分簇传感器网络的优化方法的研究
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摘要
作为一种新的信息获取方式和处理模式,无线传感器网络在军事侦查、环境监测、医疗保护等领域被广泛应用。无线传感器网络中往往包含大量的节点,以数据为中心,中间节点能够对感知的数据进行融合,传统的无线网络中中间节点仪负责报文的转发。由于传感器往往布撒在人无法接近的恶劣环境中,其能源无法补充,因此其协议必须节能。一些为传统无线网络设计的协议不适用于无线传感器网络。无线传感器网络中邻近节点采集的信息通常具有相似性,存在冗余,基于层次的分簇路由协议可以通过簇头节点对簇内成员节点感知的数据进行融合转发,能有效地简化对传感器网络的查询,降低通讯开销,以达到节能的目的。相对于平面路由算法,分簇路由算法更符合无线传感器网络基于数据的路由需求,具有更好的健壮性和可扩展性,适用于大规模网络。
本文针对分簇的无线传感器网络在网络层和数据链路层的节能优化方法进行了研究,具体内容有:
首先本文讨论了在网络层针对分簇路由协议的组簇模型的优化方法。统一簇半径的分簇算法能保证簇头的均衡分布。但是相邻的两个簇彼此可能是重叠的,即成员节点往往出现在多个候选簇头的覆盖范围内。组簇的一个原则是尽量保证各个簇的负载均衡。本文提出了一种簇规模的估计模型CSEM(ClusterSize Estimation Model)来均衡各个簇间的负载。该模型的一个显著的缺点是极大的能耗开销。为此提出了另外一种低能耗的负载均衡的组簇判据LBJCM(aLoad Balanced Join Cluster Metric)。该判据根据簇头的局部密度以及距离该簇头的距离选择最优的簇头加入。仿真实验表明,在不同的簇半径下,较之其他模型,利用CSEM和LBJCM进行组簇能获得更好的簇间负载均衡性能。
接着在MAC层针对节点的时分多址TDMA调度算法进行了研究。基于竞争的MAC层报文收发机制将造成局部通信的大量冲突,浪费节点的能量。基于TDMA的调度将极大地降低节点的能耗。基于分簇的传感器网络的一种典型的做法是簇头为每个成员节点分配时隙,以轮的形式收集成员节点的数据(如LEACH协议)。为了避免簇间重叠造成的干扰,现有的解决方案包括为每个簇分配唯一的DSSS扩频码,或者使用为相邻簇分配不同信道等。然而这些方案需要额外的硬件支持,不适用于传感器网络大规模布撒的应用场景。一种基于两级TDMA调度的协议IFCT(Interference Free Cluster-based TDMA schedule)解决了上述不足。IFCT采用两级的调度,为每个簇分配一个时间帧,每个簇头将自己的帧拆分为时隙分配给成员节点。然而IFCT的帧分配算法FA存在信道浪费问题,针对该不足提出了一种新的调度算法ETS以及改进后的算法ETS2。ETS和ETS2都具有很好的算法复杂度和消息复杂度并且极大地提高了各分簇半径下的簇的平均信道利用率。
随后后本文提出了一种基于LEACH的面向数据融合的路由协议DF-LEACH。由于LEACH协议规定簇头直接通过一跳的方式与基站进行通信,因此远离基站的簇头节点将过早地死亡,因此对LEACH协议进行了改进,提出了一种突发事件的位置的估计模型。根据该模型每个簇估计出事件发生的位置,并根据该位置信息判断感知到相同事件的相关的簇,然后在局部进行数据的融合,最终发送给基站。实验表明DF-LEACH延长了网络的生命期。
在本文的最后结合一个实际应用的无线抄表系统的项目实现了一种在MAC层之上的容错调度算法。无线抄表系统对电表数据的丢包率有严格的控制,因此使用了一种分布式的调度算法来调度采集器上传电表数据报文。实验结果表明所有的电表数据被成功地收集。
As a new information acquisition and processing method,wireless sensor networks(WSN) are widely used in fields such as military investigation, environmental monitoring and health care.WSN is data-based that intermediate nodes can fuse the received data,while nodes in traditional wireless networks are only responsible for relaying packets.Because wireless sensors are usually deployed in hostile environments,the battery energy can not be replenished,thus protocols for WSN must be energy efficient.Traditional protocols are not fit for WSN.In WSN, data collected by neighboring nodes are often similar,cluster based routing protocols can effectively simplify the query for WSN,lower communication cost and save energy by letting cluster heads fuse data sensed by its member nodes before relaying. Cluster based routing protocols meet the requirements of data-based routing,and are more robust and scalable.
This paper focuses on the study of energy efficient optimization methods at network layer and MAC layer for cluster based WSN.The research contents are:
Firstly,this paper discusses the optimization of join-cluster-model for cluster based routing protocols at network layer.Clustering algorithms with uniform radius guarantee the scalability of cluster heads.However,neighboring clusters are often overlapped,i.e.,member nodes are usually covered by more than one cluster heads. One principle for clustering is to balance the load among all clusters.In this paper,a cluster size estimation model,CSEM,is proposed to balance to load among clusters. The major drawback of this model is the heavy extra energy consumption.Thus another model:a load balanced join cluster metric,namely LBJCM,which requires low communication cost for cluster heads is proposed.Simulation results show that CSEM and LBJCM both outperform other common join cluster models.
Secondly,this paper discusses the study of optimizing the TDMA schedule algorithms at MAC layer for cluster based WSN.Contention based MAC protocols cause much collision,thus waste nodes' energy.TDMA based schedule can greatly save nodes' energy.One typical TDMA schedule method for cluster-based WSN is that each cluster head allocates different time slots for its member nodes,and collects data in a round-robin way(e.g.the LEACH protocol).To avoid the inter cluster interference,current solutions include assigning a unique DSSS code for every cluster,and assigning different channels for neighboring clusters.However, these solutions requires extra hardware support,thus are not suitable for the heavily dispersed WSN scenarios.An interference free cluster based TDMA schedule protocol,IFCT,solves the problem.IFCT protocol employs a two-leveled schedule to avoid transmission interference.The first schedule assigns different frame number to neighboring clusters so that neighboring clusters could collect their members' data during different frames,avoiding inter-cluster interference.The second schedule allocates different slots to cluster members and they sending their data to their respectively cluster heads during different slots to avoid intra-cluster interference. The major draw back of IFCT is that the frame assignment algorithm FA of IFCT heavily wastes channel utilization.Focusing on this problem,this paper proposes two new schedule algorithms:ETS and ETS2.Both of them have a low time and message cost complexity and greatly improve the average channel usage radio under different cluster radius.
Thirdly,this paper proposes a data fusion oriented routing protocol based on LEACH,DF-LEACH.Because cluster heads communicate with base station directly in one hop,those nodes which are far from base station die quickly.Thus,LEACH is improved by proposing a model to estimate the location of the outburst event.Each cluster head estimates the location of the sensed event using this model,then finds out the next hop node.Simulation results show that DF-LEACH prolongs the network lifetime comparing with LEACH.
Finally,a fault-tolerant scheduling algorithm upon the MAC layer is implemented in a real wireless meter system project.Wireless meter system has a strict restriction for the meter packets loss ratio.A distributed scheduling algorithm is used to schedule collectors to report their meter data.Experiment results show that all packets are successfully collected.
本文针对分簇的无线传感器网络在网络层和数据链路层的节能优化方法进行了研究,具体内容有:
首先本文讨论了在网络层针对分簇路由协议的组簇模型的优化方法。统一簇半径的分簇算法能保证簇头的均衡分布。但是相邻的两个簇彼此可能是重叠的,即成员节点往往出现在多个候选簇头的覆盖范围内。组簇的一个原则是尽量保证各个簇的负载均衡。本文提出了一种簇规模的估计模型CSEM(ClusterSize Estimation Model)来均衡各个簇间的负载。该模型的一个显著的缺点是极大的能耗开销。为此提出了另外一种低能耗的负载均衡的组簇判据LBJCM(aLoad Balanced Join Cluster Metric)。该判据根据簇头的局部密度以及距离该簇头的距离选择最优的簇头加入。仿真实验表明,在不同的簇半径下,较之其他模型,利用CSEM和LBJCM进行组簇能获得更好的簇间负载均衡性能。
接着在MAC层针对节点的时分多址TDMA调度算法进行了研究。基于竞争的MAC层报文收发机制将造成局部通信的大量冲突,浪费节点的能量。基于TDMA的调度将极大地降低节点的能耗。基于分簇的传感器网络的一种典型的做法是簇头为每个成员节点分配时隙,以轮的形式收集成员节点的数据(如LEACH协议)。为了避免簇间重叠造成的干扰,现有的解决方案包括为每个簇分配唯一的DSSS扩频码,或者使用为相邻簇分配不同信道等。然而这些方案需要额外的硬件支持,不适用于传感器网络大规模布撒的应用场景。一种基于两级TDMA调度的协议IFCT(Interference Free Cluster-based TDMA schedule)解决了上述不足。IFCT采用两级的调度,为每个簇分配一个时间帧,每个簇头将自己的帧拆分为时隙分配给成员节点。然而IFCT的帧分配算法FA存在信道浪费问题,针对该不足提出了一种新的调度算法ETS以及改进后的算法ETS2。ETS和ETS2都具有很好的算法复杂度和消息复杂度并且极大地提高了各分簇半径下的簇的平均信道利用率。
随后后本文提出了一种基于LEACH的面向数据融合的路由协议DF-LEACH。由于LEACH协议规定簇头直接通过一跳的方式与基站进行通信,因此远离基站的簇头节点将过早地死亡,因此对LEACH协议进行了改进,提出了一种突发事件的位置的估计模型。根据该模型每个簇估计出事件发生的位置,并根据该位置信息判断感知到相同事件的相关的簇,然后在局部进行数据的融合,最终发送给基站。实验表明DF-LEACH延长了网络的生命期。
在本文的最后结合一个实际应用的无线抄表系统的项目实现了一种在MAC层之上的容错调度算法。无线抄表系统对电表数据的丢包率有严格的控制,因此使用了一种分布式的调度算法来调度采集器上传电表数据报文。实验结果表明所有的电表数据被成功地收集。
As a new information acquisition and processing method,wireless sensor networks(WSN) are widely used in fields such as military investigation, environmental monitoring and health care.WSN is data-based that intermediate nodes can fuse the received data,while nodes in traditional wireless networks are only responsible for relaying packets.Because wireless sensors are usually deployed in hostile environments,the battery energy can not be replenished,thus protocols for WSN must be energy efficient.Traditional protocols are not fit for WSN.In WSN, data collected by neighboring nodes are often similar,cluster based routing protocols can effectively simplify the query for WSN,lower communication cost and save energy by letting cluster heads fuse data sensed by its member nodes before relaying. Cluster based routing protocols meet the requirements of data-based routing,and are more robust and scalable.
This paper focuses on the study of energy efficient optimization methods at network layer and MAC layer for cluster based WSN.The research contents are:
Firstly,this paper discusses the optimization of join-cluster-model for cluster based routing protocols at network layer.Clustering algorithms with uniform radius guarantee the scalability of cluster heads.However,neighboring clusters are often overlapped,i.e.,member nodes are usually covered by more than one cluster heads. One principle for clustering is to balance the load among all clusters.In this paper,a cluster size estimation model,CSEM,is proposed to balance to load among clusters. The major drawback of this model is the heavy extra energy consumption.Thus another model:a load balanced join cluster metric,namely LBJCM,which requires low communication cost for cluster heads is proposed.Simulation results show that CSEM and LBJCM both outperform other common join cluster models.
Secondly,this paper discusses the study of optimizing the TDMA schedule algorithms at MAC layer for cluster based WSN.Contention based MAC protocols cause much collision,thus waste nodes' energy.TDMA based schedule can greatly save nodes' energy.One typical TDMA schedule method for cluster-based WSN is that each cluster head allocates different time slots for its member nodes,and collects data in a round-robin way(e.g.the LEACH protocol).To avoid the inter cluster interference,current solutions include assigning a unique DSSS code for every cluster,and assigning different channels for neighboring clusters.However, these solutions requires extra hardware support,thus are not suitable for the heavily dispersed WSN scenarios.An interference free cluster based TDMA schedule protocol,IFCT,solves the problem.IFCT protocol employs a two-leveled schedule to avoid transmission interference.The first schedule assigns different frame number to neighboring clusters so that neighboring clusters could collect their members' data during different frames,avoiding inter-cluster interference.The second schedule allocates different slots to cluster members and they sending their data to their respectively cluster heads during different slots to avoid intra-cluster interference. The major draw back of IFCT is that the frame assignment algorithm FA of IFCT heavily wastes channel utilization.Focusing on this problem,this paper proposes two new schedule algorithms:ETS and ETS2.Both of them have a low time and message cost complexity and greatly improve the average channel usage radio under different cluster radius.
Thirdly,this paper proposes a data fusion oriented routing protocol based on LEACH,DF-LEACH.Because cluster heads communicate with base station directly in one hop,those nodes which are far from base station die quickly.Thus,LEACH is improved by proposing a model to estimate the location of the outburst event.Each cluster head estimates the location of the sensed event using this model,then finds out the next hop node.Simulation results show that DF-LEACH prolongs the network lifetime comparing with LEACH.
Finally,a fault-tolerant scheduling algorithm upon the MAC layer is implemented in a real wireless meter system project.Wireless meter system has a strict restriction for the meter packets loss ratio.A distributed scheduling algorithm is used to schedule collectors to report their meter data.Experiment results show that all packets are successfully collected.
引文
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