松嫩高平原土地利用景观梯度变化及其土地生态环境响应
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摘要
国际全球环境变化人文因素计划与国际地圈生物圈计划共同拟定发表了土地利用/覆被变化的科学计划，成为近年来全球环境变化研究的重点及热点问题。大量研究表明，全球环境的变化主要源于人类对生态系统和景观的改变，它们影响了生物圈维持生命的能力。土地利用景观格局与土地生态过程之间存在着紧密联系，二者相互作用表现出一定的景观生态功能，深入探讨由土地利用景观变化所带来的生态环境响应，可以为保护和改善区域生态环境提供技术支撑和理论依据。已有研究尚很少涉及土地利用景观变化及其土地生态环境变化二者的作用关系以及影响二者变化的关键因素等方面的内容，区域生态安全面临严重威胁。本文以松嫩高平原黑龙江省巴彦县为研究区，对本研究涉及的土地利用景观格局、土地利用景观梯度变化及土地生态环境响应等科学问题进行界定，以高程、坡度和地貌作为梯度分级基础，结合行政区划因素划分研究区土地利用景观梯度带，分析各梯度带的土地利用景观结构变化特征及景观格局变化特征，基于“源-汇”景观理论，分别对研究区的源、汇景观类型进行识别，运用景观空间负荷对比指数确定土地利用景观变化对生态环境变化的贡献率，分析影响各梯度带景观生态环境变化的景观组分，运用BP神经网络模型对土地利用景观环境变化的主要影响因子进行识别，采用单因子评价法对各因子的影响程度进行评价并空间插值到各梯度带上，进而计算研究区各梯度带土地利用景观的生态潜力，为土地利用景观格局优化奠定基础。基于土地利用景观的优化原则，提出景观优化的具体目标，分析研究区土地利用景观优化的空间强度及空间作用关系优化基础，构建生态廊道及生态节点，结合生态潜力测算结果综合划定土地利用景观优化分区，提出土地利用景观优化方案。研究成果对区域生态环境保护具有重要的指导意义。
研究区土地利用景观数量结构变化情况表明，1976-2009年间，研究区景观类型以旱地为主，林地次之，旱地为本研究区的景观基质，各景观类型面积变化不一，总体表现为旱地、水田、林地、牧草地、水域面积增加，园地、建设用地和其他用地面积减少；
选取8个具有代表性的景观格局指数对景观水平的景观格局变化进行分析，结果表明，研究区各梯度带的景观破碎化程度逐年增大，斑块的分布越来越广泛，形状越来越不规则，景观格局由1976年的优势斑块具有良好连续性的状态逐渐转变成为2009年的多种要素密集的格局状态，其中梯度带II和梯度带III的斑块形状最不规则，人类活动干扰对各梯度带的影响差别不大，其中梯度带II和梯度带III所受影响相对较大；
选取10个具有代表性的景观格局指数对景观类型水平的景观格局变化进行分析，结果表明，各梯度带中景观组分最大的景观类型为旱地，是研究区的景观基质，且旱地面积呈逐年上升的趋势。其他景观组分变化不一，研究区各景观类型的破碎化程度越来越大，各梯度带景观类型优势排序为：梯度带I旱地>水田>建设用地>水域>牧草地>林地>其他用地>园地，梯度带II旱地>林地>建设用地>水域>牧草地>水田>其他用地>园地，梯度带III林地>旱地>水域>水田>建设用地>牧草地>其他用地>园地，梯度带IV旱地>林地>建设用地>水田>水域>牧草地>其他用地>园地，梯度带V旱地>水域>牧草地>水田>林地>建设用地>其他用地>园地；
基于“源-汇”景观理论，将林地、牧草地、水域、其他用地和坡度小于6°的旱田作为“源”景观，将水田、园地、建设用地和坡度大于6°的旱田作为“汇”景观。运用景观空间负荷对比指数计算不同年份、不同景观类型对研究区生态环境的作用大小，景观负荷对比指数（LCI）的变化表明，33年间，梯度带I的景观格局均不利于生态环境的健康发展，梯度带II的景观格局比较合理，有利于生态环境的健康发展，梯度带III的景观格局逐年趋于合理，景观组成向着有利于生态环境发展的方向进行，梯度带IV的景观格局变化发展有不利于生态环境健康发展向利于生态环境改善的方向进行，景观格局趋于合理，梯度带V的景观格局一直处于不利于生态环境健康发展的状态。通过洛伦兹曲线分析，得出各梯度带景观类型对生态过程变化的贡献程度大小及影响景观生态环境变化的主要景观类型；
从地形地貌、植被覆盖、土壤环境和社会经济四方面选取30个因子对研究区土地利用景观梯度变化与土地生态环境变化的主要影响因素展开分析。运用BP神经网络模型对影响因子进行识别和筛选，得出梯度带I的主要影响因子有7个，梯度带II被筛选出的因子有8个，梯度带III被筛选出的因子有8个，梯度带IV被筛选出的因子有6个，梯度带V被筛选出的因子有6个。运用单因子评价法对各主要影响因子的影响程度进行评价，并将评价结果通过地理信息系统的插值功能表达在空间上，得到各影响因子影响程度的空间分异图；
选取土地利用景观梯度变化及生态环境变化的主要影响因子作为测算土地生态潜力值的重要指标，运用综合潜力测算模型对各梯度带土地利用景观生态潜力进行测算，并将生态潜力划分为四级，测算结果表明：梯度带I中I级生态潜力级采样点所占比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的东南侧，II级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在研究区西北侧，III级生态潜力级及IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在梯度带内；梯度带II中I级生态潜力级所占比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的东南侧，II级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在研究区西北侧，III级生态潜力级及IV级生态潜力级的采样点零星分布在梯度带内；梯度带III中I级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在梯度带的中北部，II级生态潜力级采样点个数所占比重最大，比较均匀地分布在该梯度带内，III级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在该梯度带的中南部，IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的中部；梯度带IV中I级生态潜力级采样点个数占总数比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的中部，II级生态潜力级采样点个数所占比重较大，主要分布在该梯度带的东西两侧，III级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在该梯度带的西部，IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的南侧和北侧；梯度带V中I级生态潜力级采样点个数占总数比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的北部，II级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在该梯度带的南侧，III级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的中部，IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的中北部；
从土地利用景观生态功能空间强度和土地利用景观生态功能空间作用关系上对研究区五个梯度带的土地利用景观格局上的优化基础进行分析。综合考虑研究区土地利用景观的类型、数量及空间分布情况、土地利用景观格局对土地利用生态环境变化产生的影响及土地利用景观生态潜力的测算结果，基于“源-汇”景观理论，将景观类型分级图与土地利用景观生态潜力图进行叠加，得出研究区各梯度带土地利用景观生态功能空间强度分布图；基于ArcGIS的空间分析模块，利用景观累积耗费距离模型，确定景观功能空间相互制约的景观单元，由景观组分的空间作用关系得出景观功能空间相互作用关系分布图。提取研究区各梯度带生态源地，运用累积耗费距离模型，构建生态廊道和生态节点。综合叠加土地利用景观生态潜力空间分布图、景观生态功能强度空间分布图、景观功能空间相互作用关系图，结合研究区各梯度带景观生态廊道空间分布情况及景观生态节点空间分布情况，确定研究区各梯度带土地利用景观格局优化分区，并将土地利用景观优化分区划分为三种类型，依据优化分区提出各梯度带景观格局的优化方案。
LUCC which the IGBP and IHDP drafted and published together have been the key and hotpoint problem of the global environmental change recently, a large number of studies show thatglobal environmental change mainly originated from the change which people impact on theecological system, they effect the capability that the biosphere maintenance life. Land uselandscape pattern has tight link with the land ecology process, the interaction of the two aspectshow some landscape ecology function, explore the ecological environment response which comesfrom the land use landscape change deeply can provide technical support and theoretical basis toprotect and improve rural ecological environment in the future. The article take the Songnen highplain typical black soil region Heilongjiang province Bayan county as the research area, under thesupport of related theory, define the main concept the article involved, collect the main data whicheffect the land use landscape change and ecological environment change, breakthrough thetraditional study angle, divide the land use landscape gradient zone based on the natural attributeand administrative division factors, analysis the land use landscape structure change and landscapepattern change of every gradient zone, based on the “source-sink” landscape theory, identify thelandscape type of the research area, ascertain the contribution rate the land use landscape changeimpact on the ecological environment change by the LCI, analysis the landscape type which effectthe change of the landscape ecological of every gradient zone, using the BP model identify themain effect index, using the single factor evaluation method evaluate the factors’ effect degree andinterpolate to the spatial of every gradient zone, based on the research results, calculate the landuse landscape ecological potential of every gradient zone, lay a foundation to the land uselandscape pattern optimization, based on the land use landscape optimization principle, putforward landscape optimization target, analysis the spatial strength and spatial interactionrelationship of landscape optimization of the research area, build ecological corridor andecological point, combined the ecological potential results divide the land use landscapeoptimization partition, provide land use landscape optimization method. The result results haveimportant guiding significance to the rural ecological environment protection.
From the landscape structure change result it can be seen that, from1976to2009, the mainlandscape type is the dry land, forest take the second place, dry land is the landscape matrix of theresearch area, the change of every landscape type is different, it shows that the area of dry land、paddy land、forest land、grass land、water increase, garden land、construction land and other typeland decrease;
Choose eight landscape structure index to analyze the landscape structure change on thelandscape level, the results show that: landscape fragmentation degree increase year by year of every gradient zone, the spatial distribution become more and more widely, the shape becomemore and more irregular, the landscape pattern change into many factor intensity pattern in2009from the station of advantage plaque format good continuity in1976, the plaque shape is the mostirregular of the gradient zone II and gradient zone III, the effect different of people activityinterference of every gradient zone is not big, in the five gradient zones, the effect to the gradientzone II and gradient zone III is big relatively;
Choose ten landscape structure index to analyze the landscape structure change on thelandscape type level, the results show that: the biggest landscape type is dry land of every gradientzone, is the landscape matrix, the dry land area increase year by year. The other type landscapechange differently, the landscape fragmentation degree increase, the advantage scheduling ofevery landscape in the gradient zone I is dry land>paddy land>construction land>water>grassland>forest>other type land>garden land, the advantage scheduling of every landscape in thegradient zone II is dry land>forest>construction land>water>grass land>paddy land>other typeland>garden land, the advantage scheduling of every landscape in the gradient zone III isforest>dry land>water>paddy land> construction land> grass land>other type land>garden land,the advantage scheduling of every landscape in the gradient zone IV is dryland>forest>construction land>paddy land>water>grass land>other type land>garden land, theadvantage scheduling of every landscape in the gradient zone V is dry land>water>grassland>paddy land>forest>construction land>other type land>garden land;
Based on the “source-sink” landscape theory, take the forest、grass land、water、other typeland and dry land whose slope is smaller than6°as the “source” landscape, take the paddy land、garden land、construction land and dry land whose slope is bigger than6°as the “sink” landscape.Using the LCI index calculate the function degree which the landscape change impact on theecological environment change, the change of LCI shows that, in the gradient zone I, landscapepattern composition goes against ecological development healthily in the33years, the landscapepattern of gradient zone II is reasonable and beneficial to ecological development healthily, thelandscape pattern of gradient zone III is more and more reasonable year by year, landscapecomposition develop into the direction which is beneficial to the ecological environment healthydevelopment, the landscape pattern of gradient zone IV go to the ecological environment healthydevelopment, landscape pattern become more and more reasonable, the landscape pattern ofgradient zone V go against the ecological environment healthy development always. According tothe analysis of lorenz curve, we can get the contribution degree size the landscape type to theecological process and the main landscape type which effect the landscape ecologicalenvironment;
Choose30indexes from the topography and geomorphology、vegetation cover、soilenvironment、social economy analysis the main effect factors the landscape change impact on theland ecological environment change. Using the BP model identify the effect index, the resultsshow that the main index number of gradient zone I is seven, the main index number of gradient zone II is eight, the main index number of gradient zone III is eight, the main index number ofgradient zone IV is six, the main index number of gradient zone V is six. Using the single indexevaluation method evaluate the effect degree of the main effect factors, and interpolate theevaluation result on the space to get the space distribution map;
Choose the main effect factors as the important indexes to calculate land ecological potentialvalue, use comprehensive potential calculation model to calculate the land use landscapeecological potential of every gradient zone, and divide four level of the ecological potential, theresults show that: in the gradient zone I, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has thebiggest number, and mainly distribute in the southeast of the gradient zone, the sampling point ofecological potential level II mainly distribute in the northwest of the gradient zone, the samplingpoint of ecological potential level III and level IV distribute in the gradient zone dispersedly; inthe gradient zone II, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has the biggest number, andmainly distribute in the southeast of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecological potentiallevel II mainly distribute in the northwest of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecologicalpotential level III and level IV distribute in the gradient zone dispersedly; in the gradient zone III,the sampling point of ecological potential level I mainly distribute in the medium-north of thegradient zone, the sampling point of ecological potential level II has the biggest number, anddistribute in the gradient zone uniformly, the sampling point of ecological potential level IIImainly distribute in the medium-south of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecologicalpotential level IV distribute in the medium of the gradient zone dispersedly; in the gradient zoneIV, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has the biggest number, and mainly distributein the medium of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecological potential level II has themainly distribute in the east and west of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecologicalpotential level III has the mainly distribute in the west of the gradient zone, the sampling point ofecological potential level IV has the mainly distribute in the south and north of the gradient zonedispersedly; in the gradient zone V, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has thebiggest number, and mainly distribute in the north of the gradient zone, the sampling point ofecological potential level II mainly distribute in the south of the gradient zone, the sampling pointof ecological potential level III mainly distribute in the medium of the gradient zone, the samplingpoint of ecological potential level IV mainly distribute in the medium-north of the gradient zone;
Basis analysis of land use landscape pattern optimization include spatial strength analysis ofland use landscape ecological function and land use landscape ecological function spatial functionrelationship. Considering the land use landscape type、number and spatial distribution situation、the effect that the land use landscape pattern impact on the land use ecological environmentchange and the calculation result of land use landscape ecological potential, based on the“source-sink” landscape theory, overlay the landscape type grade map and the land use landscapeecological potential map, get the spatial strength analysis of land use landscape ecologicalfunction of every gradient zone; Based on the ArcGIS spatial analysis module, use landscape accumulative cost distance model, determination landscape unit which landscape function spatialmutual restriction, get the landscape function spatial interrelationship distribution map accordingto the spatial function relationship of landscape. Extract ecological source region of every gradientzone in the research area, use the landscape accumulative cost distance model to constructecological corridor and ecological node. Overlay the land use landscape ecological potentialspatial distribution map、landscape ecological function strength spatial distribution map、landscapefunction spatial interrelationship map, combined with the spatial distribution of the landscapeecological corridor and ecological node, determine the land use landscape pattern optimizationdistribution, and classify the land use landscape optimization distribution into three types,according to the optimization distribution propose the land use landscape pattern optimizationproject.
研究区土地利用景观数量结构变化情况表明，1976-2009年间，研究区景观类型以旱地为主，林地次之，旱地为本研究区的景观基质，各景观类型面积变化不一，总体表现为旱地、水田、林地、牧草地、水域面积增加，园地、建设用地和其他用地面积减少；
选取8个具有代表性的景观格局指数对景观水平的景观格局变化进行分析，结果表明，研究区各梯度带的景观破碎化程度逐年增大，斑块的分布越来越广泛，形状越来越不规则，景观格局由1976年的优势斑块具有良好连续性的状态逐渐转变成为2009年的多种要素密集的格局状态，其中梯度带II和梯度带III的斑块形状最不规则，人类活动干扰对各梯度带的影响差别不大，其中梯度带II和梯度带III所受影响相对较大；
选取10个具有代表性的景观格局指数对景观类型水平的景观格局变化进行分析，结果表明，各梯度带中景观组分最大的景观类型为旱地，是研究区的景观基质，且旱地面积呈逐年上升的趋势。其他景观组分变化不一，研究区各景观类型的破碎化程度越来越大，各梯度带景观类型优势排序为：梯度带I旱地>水田>建设用地>水域>牧草地>林地>其他用地>园地，梯度带II旱地>林地>建设用地>水域>牧草地>水田>其他用地>园地，梯度带III林地>旱地>水域>水田>建设用地>牧草地>其他用地>园地，梯度带IV旱地>林地>建设用地>水田>水域>牧草地>其他用地>园地，梯度带V旱地>水域>牧草地>水田>林地>建设用地>其他用地>园地；
基于“源-汇”景观理论，将林地、牧草地、水域、其他用地和坡度小于6°的旱田作为“源”景观，将水田、园地、建设用地和坡度大于6°的旱田作为“汇”景观。运用景观空间负荷对比指数计算不同年份、不同景观类型对研究区生态环境的作用大小，景观负荷对比指数（LCI）的变化表明，33年间，梯度带I的景观格局均不利于生态环境的健康发展，梯度带II的景观格局比较合理，有利于生态环境的健康发展，梯度带III的景观格局逐年趋于合理，景观组成向着有利于生态环境发展的方向进行，梯度带IV的景观格局变化发展有不利于生态环境健康发展向利于生态环境改善的方向进行，景观格局趋于合理，梯度带V的景观格局一直处于不利于生态环境健康发展的状态。通过洛伦兹曲线分析，得出各梯度带景观类型对生态过程变化的贡献程度大小及影响景观生态环境变化的主要景观类型；
从地形地貌、植被覆盖、土壤环境和社会经济四方面选取30个因子对研究区土地利用景观梯度变化与土地生态环境变化的主要影响因素展开分析。运用BP神经网络模型对影响因子进行识别和筛选，得出梯度带I的主要影响因子有7个，梯度带II被筛选出的因子有8个，梯度带III被筛选出的因子有8个，梯度带IV被筛选出的因子有6个，梯度带V被筛选出的因子有6个。运用单因子评价法对各主要影响因子的影响程度进行评价，并将评价结果通过地理信息系统的插值功能表达在空间上，得到各影响因子影响程度的空间分异图；
选取土地利用景观梯度变化及生态环境变化的主要影响因子作为测算土地生态潜力值的重要指标，运用综合潜力测算模型对各梯度带土地利用景观生态潜力进行测算，并将生态潜力划分为四级，测算结果表明：梯度带I中I级生态潜力级采样点所占比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的东南侧，II级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在研究区西北侧，III级生态潜力级及IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在梯度带内；梯度带II中I级生态潜力级所占比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的东南侧，II级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在研究区西北侧，III级生态潜力级及IV级生态潜力级的采样点零星分布在梯度带内；梯度带III中I级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在梯度带的中北部，II级生态潜力级采样点个数所占比重最大，比较均匀地分布在该梯度带内，III级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在该梯度带的中南部，IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的中部；梯度带IV中I级生态潜力级采样点个数占总数比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的中部，II级生态潜力级采样点个数所占比重较大，主要分布在该梯度带的东西两侧，III级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在该梯度带的西部，IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的南侧和北侧；梯度带V中I级生态潜力级采样点个数占总数比重最大，主要分布在梯度带的北部，II级生态潜力级采样点主要分布在该梯度带的南侧，III级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的中部，IV级生态潜力级采样点零星分布在该梯度带的中北部；
从土地利用景观生态功能空间强度和土地利用景观生态功能空间作用关系上对研究区五个梯度带的土地利用景观格局上的优化基础进行分析。综合考虑研究区土地利用景观的类型、数量及空间分布情况、土地利用景观格局对土地利用生态环境变化产生的影响及土地利用景观生态潜力的测算结果，基于“源-汇”景观理论，将景观类型分级图与土地利用景观生态潜力图进行叠加，得出研究区各梯度带土地利用景观生态功能空间强度分布图；基于ArcGIS的空间分析模块，利用景观累积耗费距离模型，确定景观功能空间相互制约的景观单元，由景观组分的空间作用关系得出景观功能空间相互作用关系分布图。提取研究区各梯度带生态源地，运用累积耗费距离模型，构建生态廊道和生态节点。综合叠加土地利用景观生态潜力空间分布图、景观生态功能强度空间分布图、景观功能空间相互作用关系图，结合研究区各梯度带景观生态廊道空间分布情况及景观生态节点空间分布情况，确定研究区各梯度带土地利用景观格局优化分区，并将土地利用景观优化分区划分为三种类型，依据优化分区提出各梯度带景观格局的优化方案。
LUCC which the IGBP and IHDP drafted and published together have been the key and hotpoint problem of the global environmental change recently, a large number of studies show thatglobal environmental change mainly originated from the change which people impact on theecological system, they effect the capability that the biosphere maintenance life. Land uselandscape pattern has tight link with the land ecology process, the interaction of the two aspectshow some landscape ecology function, explore the ecological environment response which comesfrom the land use landscape change deeply can provide technical support and theoretical basis toprotect and improve rural ecological environment in the future. The article take the Songnen highplain typical black soil region Heilongjiang province Bayan county as the research area, under thesupport of related theory, define the main concept the article involved, collect the main data whicheffect the land use landscape change and ecological environment change, breakthrough thetraditional study angle, divide the land use landscape gradient zone based on the natural attributeand administrative division factors, analysis the land use landscape structure change and landscapepattern change of every gradient zone, based on the “source-sink” landscape theory, identify thelandscape type of the research area, ascertain the contribution rate the land use landscape changeimpact on the ecological environment change by the LCI, analysis the landscape type which effectthe change of the landscape ecological of every gradient zone, using the BP model identify themain effect index, using the single factor evaluation method evaluate the factors’ effect degree andinterpolate to the spatial of every gradient zone, based on the research results, calculate the landuse landscape ecological potential of every gradient zone, lay a foundation to the land uselandscape pattern optimization, based on the land use landscape optimization principle, putforward landscape optimization target, analysis the spatial strength and spatial interactionrelationship of landscape optimization of the research area, build ecological corridor andecological point, combined the ecological potential results divide the land use landscapeoptimization partition, provide land use landscape optimization method. The result results haveimportant guiding significance to the rural ecological environment protection.
From the landscape structure change result it can be seen that, from1976to2009, the mainlandscape type is the dry land, forest take the second place, dry land is the landscape matrix of theresearch area, the change of every landscape type is different, it shows that the area of dry land、paddy land、forest land、grass land、water increase, garden land、construction land and other typeland decrease;
Choose eight landscape structure index to analyze the landscape structure change on thelandscape level, the results show that: landscape fragmentation degree increase year by year of every gradient zone, the spatial distribution become more and more widely, the shape becomemore and more irregular, the landscape pattern change into many factor intensity pattern in2009from the station of advantage plaque format good continuity in1976, the plaque shape is the mostirregular of the gradient zone II and gradient zone III, the effect different of people activityinterference of every gradient zone is not big, in the five gradient zones, the effect to the gradientzone II and gradient zone III is big relatively;
Choose ten landscape structure index to analyze the landscape structure change on thelandscape type level, the results show that: the biggest landscape type is dry land of every gradientzone, is the landscape matrix, the dry land area increase year by year. The other type landscapechange differently, the landscape fragmentation degree increase, the advantage scheduling ofevery landscape in the gradient zone I is dry land>paddy land>construction land>water>grassland>forest>other type land>garden land, the advantage scheduling of every landscape in thegradient zone II is dry land>forest>construction land>water>grass land>paddy land>other typeland>garden land, the advantage scheduling of every landscape in the gradient zone III isforest>dry land>water>paddy land> construction land> grass land>other type land>garden land,the advantage scheduling of every landscape in the gradient zone IV is dryland>forest>construction land>paddy land>water>grass land>other type land>garden land, theadvantage scheduling of every landscape in the gradient zone V is dry land>water>grassland>paddy land>forest>construction land>other type land>garden land;
Based on the “source-sink” landscape theory, take the forest、grass land、water、other typeland and dry land whose slope is smaller than6°as the “source” landscape, take the paddy land、garden land、construction land and dry land whose slope is bigger than6°as the “sink” landscape.Using the LCI index calculate the function degree which the landscape change impact on theecological environment change, the change of LCI shows that, in the gradient zone I, landscapepattern composition goes against ecological development healthily in the33years, the landscapepattern of gradient zone II is reasonable and beneficial to ecological development healthily, thelandscape pattern of gradient zone III is more and more reasonable year by year, landscapecomposition develop into the direction which is beneficial to the ecological environment healthydevelopment, the landscape pattern of gradient zone IV go to the ecological environment healthydevelopment, landscape pattern become more and more reasonable, the landscape pattern ofgradient zone V go against the ecological environment healthy development always. According tothe analysis of lorenz curve, we can get the contribution degree size the landscape type to theecological process and the main landscape type which effect the landscape ecologicalenvironment;
Choose30indexes from the topography and geomorphology、vegetation cover、soilenvironment、social economy analysis the main effect factors the landscape change impact on theland ecological environment change. Using the BP model identify the effect index, the resultsshow that the main index number of gradient zone I is seven, the main index number of gradient zone II is eight, the main index number of gradient zone III is eight, the main index number ofgradient zone IV is six, the main index number of gradient zone V is six. Using the single indexevaluation method evaluate the effect degree of the main effect factors, and interpolate theevaluation result on the space to get the space distribution map;
Choose the main effect factors as the important indexes to calculate land ecological potentialvalue, use comprehensive potential calculation model to calculate the land use landscapeecological potential of every gradient zone, and divide four level of the ecological potential, theresults show that: in the gradient zone I, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has thebiggest number, and mainly distribute in the southeast of the gradient zone, the sampling point ofecological potential level II mainly distribute in the northwest of the gradient zone, the samplingpoint of ecological potential level III and level IV distribute in the gradient zone dispersedly; inthe gradient zone II, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has the biggest number, andmainly distribute in the southeast of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecological potentiallevel II mainly distribute in the northwest of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecologicalpotential level III and level IV distribute in the gradient zone dispersedly; in the gradient zone III,the sampling point of ecological potential level I mainly distribute in the medium-north of thegradient zone, the sampling point of ecological potential level II has the biggest number, anddistribute in the gradient zone uniformly, the sampling point of ecological potential level IIImainly distribute in the medium-south of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecologicalpotential level IV distribute in the medium of the gradient zone dispersedly; in the gradient zoneIV, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has the biggest number, and mainly distributein the medium of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecological potential level II has themainly distribute in the east and west of the gradient zone, the sampling point of ecologicalpotential level III has the mainly distribute in the west of the gradient zone, the sampling point ofecological potential level IV has the mainly distribute in the south and north of the gradient zonedispersedly; in the gradient zone V, the sampling point of ecological potential level I has thebiggest number, and mainly distribute in the north of the gradient zone, the sampling point ofecological potential level II mainly distribute in the south of the gradient zone, the sampling pointof ecological potential level III mainly distribute in the medium of the gradient zone, the samplingpoint of ecological potential level IV mainly distribute in the medium-north of the gradient zone;
Basis analysis of land use landscape pattern optimization include spatial strength analysis ofland use landscape ecological function and land use landscape ecological function spatial functionrelationship. Considering the land use landscape type、number and spatial distribution situation、the effect that the land use landscape pattern impact on the land use ecological environmentchange and the calculation result of land use landscape ecological potential, based on the“source-sink” landscape theory, overlay the landscape type grade map and the land use landscapeecological potential map, get the spatial strength analysis of land use landscape ecologicalfunction of every gradient zone; Based on the ArcGIS spatial analysis module, use landscape accumulative cost distance model, determination landscape unit which landscape function spatialmutual restriction, get the landscape function spatial interrelationship distribution map accordingto the spatial function relationship of landscape. Extract ecological source region of every gradientzone in the research area, use the landscape accumulative cost distance model to constructecological corridor and ecological node. Overlay the land use landscape ecological potentialspatial distribution map、landscape ecological function strength spatial distribution map、landscapefunction spatial interrelationship map, combined with the spatial distribution of the landscapeecological corridor and ecological node, determine the land use landscape pattern optimizationdistribution, and classify the land use landscape optimization distribution into three types,according to the optimization distribution propose the land use landscape pattern optimizationproject.
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