除草剂咪唑烟酸在非耕地环境中的降解及代谢研究
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摘要
咪唑烟酸(imazapyr)是由原美国氰胺公司(现归并为德国BASF公司)开发出来的一种具有较长残留活性的广谱性苗后除草剂，可有效地防除一年生和多年生禾本科、阔叶科、莎草科杂草及多种灌木和落叶树等。在我国，该品种目前已经获得临时登记，但是关于其在非耕地环境中的微生物降解动态及土壤中的光解动态等环境行为特征，国内外尚未见公开报道，为便于该品种在我国长期推广应用及其永久登记，研究其上述环境行为对评价其环境安全性及安全合理使用是十分必要的。
本文研究并建立了咪唑烟酸在土壤、水及杂草植株中的残留检测方法。该方法采用甲醇和碳酸氢氨水溶液的混合液作提取剂，检测结果表明：该方法的准确度、精密度和灵敏度等指标均符合农药残留分析的基本要求，同以往所报道的方法相比具有样品前处理过程相对简单，回收率高，重复性好，且费用较低等特点，适合于作为该品种的一种常规残留检测方法。
研究了咪唑烟酸在小粉土、海涂土、黄筋泥及黄红壤四种不同类型土壤中的降解动力学。影响咪唑烟酸在土壤中降解的主要因素为有机质含量，其次为土壤酸碱度。外界环境条件对咪唑烟酸的降解影响也较大，温度越高，湿度越大，则咪唑烟酸的降解越快，Q值的范围在1.08～1.42之间，与范特荷夫(Van't Hoff)规则不吻合，说明温度对土壤中咪唑烟酸的降解速度影响明显低于对水解的影响。并通过分析上述四种土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下的降解动力学，探讨了四种不同土壤中的微生物对咪唑烟酸的降解贡献率，试验结果充分说明了微生物对土壤中咪唑烟酸的降解起着非常重要的作用，在灭菌土壤中，由于微生物被杀灭，并且破坏了土壤中的活性酶和某些营养成分，导致降解非常缓慢。
试验筛选了对咪唑烟酸具有降解作用的优势菌株ZJX-5(荧光假单胞菌Ⅱ型pseudomonas fluorescenes biotype Ⅱ)、ZJX-9(腊状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus)，并对其降解性能进行了研究。结果表明：两菌株对咪唑烟酸均有较强的降解能力，在48h内对50和100mg／L咪唑烟酸的降解率均可达70％以上，混合菌对咪唑烟酸的降解能力明显优于单一菌株，尤其在高浓度的条件下，混合菌的降解率及耐性方面均比单一菌株明显提高。
外界条件对降解菌的降解也有显著影响。初始菌量大，降解加快；添加浓度在50～200mg／L为降解菌的最适降解浓度范围，超过此浓度降解菌的活性会受到严重抑
制；培养温度的增加，其降解速率均相应上升，且在温度有25℃升至30℃时，其降
解速率的增加较快；pH值的升高，降解半衰期的数值呈下降趋势，特别是当pH有5
升至 10时，降解速率的变化明显，呈迅速上升趋势。
运用模拟太阳光研究了咪哇烟酸在土壤表面的光解深度，在供试的四种土壤中，
咪哩烟酸的光解深度明显不同，在干燥土壤中，以黄红壤的光解深度最浅，海涂土的
光解深度最深，四种土壤的光解深度分别在0刀7～0．14mm之lbJ；在60％田间持水量的
土壤中，以黄红壤的光解深度最浅，小粉土的光解深度最深。影，狗光解的主要因素为
土壤酸碱度、有机质含量和阳离子交换量。此外，光照强度和添加浓度对光解速率的
影ill6）也较大。
通过＊O＊S检测咪哇烟酸在模拟太阳光照射下的提取物，得到4种可能的微生
物降解产物和5种光解产物，并由此推测了咪哩烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解和光解的
主要途径。结果表明，咪哩烟酸降解代谢的主要途径是：脱竣基、甲基、异丙基的断
裂及咪哩唯酮环的开裂和重排等，在土壤中的微生物降解主要是首先与NH4“等形成
异丙氨盐，然后再进一步降解成一系列的代谢产物，最终成为 CO。和 H刃。
Pesticide is one kind of necessary means of production in agriculture, however it is a harmful chemical substance. It will do harm to people's health and ecological environment owing to its unreasonable application. Before one kind of new pesticide is to extend, it is wholly essential to know its degradative tendency in environment and organism. It is also required to do risk assessment in environment and supply the pathway to control and decrease its environmental pollution. Imzapyr, which was discovered by American Cynamid Company, is a broad-spectrum postemergence herbicide containing with a long residual behaviour. It can control a broad-spectrum of annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broadleaf weeds, shrubs and deciduous trees. Now the species has been registered temporarily in China, but its environmental behaviors such as microbial and photolytic degradation kinetics et al in uncultivated land has not been reporting until now. In order to extend its use and registered forever, it is urgent to study
now. Based on this, the research work in the thesis was done on the following: (1) the degradative behavior under different kinds of soil (2) Microbial and photolytic degradation kinetics (3) Screening the dominant degradation bacteria and their degradation kinetics.(4) Determination of microbial degradation and photolytic metabolites. The main results were summarized as following:
An analytical method for determining residues of imazapyr in water, soil and weeds by HPLC was established, which used the mixture of methanol and ammonium hydrogen carbonate as extracting solution. The accuracy, sensitivity, precision for the method was satisfied to meet the quota requirements of pesticide residue.
The degradative kinetic in four different kinds of soil which are powder soil, coast soil, yellow red loam soil, huangjin mud was studied respectively. The important factor, which influence degradative rate to imazapyr in soil, is organic matter content and pH values. Environmental factors also affect degradation rate, which will increase as temperature and moisture increased , Temperature effect coefficient(Q) varies from 1.08 to 1.42, which is not in accordance with Van't Hoff rule, and it is proved that the effect of temperature on degradative rate in soil is less than that in water.
Degradative kinetic was also studied in sterilized and non-sterilized soil, and contribution rates of microbial degradation were also probed in different kinds of soil. The experimental results fully proved that microorganism in soil play a very important role to the fate of imazapyr.
Two bacterial strains, which could degrade imazapyr herbicide in basal medium, were isolated from soil, collected from the land polluted by imazapyr, by a batch culture with imazapyr as a sole carbon, ZJX-5 and ZJX-9 were identified as pseudomonas fluorescenes biotype and bacillus cereu by means of VITEK-AMS. They both had so high decomposing ability that they can degrade over 70% imzapyr within two days, when fortified on the level of 50 or 100mg/L, It was also proved that degradation ability and resistence of the mixed bacterial strain to imazapyr are superior to their separated one, especially under high concentration.
The effects of external circumstances on two bacterial strains were also studied, The fortified bacterial amount has remarkable influence on the degradation rate, which is proportional relations between them. On the contrary, the fortified concentration is opposite to degradative rate. Results showed that appropriately fortified concentration for degradation bacterial strain is 50~200mg/L.When surpassing the moderate concentration, the activity of bacterial strains can be severely inhibited. With the increasing of temperature, the degradation half-life decrease, especially at the range of 25~30 . The effect of pH value is the same as temperature, especially at the range of 5~10.
The depth of soil which give the effection to photodegradation of pesticide was studied under simulated sunlight using four kinds of soil. T
本文研究并建立了咪唑烟酸在土壤、水及杂草植株中的残留检测方法。该方法采用甲醇和碳酸氢氨水溶液的混合液作提取剂，检测结果表明：该方法的准确度、精密度和灵敏度等指标均符合农药残留分析的基本要求，同以往所报道的方法相比具有样品前处理过程相对简单，回收率高，重复性好，且费用较低等特点，适合于作为该品种的一种常规残留检测方法。
研究了咪唑烟酸在小粉土、海涂土、黄筋泥及黄红壤四种不同类型土壤中的降解动力学。影响咪唑烟酸在土壤中降解的主要因素为有机质含量，其次为土壤酸碱度。外界环境条件对咪唑烟酸的降解影响也较大，温度越高，湿度越大，则咪唑烟酸的降解越快，Q值的范围在1.08～1.42之间，与范特荷夫(Van't Hoff)规则不吻合，说明温度对土壤中咪唑烟酸的降解速度影响明显低于对水解的影响。并通过分析上述四种土壤在灭菌和非灭菌条件下的降解动力学，探讨了四种不同土壤中的微生物对咪唑烟酸的降解贡献率，试验结果充分说明了微生物对土壤中咪唑烟酸的降解起着非常重要的作用，在灭菌土壤中，由于微生物被杀灭，并且破坏了土壤中的活性酶和某些营养成分，导致降解非常缓慢。
试验筛选了对咪唑烟酸具有降解作用的优势菌株ZJX-5(荧光假单胞菌Ⅱ型pseudomonas fluorescenes biotype Ⅱ)、ZJX-9(腊状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus)，并对其降解性能进行了研究。结果表明：两菌株对咪唑烟酸均有较强的降解能力，在48h内对50和100mg／L咪唑烟酸的降解率均可达70％以上，混合菌对咪唑烟酸的降解能力明显优于单一菌株，尤其在高浓度的条件下，混合菌的降解率及耐性方面均比单一菌株明显提高。
外界条件对降解菌的降解也有显著影响。初始菌量大，降解加快；添加浓度在50～200mg／L为降解菌的最适降解浓度范围，超过此浓度降解菌的活性会受到严重抑
制；培养温度的增加，其降解速率均相应上升，且在温度有25℃升至30℃时，其降
解速率的增加较快；pH值的升高，降解半衰期的数值呈下降趋势，特别是当pH有5
升至 10时，降解速率的变化明显，呈迅速上升趋势。
运用模拟太阳光研究了咪哇烟酸在土壤表面的光解深度，在供试的四种土壤中，
咪哩烟酸的光解深度明显不同，在干燥土壤中，以黄红壤的光解深度最浅，海涂土的
光解深度最深，四种土壤的光解深度分别在0刀7～0．14mm之lbJ；在60％田间持水量的
土壤中，以黄红壤的光解深度最浅，小粉土的光解深度最深。影，狗光解的主要因素为
土壤酸碱度、有机质含量和阳离子交换量。此外，光照强度和添加浓度对光解速率的
影ill6）也较大。
通过＊O＊S检测咪哇烟酸在模拟太阳光照射下的提取物，得到4种可能的微生
物降解产物和5种光解产物，并由此推测了咪哩烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解和光解的
主要途径。结果表明，咪哩烟酸降解代谢的主要途径是：脱竣基、甲基、异丙基的断
裂及咪哩唯酮环的开裂和重排等，在土壤中的微生物降解主要是首先与NH4“等形成
异丙氨盐，然后再进一步降解成一系列的代谢产物，最终成为 CO。和 H刃。
Pesticide is one kind of necessary means of production in agriculture, however it is a harmful chemical substance. It will do harm to people's health and ecological environment owing to its unreasonable application. Before one kind of new pesticide is to extend, it is wholly essential to know its degradative tendency in environment and organism. It is also required to do risk assessment in environment and supply the pathway to control and decrease its environmental pollution. Imzapyr, which was discovered by American Cynamid Company, is a broad-spectrum postemergence herbicide containing with a long residual behaviour. It can control a broad-spectrum of annual and perennial grasses, sedges, broadleaf weeds, shrubs and deciduous trees. Now the species has been registered temporarily in China, but its environmental behaviors such as microbial and photolytic degradation kinetics et al in uncultivated land has not been reporting until now. In order to extend its use and registered forever, it is urgent to study
now. Based on this, the research work in the thesis was done on the following: (1) the degradative behavior under different kinds of soil (2) Microbial and photolytic degradation kinetics (3) Screening the dominant degradation bacteria and their degradation kinetics.(4) Determination of microbial degradation and photolytic metabolites. The main results were summarized as following:
An analytical method for determining residues of imazapyr in water, soil and weeds by HPLC was established, which used the mixture of methanol and ammonium hydrogen carbonate as extracting solution. The accuracy, sensitivity, precision for the method was satisfied to meet the quota requirements of pesticide residue.
The degradative kinetic in four different kinds of soil which are powder soil, coast soil, yellow red loam soil, huangjin mud was studied respectively. The important factor, which influence degradative rate to imazapyr in soil, is organic matter content and pH values. Environmental factors also affect degradation rate, which will increase as temperature and moisture increased , Temperature effect coefficient(Q) varies from 1.08 to 1.42, which is not in accordance with Van't Hoff rule, and it is proved that the effect of temperature on degradative rate in soil is less than that in water.
Degradative kinetic was also studied in sterilized and non-sterilized soil, and contribution rates of microbial degradation were also probed in different kinds of soil. The experimental results fully proved that microorganism in soil play a very important role to the fate of imazapyr.
Two bacterial strains, which could degrade imazapyr herbicide in basal medium, were isolated from soil, collected from the land polluted by imazapyr, by a batch culture with imazapyr as a sole carbon, ZJX-5 and ZJX-9 were identified as pseudomonas fluorescenes biotype and bacillus cereu by means of VITEK-AMS. They both had so high decomposing ability that they can degrade over 70% imzapyr within two days, when fortified on the level of 50 or 100mg/L, It was also proved that degradation ability and resistence of the mixed bacterial strain to imazapyr are superior to their separated one, especially under high concentration.
The effects of external circumstances on two bacterial strains were also studied, The fortified bacterial amount has remarkable influence on the degradation rate, which is proportional relations between them. On the contrary, the fortified concentration is opposite to degradative rate. Results showed that appropriately fortified concentration for degradation bacterial strain is 50~200mg/L.When surpassing the moderate concentration, the activity of bacterial strains can be severely inhibited. With the increasing of temperature, the degradation half-life decrease, especially at the range of 25~30 . The effect of pH value is the same as temperature, especially at the range of 5~10.
The depth of soil which give the effection to photodegradation of pesticide was studied under simulated sunlight using four kinds of soil. T
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