生态脆弱地区社区参与式旅游的社区共享机制研究
|
摘要
我国少数民族地区以及边远地区的旅游业由于受到了重点支持,现在的发展表现出了“跳跃式”增长,其发展速度远高于民族地区和边远地区国民经济的发展速度,甚至高于我国其他绝大多数省份的旅游产业发展的速度,并且这些地区的旅游产业要素的扩张速度以及本产业固定资产和产业规模的扩张速度也优于其他产业。由于发展旅游的注意力主要放在了经济效益高的部门,相应的旅游环境保护和建设没有受到相应的重视,对旅游业的可持续发展造成了严重的影响。社区参与是近几年来国际上在生态环境保护中采用的一种方法,社区参与在国际旅游发展中不仅是一种环境保护的手段,在解决落后地区经济发展中还是一种行之有效的扶贫手段。本文研究的即是社区参与下的生态脆弱地区社区参与式旅游的社区共享机制,目的是解决社区共享旅游发展成果的问题。
本文运用文献研究的方法对现在社区参与式旅游发展现状中出现的问题进行了总结,运用博弈分析的方法和利益相关者理论对社区参与式旅游的核心利益相关者进行了社区共享旅游发展角度的博弈分析,得出以下结论：
第一,通过博弈论的分析,可以看出在理论上当地政府、旅游企业、当地社区是可以通过分析自己的行动带来的后果来自动的调节各自的行为,保证旅游健康的发展,但是实际中这种调节需要各种辅助的规章制度来保证。
第二,在发展社区旅游业中当地政府,旅游企业、当地社区之间为了最终的经济利益是可以为保护当地脆弱的生态达成最终妥协的,这种妥协可以促进社区当地旅游业的发展,使社区当地的经济和社会和谐发展。
第三,本文根据文献研究,以及旅游利益相关者的行为博弈建立了我国生态脆弱地区社区参与式旅游的社区共享机制的框架,并对各个框架进行了说明。这个框架包括政府主导的引导保障机制,社区参与的决策机制,规范的利益分配机制,旅游企业为主的责任分担与补偿机制,多方参与的生态保护机制。
Because of big support, tourism in both ethnic area and remote area has a rapid development, which is better than economic development in these areas, and even faster than tourist development in majority of provinces in our nation. Moreover, expanding speed of elements and scale of fixed asset of tourist industry is superior to that of other industries. However, sustainable development of tourism in these regions has been influenced badly due to focus of development only on some departments that have higher economic efficiency as well as lack of attention to relevant protection and construction of tourist environment. One way used in internationally ecological and environmental protection is community participation. Community participation is an effective method, which can not only protect environment in internationally tourist development, but also help poor areas to speed up economic development. The main purpose of this paper is to research the community sharing mechanism in some areas of ecological fragility in order to solve the problems brought out by fruits of tourist development shared by community.
This dissertation sums up the current issues, which appear in the tourist development of community participation, through documentary research, using game and stakeholder theories to analyze core stakeholder of community participation tour in the view of community sharing tourism development. The conclusions are as follows:
First, according to the game theory research, in theory the local government, tourism enterprises and local communities can automatically adjust their behavior by analysis of the consequences of their actions to ensure the healthy development of tourism, but in practice this adjustment requires a variety of supplementary rules to guarantee.
Second, in development of community tourism, local government and communities, tourist enterprises and tourists can compromise for the ultimately economic benefits in order to safeguard fragile local ecology. This compromise is able to promote development of local tourism and lead to harmonious development between local economy and society in the end.
Third, according to documentary research and behavioral game of tourist stakeholders, this paper establishes and illustrates a community sharing mechanism framework of community participation tour in fragile ecological areas of our country. This framework includes the ensuring mechanism that government plays an important role, community participation decision-making mechanism, normative benefit distribution mechanism, the responsibility-shared and compensation mechanism of corporation and multi-side participation ecological-protection mechanism.
本文运用文献研究的方法对现在社区参与式旅游发展现状中出现的问题进行了总结,运用博弈分析的方法和利益相关者理论对社区参与式旅游的核心利益相关者进行了社区共享旅游发展角度的博弈分析,得出以下结论：
第一,通过博弈论的分析,可以看出在理论上当地政府、旅游企业、当地社区是可以通过分析自己的行动带来的后果来自动的调节各自的行为,保证旅游健康的发展,但是实际中这种调节需要各种辅助的规章制度来保证。
第二,在发展社区旅游业中当地政府,旅游企业、当地社区之间为了最终的经济利益是可以为保护当地脆弱的生态达成最终妥协的,这种妥协可以促进社区当地旅游业的发展,使社区当地的经济和社会和谐发展。
第三,本文根据文献研究,以及旅游利益相关者的行为博弈建立了我国生态脆弱地区社区参与式旅游的社区共享机制的框架,并对各个框架进行了说明。这个框架包括政府主导的引导保障机制,社区参与的决策机制,规范的利益分配机制,旅游企业为主的责任分担与补偿机制,多方参与的生态保护机制。
Because of big support, tourism in both ethnic area and remote area has a rapid development, which is better than economic development in these areas, and even faster than tourist development in majority of provinces in our nation. Moreover, expanding speed of elements and scale of fixed asset of tourist industry is superior to that of other industries. However, sustainable development of tourism in these regions has been influenced badly due to focus of development only on some departments that have higher economic efficiency as well as lack of attention to relevant protection and construction of tourist environment. One way used in internationally ecological and environmental protection is community participation. Community participation is an effective method, which can not only protect environment in internationally tourist development, but also help poor areas to speed up economic development. The main purpose of this paper is to research the community sharing mechanism in some areas of ecological fragility in order to solve the problems brought out by fruits of tourist development shared by community.
This dissertation sums up the current issues, which appear in the tourist development of community participation, through documentary research, using game and stakeholder theories to analyze core stakeholder of community participation tour in the view of community sharing tourism development. The conclusions are as follows:
First, according to the game theory research, in theory the local government, tourism enterprises and local communities can automatically adjust their behavior by analysis of the consequences of their actions to ensure the healthy development of tourism, but in practice this adjustment requires a variety of supplementary rules to guarantee.
Second, in development of community tourism, local government and communities, tourist enterprises and tourists can compromise for the ultimately economic benefits in order to safeguard fragile local ecology. This compromise is able to promote development of local tourism and lead to harmonious development between local economy and society in the end.
Third, according to documentary research and behavioral game of tourist stakeholders, this paper establishes and illustrates a community sharing mechanism framework of community participation tour in fragile ecological areas of our country. This framework includes the ensuring mechanism that government plays an important role, community participation decision-making mechanism, normative benefit distribution mechanism, the responsibility-shared and compensation mechanism of corporation and multi-side participation ecological-protection mechanism.
引文
[1]国务院关于加快发展旅游业的意见[Z].2009
[2]张广瑞.关于旅游业的21世纪议程——实现与环境相适应的可持续发展[J].旅游学刊,1998,2：50-54
[3]全国生态脆弱区保护规划纲要[R].环境保护部,2008.9
[4]Kwan M P. Space-Time and Integral Measures of Individual Accessibility:a Comparative Analysis Using a Point-based Frame Work [J]. Geographical Analysis, 1998, (3):191-216
[5]侯国林.基于社区参与的湿地生态旅游可持续开发模式研究[D].南京师范大学博士学位论文,2006
[6]罗云峰.博弈论教程[M].清华大学出版社,2007
[7]Peter E. Murphy. Tourism:A Community Approach[M]. New York:Methue, 1985
[8]方淳.社区参与旅游发展研究[D]. 北京：北京第二外国语学院旅游管理学院,2005,p11-12
[9]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001
[10]罗永常.民族村寨社区参与旅游开发的利益保障机制[J].旅游学刊,2006,10：p45-48
[11]黎洁,赵西萍.社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑[J].旅游学刊,2001,4：p44-47
[12]Martha H. Paying the price of ecotourism[J]. Americas,1994,46(6):40-47
[13]Mansperger M C. Tourism and cultural change in small-scale societies [J].Human Organization,1995,54(1):87-94
[14]Hinch T, R Butler. Indigenous tourism:a common ground for discussion [A]. In R Butler, T Hinch. Tourism and Indigenous Peoples[C]. London:International Thomson Business Press,1996
[15]Wesche R, A Drumm. Defending the Rainforest, Accession Amazonia [M]. Quito, Ecuador,1999
[16]Cevat Tosun. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Con-tries[J]. Tourism Management,2000,21(6),613-633
[17]Ross E. Mitchell, Donald G. Reld. Community integration:Island tourism in Preu[J]. Annals of tourism reseach.2001(1):113-119
[18]Donald G. Reid. Community Tourism Planning a Self-assessment Instrument[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2004,31(3):623-639
[19]Nelson F. The evolution and impacts of community-based ecotourism in northern Tanzania[EB/OL]. http://www.earthprint. com/cgi-bin/ncommerce3/Product Display? prrfnbr=514392&prmenbr=27973&cgrfnbr=21134,2004
[20]Behrenfeld S M. Evaluating monitoring practices of community-based ecotourism projects (Nepal)[D]. San Jose State University,2003
[21]Stronza A.2001, Revealing the True Promise of Community-based Ecotourism: The Case of Posada Amazonas[Z]. Paper for Sustainable Development and Management of Ecotourism in the Americas Preparatory Conference for the International Year of Ecotourism,2002
[22]Buanes, A.,Jentoft,S.,Maurstad, A., Soreng,S.,& Karlsen,G. Stakeholder participation in Norwegian coastal zone planning[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2005,48(9-10),658-669
[23]Kathleen L. Andereck, Karin M. Valentine, Richard C. Knopf& Christine A. Vogt, Residents'perceptions of community tourism impacts[J]. Annals of Tourism Research.2005,32(4):1056-1076
[24]HwanSuk Chris Choi, Ercan Sirakaya. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism[J]. Tourism Management,2006,27 (27):274-1289
[25]Arntzen, J., Setlhogile, T.,& Barnes, J. Rural livelihoods, poverty reduction, and food security in Southern Africa:Is CBNRM the answer? [M]. Washington, DC-International Resources Group,2007
[26]Mbaiwa, J. E. Local community attitudes towards Wildlife conservation and community based natural resources management in Ngamiland District, Botswana[M]. In B. Schuster,& O. T. Thakadu (Eds.), Natural resources managementand people. Gaborone:IUCN CBNRM Support Programme,2007
[27]Jennifer K. Strickland-Munro, Helen E. Allison, Susan A. Moore. Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities [J], Annals of Tourism Research,2010,27(2):499-519,2010
[28]Lesego S. Sebele. Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges:Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana[J]. Tourism Management,2010(31):136-146
[29]唐顺铁.旅游目的地的社区化及社区旅游研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(2)：145-149
[30]周玉翠.欠发达地区社区旅游研究——以湖南省邵阳市为例[J].地域研究与开发,1999,18(3)：74—76
[31]黎洁,赵西萍.社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑[J].旅游学刊,2001,(4)：44-47
[32]蒋艳.欠发达地区社区参与旅游发展研究[D].硕士学位论文.泉州：华侨大学2003：10-13
[33]赵福祥,李全德.少数民族地区开展社区旅游的思考[J].云南师范大学学报,2003,5： 137-140
[34]刘纬华.关于社区参与旅游发展的若干理论思考[J].旅游学刊,2000,1：47-52
[35]连玉銮.白马社区旅游开发个案研究[J].旅游学刊,2005,3： 13-17
[36]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006,61(4)：401-413
[37]孙九霞,保继刚.从缺失到凸显：社区参与旅游发展研究脉络[J].旅游学刊,2006,7：63-68
[38]师守祥.基于社区主体地位的参与式旅游规划研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2009,9：28-32
[39]谌莉,杨兆萍,董国涛.旅游对喀纳斯村图瓦社区影响的多层次灰色评价[J].中国软科学,2009(2)：91-97
[40]廖杨.民族地区贫困村寨参与式发展的人类学考察[J].广西民族研究,2010(1)：45-50
[41]唐小双.浅谈村镇民俗旅游目的地社区居民的受益：途径与模式[J].经营管理者,2010(13)：274
[42]刘岩,张珞平,洪华生.生态旅游资源管理中社区参与激励机制探讨—以厦门岛东海岸区生态旅游开发为例[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(4)：60-62
[43]蒋艳.关于欠发达地区社区参与旅游收益分配的探讨[J].重庆交通学院学报(社科版),2004,9：49-51
[44]罗永常.民族村寨社区参与旅游开发的利益保障机制[J].旅游学刊,2006,10：45-48
[45]安艳艳,张文.基于居民感知与态度的旅游地社区主导旅游业发展机制研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(旅游版),2007,7：13-20
[46]董阿丹,吴郭泉.社区有效参与生态旅游的影响因素及保障机制研究[J].浙江旅游职业学院学报,2008,9：52-55
[47]张林, 覃峭.补偿机制与旅游社区和谐发展研究[J].经济问题探索,2008,3：121-124
[48]王剑,赵媛.风景名胜区旅游发展与农村社区居民权益受损分析[J].人文地理,2009(2)：120-124
[49]郑群明,钟林生.参与式乡村旅游开发模式探讨[J].旅游学刊,2004,4：33-37
[50]魏敏,颜亚玉.基于利益相关者视角的社区旅游发展模式研究[J].统计与信息论坛,2008,6：35-39
[51]张禹.乡村生态旅游的社区参与模式及其运作机制研究[D].浙江大学硕士毕业论文,2008,6
[52]郭华.制度变迁视角的乡村旅游社区利益相关者管理研究[D].暨南大学博士论文2007,6
[53]Boo E. Ecotourism, Potentials and Pitfalls[R]. Washington, D C:World Wildlife Fund,1990
[54]Lindberg K. Economic policies for maximizing nature tourism's contribution to sustainable development[R]. Washington, DC:World Resources Institute,1991
[55]Sherman P B, J. A Dixon. The economics of nature tourism:determining if it pays[A]. In Nature Tourism:Managing for the Environment[C]. Washington, DC: Island Press,1991:89-131
[56]Cater E,G Lowman. Ecotourism:A Sustainable Option? [M]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons,1994
[57]TES, ed. Ecotourism Principles of Nature Tourism Operators[M]. North Bennington:The Ecotourism Society,1993
[58]Lindberg K, Enriquez J. An Analysis of Ecotourism's Economic Contribution to Conservation and Development in Belize [M]. Washington DC:World Wildlife Fund,1994
[59]Orams M. Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism [J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1995,4(2):81-94
[60]Sproule K W. Community-based ecotourism development:identifying partners in the process[R]. Bulletin Series Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Number 99, New Haven CT:Yale University,1996:233-250
[61]Martha H. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development:Who Owns Paradise? [M]. Washington D C:Island Press,1999
[62]Niu Yafei. Sustainable tourism, ecotourism and implementation[J]. Geographical Research,1999,18(2):179-184
[63]姜爱林,祝国勇.论旅游业对西部生态脆弱区改良的作用及相关问题[J].科技进步与对策,2000,17(11)：23-24
[64]杨永德,丁陈娟.西部地区发展旅游业对生态环境影响的思考[J].经济与社会发展,2003,1(8)：25-28
[65]甘露.论西部大开发中生态脆弱区的旅游资源开发战略[J].2005,25(101)：38-42
[66]贾铁飞,张振国.生态敏感区旅游资源开发的生态与环境适宜度研究[J].资源科学,2006,18(5)：134-139
[67]赵萍.国际生态旅游标准视野下的我国生态脆弱地区旅游发展研究[D]四川大学研究生论文2006,4
[68]王亚欣.生态脆弱民族地区旅游开发思考[J].中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,1(35)：43-48
[69]金玲.敦煌生态环境保护与旅游可持续发展[D].兰州大学硕士学位论文,2008,6
[70]陈宏辉.企业的利益相关者理论与实证研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2003
[71]Freeman, R. E. Strategic management:A stakeholder approach[M]. Boston: Pitman,1984
[72]Rosenow, J. E. and Pulsipher, G. L. Tourism:The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly[M]. Lincon, NE:Media Productions and Marketing,1979
[73]Sheehan L. R, Ritchic J. R. Destination Stakeholders:Exploring Identity and Salience[J]. Annals if Toruism Research,2005,32(3):711-734
[74]Roboson J., Robson, I. From shareholders to stakeholders:critical issue for tourism marketers[J]. Toursim Management,1996,17(7):533-540
[75]Sautter E T., Leisen B. Managing stakeholders:A Toursim Planing Mode[J]. Annals of Tourism Reasearch,1999,26(2):321-328
[76]Yooshik Yoon. Development of a Structural Model for Tourism Destination Competitive from Stakeholder's PersPective[D]. VirginiaTech, USA,2002
[77]Ryan C. Equity, management, power sharing and sustain ability:issue of "new tourism"[J]. Tourism Management,2002,23(1):17-26
[78]Burns G L, Howard P. When wildlife tourism goes wrong:a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia [J]. Tourism Management,2003,24(6):699-712.
[79]Sheehan L R, Ritchie J R. Destination Stakeholders:Exploring Identity and Salience [J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2005,32(3):711-734
[80]Hudson S, Miller G A. The Responsible Marketing of Tourism:the Case of Canadian Mountain Holidays [J]. Tourism Management,2005,26:133-142
[81]Kernel P. Creating and Implementing a Model for Sustainable Development in Tourism Enterprises [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2005,13:151-164.
[82]Erick T. Byrd. Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development[J]. Tourism Review, 2007,2(6):6-13
[83]Lorn Sheehan., J. R. Brent Ritchie., Simon Hudson. The Destination Promotion Triad:Understanding Asymmetric Stakeholder Interdependencies Among the City, Hotels and DMO[J]. Journal of Travel Research,2007,46(1):64-74
[84]Murray C. Simpson. Community Benefit Tourism Initiatives—A conceptual oxymoron?[J]. Tourism Management,2008,29(1):1-18
[85]Sushma Seth Bhat, Simon Milne. Network effects on cooperation in destination website development[J]. Tourism Management,2008,29(6):1131-1140
[86]Francesca d'Angella, Frank M. Go. Tale of two cities'collaborative tourism marketing:Towards a theory of destination stakeholder assessment[J]. Tourism Management,2009(30):429-440
[87]Erick T. Byrd, Holly E. Bosley, Meghan G. Dronberger.Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina[J]. Tourism Management,2009(30):693-703
[88]Tom Bornhorst, J. R. Brent Ritchie, Lorn Sheehan. Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations:An empirical examination of stakeholders'perspectives[J]. Tourism Management,2010(31):572-589
[89]Aaron Tkaczynski, Sharyn R. Rundle-Thiele, Narelle Beaumont. Segmentation: A tourism stakeholder view[J]. Tourism Management,2009(30):169-175
[90]Kelly Cassidy, Chris Guilding. Defining an emerging tourism industry sub-sector:Who are the strata titled tourism accommodation stakeholders?[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2010(29):421-431
[91]保继刚,钟新民.桂林市旅游发展总体规划简本(2001-2020).桂林旅游网guilin.com.cn
[92]张祖群,方巧,杨新军.基于文化景观的利益主体经济互动一荆州的旅游人类学实证研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2004,15(1)：74-75
[93]宋瑞.我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2005,15(1)：36-411
[94]刘雪梅, 保继刚.从利益相关者角度剖析国内外生态旅游实践的变形[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(3)：348-3531
[95]韦复生.旅游社区居民与利益相关者博弈关系分析[J].广西民族研究,2007(3)：197-205
[96]张安民,李永文.基于利益相关者博弈均衡背景下的旅游新景区开发动力分析[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2008,38(2)：171-175
[97]王德刚,贾衍菊.成本共担与利益共享[J].旅游科学,2008,22(1)：8-14
[98]代鹤锋,袁净.基于利益相关者视角的旅游企业社会责任研究[J].资源环境与发展,2010(2)：33-36
[99]胡北明,王挺之.基于利益相关者视角的我国遗产旅游地管理体制改革[J].软科学,2010,24(5)：69-72
[100]谭申,宋立中,周胜林.基于利益相关者视角的国外文化旅游地发展模式分析及其启示[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2010(3)：20-29
[101]金毅.论全球化背景下的民族文化旅游[J].内蒙古大学学报,2004,36(2)：19-24
[102]夏赞才.孕育中的旅游伦理学—近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评[J].哲学动态,2005,(7)：39—44
[103]卞显红,张树夫,王苏洁.旅游发展中居民态度与社区问题研究[J].人文地理,2005(4)：95-101
[104]Anna Spenceley.南非两个自然旅游经营项目中的当地社区受益体系[J].产业与环境,2002,24(3-4)：50-53
[2]张广瑞.关于旅游业的21世纪议程——实现与环境相适应的可持续发展[J].旅游学刊,1998,2：50-54
[3]全国生态脆弱区保护规划纲要[R].环境保护部,2008.9
[4]Kwan M P. Space-Time and Integral Measures of Individual Accessibility:a Comparative Analysis Using a Point-based Frame Work [J]. Geographical Analysis, 1998, (3):191-216
[5]侯国林.基于社区参与的湿地生态旅游可持续开发模式研究[D].南京师范大学博士学位论文,2006
[6]罗云峰.博弈论教程[M].清华大学出版社,2007
[7]Peter E. Murphy. Tourism:A Community Approach[M]. New York:Methue, 1985
[8]方淳.社区参与旅游发展研究[D]. 北京：北京第二外国语学院旅游管理学院,2005,p11-12
[9]吴必虎.区域旅游规划原理[M].北京：中国旅游出版社,2001
[10]罗永常.民族村寨社区参与旅游开发的利益保障机制[J].旅游学刊,2006,10：p45-48
[11]黎洁,赵西萍.社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑[J].旅游学刊,2001,4：p44-47
[12]Martha H. Paying the price of ecotourism[J]. Americas,1994,46(6):40-47
[13]Mansperger M C. Tourism and cultural change in small-scale societies [J].Human Organization,1995,54(1):87-94
[14]Hinch T, R Butler. Indigenous tourism:a common ground for discussion [A]. In R Butler, T Hinch. Tourism and Indigenous Peoples[C]. London:International Thomson Business Press,1996
[15]Wesche R, A Drumm. Defending the Rainforest, Accession Amazonia [M]. Quito, Ecuador,1999
[16]Cevat Tosun. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Con-tries[J]. Tourism Management,2000,21(6),613-633
[17]Ross E. Mitchell, Donald G. Reld. Community integration:Island tourism in Preu[J]. Annals of tourism reseach.2001(1):113-119
[18]Donald G. Reid. Community Tourism Planning a Self-assessment Instrument[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2004,31(3):623-639
[19]Nelson F. The evolution and impacts of community-based ecotourism in northern Tanzania[EB/OL]. http://www.earthprint. com/cgi-bin/ncommerce3/Product Display? prrfnbr=514392&prmenbr=27973&cgrfnbr=21134,2004
[20]Behrenfeld S M. Evaluating monitoring practices of community-based ecotourism projects (Nepal)[D]. San Jose State University,2003
[21]Stronza A.2001, Revealing the True Promise of Community-based Ecotourism: The Case of Posada Amazonas[Z]. Paper for Sustainable Development and Management of Ecotourism in the Americas Preparatory Conference for the International Year of Ecotourism,2002
[22]Buanes, A.,Jentoft,S.,Maurstad, A., Soreng,S.,& Karlsen,G. Stakeholder participation in Norwegian coastal zone planning[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2005,48(9-10),658-669
[23]Kathleen L. Andereck, Karin M. Valentine, Richard C. Knopf& Christine A. Vogt, Residents'perceptions of community tourism impacts[J]. Annals of Tourism Research.2005,32(4):1056-1076
[24]HwanSuk Chris Choi, Ercan Sirakaya. Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism[J]. Tourism Management,2006,27 (27):274-1289
[25]Arntzen, J., Setlhogile, T.,& Barnes, J. Rural livelihoods, poverty reduction, and food security in Southern Africa:Is CBNRM the answer? [M]. Washington, DC-International Resources Group,2007
[26]Mbaiwa, J. E. Local community attitudes towards Wildlife conservation and community based natural resources management in Ngamiland District, Botswana[M]. In B. Schuster,& O. T. Thakadu (Eds.), Natural resources managementand people. Gaborone:IUCN CBNRM Support Programme,2007
[27]Jennifer K. Strickland-Munro, Helen E. Allison, Susan A. Moore. Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities [J], Annals of Tourism Research,2010,27(2):499-519,2010
[28]Lesego S. Sebele. Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges:Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana[J]. Tourism Management,2010(31):136-146
[29]唐顺铁.旅游目的地的社区化及社区旅游研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(2)：145-149
[30]周玉翠.欠发达地区社区旅游研究——以湖南省邵阳市为例[J].地域研究与开发,1999,18(3)：74—76
[31]黎洁,赵西萍.社区参与旅游发展理论的若干经济学质疑[J].旅游学刊,2001,(4)：44-47
[32]蒋艳.欠发达地区社区参与旅游发展研究[D].硕士学位论文.泉州：华侨大学2003：10-13
[33]赵福祥,李全德.少数民族地区开展社区旅游的思考[J].云南师范大学学报,2003,5： 137-140
[34]刘纬华.关于社区参与旅游发展的若干理论思考[J].旅游学刊,2000,1：47-52
[35]连玉銮.白马社区旅游开发个案研究[J].旅游学刊,2005,3： 13-17
[36]保继刚,孙九霞.社区参与旅游发展的中西差异[J].地理学报,2006,61(4)：401-413
[37]孙九霞,保继刚.从缺失到凸显：社区参与旅游发展研究脉络[J].旅游学刊,2006,7：63-68
[38]师守祥.基于社区主体地位的参与式旅游规划研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2009,9：28-32
[39]谌莉,杨兆萍,董国涛.旅游对喀纳斯村图瓦社区影响的多层次灰色评价[J].中国软科学,2009(2)：91-97
[40]廖杨.民族地区贫困村寨参与式发展的人类学考察[J].广西民族研究,2010(1)：45-50
[41]唐小双.浅谈村镇民俗旅游目的地社区居民的受益：途径与模式[J].经营管理者,2010(13)：274
[42]刘岩,张珞平,洪华生.生态旅游资源管理中社区参与激励机制探讨—以厦门岛东海岸区生态旅游开发为例[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(4)：60-62
[43]蒋艳.关于欠发达地区社区参与旅游收益分配的探讨[J].重庆交通学院学报(社科版),2004,9：49-51
[44]罗永常.民族村寨社区参与旅游开发的利益保障机制[J].旅游学刊,2006,10：45-48
[45]安艳艳,张文.基于居民感知与态度的旅游地社区主导旅游业发展机制研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(旅游版),2007,7：13-20
[46]董阿丹,吴郭泉.社区有效参与生态旅游的影响因素及保障机制研究[J].浙江旅游职业学院学报,2008,9：52-55
[47]张林, 覃峭.补偿机制与旅游社区和谐发展研究[J].经济问题探索,2008,3：121-124
[48]王剑,赵媛.风景名胜区旅游发展与农村社区居民权益受损分析[J].人文地理,2009(2)：120-124
[49]郑群明,钟林生.参与式乡村旅游开发模式探讨[J].旅游学刊,2004,4：33-37
[50]魏敏,颜亚玉.基于利益相关者视角的社区旅游发展模式研究[J].统计与信息论坛,2008,6：35-39
[51]张禹.乡村生态旅游的社区参与模式及其运作机制研究[D].浙江大学硕士毕业论文,2008,6
[52]郭华.制度变迁视角的乡村旅游社区利益相关者管理研究[D].暨南大学博士论文2007,6
[53]Boo E. Ecotourism, Potentials and Pitfalls[R]. Washington, D C:World Wildlife Fund,1990
[54]Lindberg K. Economic policies for maximizing nature tourism's contribution to sustainable development[R]. Washington, DC:World Resources Institute,1991
[55]Sherman P B, J. A Dixon. The economics of nature tourism:determining if it pays[A]. In Nature Tourism:Managing for the Environment[C]. Washington, DC: Island Press,1991:89-131
[56]Cater E,G Lowman. Ecotourism:A Sustainable Option? [M]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons,1994
[57]TES, ed. Ecotourism Principles of Nature Tourism Operators[M]. North Bennington:The Ecotourism Society,1993
[58]Lindberg K, Enriquez J. An Analysis of Ecotourism's Economic Contribution to Conservation and Development in Belize [M]. Washington DC:World Wildlife Fund,1994
[59]Orams M. Using interpretation to manage nature-based tourism [J]. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1995,4(2):81-94
[60]Sproule K W. Community-based ecotourism development:identifying partners in the process[R]. Bulletin Series Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Number 99, New Haven CT:Yale University,1996:233-250
[61]Martha H. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development:Who Owns Paradise? [M]. Washington D C:Island Press,1999
[62]Niu Yafei. Sustainable tourism, ecotourism and implementation[J]. Geographical Research,1999,18(2):179-184
[63]姜爱林,祝国勇.论旅游业对西部生态脆弱区改良的作用及相关问题[J].科技进步与对策,2000,17(11)：23-24
[64]杨永德,丁陈娟.西部地区发展旅游业对生态环境影响的思考[J].经济与社会发展,2003,1(8)：25-28
[65]甘露.论西部大开发中生态脆弱区的旅游资源开发战略[J].2005,25(101)：38-42
[66]贾铁飞,张振国.生态敏感区旅游资源开发的生态与环境适宜度研究[J].资源科学,2006,18(5)：134-139
[67]赵萍.国际生态旅游标准视野下的我国生态脆弱地区旅游发展研究[D]四川大学研究生论文2006,4
[68]王亚欣.生态脆弱民族地区旅游开发思考[J].中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,1(35)：43-48
[69]金玲.敦煌生态环境保护与旅游可持续发展[D].兰州大学硕士学位论文,2008,6
[70]陈宏辉.企业的利益相关者理论与实证研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2003
[71]Freeman, R. E. Strategic management:A stakeholder approach[M]. Boston: Pitman,1984
[72]Rosenow, J. E. and Pulsipher, G. L. Tourism:The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly[M]. Lincon, NE:Media Productions and Marketing,1979
[73]Sheehan L. R, Ritchic J. R. Destination Stakeholders:Exploring Identity and Salience[J]. Annals if Toruism Research,2005,32(3):711-734
[74]Roboson J., Robson, I. From shareholders to stakeholders:critical issue for tourism marketers[J]. Toursim Management,1996,17(7):533-540
[75]Sautter E T., Leisen B. Managing stakeholders:A Toursim Planing Mode[J]. Annals of Tourism Reasearch,1999,26(2):321-328
[76]Yooshik Yoon. Development of a Structural Model for Tourism Destination Competitive from Stakeholder's PersPective[D]. VirginiaTech, USA,2002
[77]Ryan C. Equity, management, power sharing and sustain ability:issue of "new tourism"[J]. Tourism Management,2002,23(1):17-26
[78]Burns G L, Howard P. When wildlife tourism goes wrong:a case study of stakeholder and management issues regarding Dingoes on Fraser Island, Australia [J]. Tourism Management,2003,24(6):699-712.
[79]Sheehan L R, Ritchie J R. Destination Stakeholders:Exploring Identity and Salience [J]. Annals of Tourism Research,2005,32(3):711-734
[80]Hudson S, Miller G A. The Responsible Marketing of Tourism:the Case of Canadian Mountain Holidays [J]. Tourism Management,2005,26:133-142
[81]Kernel P. Creating and Implementing a Model for Sustainable Development in Tourism Enterprises [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2005,13:151-164.
[82]Erick T. Byrd. Stakeholders in sustainable tourism development and their roles: applying stakeholder theory to sustainable tourism development[J]. Tourism Review, 2007,2(6):6-13
[83]Lorn Sheehan., J. R. Brent Ritchie., Simon Hudson. The Destination Promotion Triad:Understanding Asymmetric Stakeholder Interdependencies Among the City, Hotels and DMO[J]. Journal of Travel Research,2007,46(1):64-74
[84]Murray C. Simpson. Community Benefit Tourism Initiatives—A conceptual oxymoron?[J]. Tourism Management,2008,29(1):1-18
[85]Sushma Seth Bhat, Simon Milne. Network effects on cooperation in destination website development[J]. Tourism Management,2008,29(6):1131-1140
[86]Francesca d'Angella, Frank M. Go. Tale of two cities'collaborative tourism marketing:Towards a theory of destination stakeholder assessment[J]. Tourism Management,2009(30):429-440
[87]Erick T. Byrd, Holly E. Bosley, Meghan G. Dronberger.Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina[J]. Tourism Management,2009(30):693-703
[88]Tom Bornhorst, J. R. Brent Ritchie, Lorn Sheehan. Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations:An empirical examination of stakeholders'perspectives[J]. Tourism Management,2010(31):572-589
[89]Aaron Tkaczynski, Sharyn R. Rundle-Thiele, Narelle Beaumont. Segmentation: A tourism stakeholder view[J]. Tourism Management,2009(30):169-175
[90]Kelly Cassidy, Chris Guilding. Defining an emerging tourism industry sub-sector:Who are the strata titled tourism accommodation stakeholders?[J]. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2010(29):421-431
[91]保继刚,钟新民.桂林市旅游发展总体规划简本(2001-2020).桂林旅游网guilin.com.cn
[92]张祖群,方巧,杨新军.基于文化景观的利益主体经济互动一荆州的旅游人类学实证研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2004,15(1)：74-75
[93]宋瑞.我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2005,15(1)：36-411
[94]刘雪梅, 保继刚.从利益相关者角度剖析国内外生态旅游实践的变形[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(3)：348-3531
[95]韦复生.旅游社区居民与利益相关者博弈关系分析[J].广西民族研究,2007(3)：197-205
[96]张安民,李永文.基于利益相关者博弈均衡背景下的旅游新景区开发动力分析[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版),2008,38(2)：171-175
[97]王德刚,贾衍菊.成本共担与利益共享[J].旅游科学,2008,22(1)：8-14
[98]代鹤锋,袁净.基于利益相关者视角的旅游企业社会责任研究[J].资源环境与发展,2010(2)：33-36
[99]胡北明,王挺之.基于利益相关者视角的我国遗产旅游地管理体制改革[J].软科学,2010,24(5)：69-72
[100]谭申,宋立中,周胜林.基于利益相关者视角的国外文化旅游地发展模式分析及其启示[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2010(3)：20-29
[101]金毅.论全球化背景下的民族文化旅游[J].内蒙古大学学报,2004,36(2)：19-24
[102]夏赞才.孕育中的旅游伦理学—近年来西方国家旅游伦理研究述评[J].哲学动态,2005,(7)：39—44
[103]卞显红,张树夫,王苏洁.旅游发展中居民态度与社区问题研究[J].人文地理,2005(4)：95-101
[104]Anna Spenceley.南非两个自然旅游经营项目中的当地社区受益体系[J].产业与环境,2002,24(3-4)：50-53
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |