度的反向传承;参与式多样化的传承等。本论文得出的结论,综合如下:
(1)越南汉字文化是一个文化体系,它不仅包括汉字文化(汉喃文化)遗产,还包括人们生活中的宗教信仰、风俗习惯、思维逻辑等,它不仅存在于各种文献,而且是一个流动的实体,渗透到并影响着社会生活。越南汉字文化是东亚汉字文化的分支,虽然它朝着另一个方向发展,但仍然受到东亚汉字文化演变规律的支配。汉字文化进入越南以后不断被本土化,并由上层社会逐渐渗透到民间,形成了具有越南特色的多层次的汉字文化体系,是越南传统文化的重要组成部分。
(2)汉字在越南被废除以后,文字的替换给汉字文化带来致命的冲击,越南汉字文化由此失去了许多内涵,从而影响整个越南传统文化的传承,引起文化断裂危机。越南文化的发展和变化是必然的,但那应该是一个依从文化本性自然演变的过程,在其新旧形态之间血脉相通、“基因”相连。文化断裂危机加剧,长期在这种文化中接受浸染、熏陶的人们的生存方式、思维方式和精神取向就会被强行改变,甚至被另一种异己文化的功能所替代,因而无法与之交融、“互化”。本文认为越南文化传承出现的问题在于血脉不通、基因不连,而汉字文化是越南传统文化的基因之一,我们需要认真反思和正视它对越南文化“生存状态”的影响。因此汉字文化传承要承担这一历史使命,即通过汉字文化传承,为整个越南传统文化传承“通脉”,增强越南文化的“免疫”功能。
(3)从社会的变迁到汉字文化变异再到汉字文化传承模式变迁是环环相扣的,它们之间存在着相互作用的关系。传统社会儒学占独尊位置,汉字文化主要通过科举制度得以传承。近代社会的文字替换全面影响着汉字文化,古籍翻译成为其主要传承方式。经过近百年的现代变迁,汉字文化传承模式已显示出许多不足,其结果不仅不能满足现代社会发展的要求,而且会进一步威胁民族文化的认同以及加快民族精神文化知识浅薄化的趋势。构建新型传承模式要从社会对传承模式所提出的要求出发,从最基础——汉字认字做起,强调学校的汉字文化教育,同时结合古籍翻译、文献研究、网络建设、旅游开发等方式,实现传承主体二元性即官方与民间的结合,使得汉字文化在现代生活中流动不息。
本论文从文化人类学角度出发,把越南汉字文化当作一个真正的文化体系,从而进行梳理、排比、分层次并对其展开论述,是越南汉字文化理论系统构建的初步探讨,同时也丰富了东亚汉字文化领域的研究。探索越南汉字文化传承的途径让其输入传承的载体成为流动中生生不息的是本研究考虑到的实用价值。因此本研究结合教育人类学理论,走出只有研究汉喃文化遗产的窠臼,从而大大扩展和深化了越南汉字文化“社会化”问题,启示人们从文化传承的意义上,体会越南汉字文化的连续性;从传统汉字文化与现代生活的关系,意识到传承汉字文化的责任。另外,本研究还论证了汉字对文化传承的特殊性,这对于处理文字变动和文化传承的矛盾应该是一个有实际意义的探索。
诚然,由于研究方法和个人研究水平的局限以及其他方面的限制,本研究在以下几个方面有待继续努力:越南汉字文化批判性传承问题;学校汉字文化教育内容与方案等。这些不足是本人今后的研究方向,相信本研究会不断得到完善。学术没有止境,追求的脚步将永不停歇。
Chinese character originated in China,is widely used in some countries such as Japan、Korea、Vietnam etc.After digestion and recreation,Chinese character was merged into local culture and respective Chinese character culture was formed based on the practical use or enlightening of Chinese character.Chinese character's use and development in Vietnam is not only a kind of tool of recording language,but also an accumulative procession of cultural factor.
At the beginning of last century,abolishing Chinese and Vietnamese character and making use of Latin character have brought great change to Vietnamese character culture and its transmission mode,and had direct influence on transmission of Vietnamese traditional culture,further caused the barrier between modern people and traditional culture.In contemporary society and culture revolution,it is very necessary that we should survey the position of Vietnamese Chinese character culture in its traditional culture,and the importance that the transmission of Chinese character culture carries forward traditional culture.The transmission of Chinese character culture is facing much more challenges and new opportunities brought by modern society.What this paper focuses on is whether Chinese character culture can complete the mission of history,that is,the transmission can bridge the gap of traditional culture which existed for nearly 100 years,which transmission mode can overcome the crisis and meet the needs of modern society.
This paper makes use of documental analysis,field work and comparative research to carry out study to transmission of Vietnam character culture.It systematically generalizes the forming conditions, developing ways and its process of Vietnam character culture,clearly points out the position of Vietnam character culture in the traditional culture,and outlines the transmission mode of Vietnam character culture in its traditional society.It analyses the variation caused by the impact of suffering character change after Vietnam character culture and its traditional society came into modern time,based on the above the study looks into the crisis suffered by the transmission mode after the renovation,reveals the society reality foundation leading to these crises,points out the society effect of the crises,and predicts national spirit culture after the crisis' deepening and so forth.Finally,the paper reveals the importance of Chinese character culture's transmission from the identity of Chinese character culture and its role on the language construction,history research,tourism exploitation,humanistic spirit construction,and regional cultural communication.This research has its prediction and construction for the transmission mode of new-typed Chinese character culture,and indicates the constructive thinking for transmission of Vietnamese Chinese character culture in the contemporary era as follows:Official way through which the education of Chinese character culture in schools could be converted from being static into being dynamic; Automatic transmission develops to guidable transmission through interaction among the subjects of transmission;Transmission from positive transmission,to some extent,negative transmission; Participatory and multiple transmission.This paper reaches its conclusion as follows:
Firstly,Vietnamese Chinese character culture is a cultural system,including Chinese character cultural legacy(Han Nom culture),religious beliefs,customs,thinking logic and so on.It not only existes in various kinds of documents,but also as a moveable cultural substance,which penetrates and affects all walks of social lives.Vietnam character culture is a branch of eastern Asian Character culture,although the former develops itself,but at sometime it is dominated by the latter.In the procession of forming and developing,this elite culture is constantly localized,from upper-class society to common people,and forms a Vietnamese-specific multi-layered Chinese character culture system,as wellas become one of the most important part of Vietnamese traditional culture.
Secondly,after Chinese character was abolished in Vietnam,as the hit of character exchanging was brought to Chinese character culture,much inner meaning of some Chinese character culture was lost, which led to culture rupture crisis.The development and variation of Vietnam culture is an evolvement according to its cultural nature,and the new culture is closely connected to the old,their gene was inherited from then.The increasing of the culture rupture crisis forced Vietnam people's living and thinking ways as well as value concept to change.By being replaced by the alien culture,the new culture had no way to blend with the old.The paper shows that the transmission of Vietnam culture is not-geneconnected, and Chinese character as one of the Vietnam culture genes plays the role of connecting the new culture to the old,therefore improving immune function of Vietnam culture.
Thirdly,the transmission from the social changes to the variation of Chinese character culture and to the variation of transmission mode of Chinese character culture is a series of interaction.Confucianism kept monopoly in traditional Vietnam society,and character culture was transmitted mainly by imperial examinations.Character variation of modern society has an all-sided affect on the character culture,which makes translation to be its main transmission mode.Nearly a hundred years of change makes the current transmission mode not only fail to satisfy society development,but also further threaten the identity of national culture and quicken the trend of superficiality of national spirit and culture.Construction of new transmission mode starts from the requirement of society to offer transmission mode,from the foundation to do——Chinese character recognition,emphasize the Chinese character education at school,at the same time combine with translation of ancient books,documents exploration,network practicing,and tourism exploitation.This also realizes the subject of transmission duality,that is the combination of official and folk transmission,and makes Chinese character circulate all around in modern life.
This paper starts its research from the perspective of cultural anthropology,takes the culture of Chinese character as a real cultural phenomenon so that it could implement clarification,comparison, levelling and discussion.The paper is an initiative study to construction of Vietnam character culture and enriches the research of eastern Asian character culture.Exploring the transmission way of Vietnam character culture and making it become carrier of transmission is its practical value.In addition,this paper is somewhat based on the theory of educational anthropology,it is not constrained by the narrow thinking of Han furans cultural legacy only.Thus,it expands and extends the problem of "socialization" of Vietnamese Chinese character culture,which enlighten us to feel the continuity of Vietnamese Chinese character culture from the perspective of cultural transmission to understanding the responsibility of transmitting Chinese character culture from the relations between traditional Chinese character culture and modern life.In addition,the paper argues that Chinese character's particularity to culture transmission,is a practical exploration to dealing with the conflict between character variation and culture transmission.
Indeed,owing to the limit ation of the research method,personal research skills and other limits ations,the paper should further its study on the following aspects:criticism transmission of Vietnam character culture;and the content of character culture education at school and its scheme.These shortcomings are the future research focus in which the study will be directed.
引文
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