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创新型企业股权结构、债务结构与成长性的关系研究:理论分析与经验证据
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摘要
创新型企业是我国实施技术创新工程与建设创新型国家的重要载体。实践表明,创新型企业正在成为我国调整产业结构、转变发展方式、增强创新能力、提升综合竞争力的重要力量。而在所有企业的发展进程中,企业成长性是实务界和理论界所共同关注的一个永恒主题,因而,创新型企业的成长性自然也成为了国家、社会和企业所关注的焦点问题。从资本结构理论的角度看,股权资本与债务资本共同构成了企业的资本属性结构,不同属性的资本体现了投资者不同的利益目标与权责特征;从公司治理理论的角度看,股权结构与债务结构是公司治理结构的两个基本层面,两者的不同特征决定了投资者参与治理的动力与能力的差异。这说明,股权结构与债务结构的不同特征将会影响到企业的决策行为。而企业内因成长理论则表明,企业成长是企业内部的资源配置与能力协调的结果。因此,从理论观点上判断,股权结构与债务结构将会对企业成长性产生影响。那么,创新型企业的股权结构、债务结构与成长性之间存在何种具体的关系,这种关系对于促进创新型企业的持续成长又存在何种启示,这正是本文所要研究的关键问题。本文以创新型企业为研究对象,理论分析与实证检验股权结构、债务结构与成长性的关系,并基于研究结论提出促进创新型企业持续成长的对策建议,因此,本文研究具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。
     本文内容主要有五个方面:第一,从理论角度,对企业内因成长理论、现代公司治理理论和新资本结构理论进行了系统分析,以此作为本文的理论基础。企业内因成长理论包括彭罗斯的企业内因成长理论、企业资源基础理论和企业能力基础理论,现代公司治理理论包括基于委托代理理论与基于现代产权理论的公司治理理论,新资本结构理论包括基于代理成本与基于不对称信息的资本结构理论;此外还对国内外学者的代表性实证文献进行了详细梳理。第二,从经验角度,对创新型企业2006年以来的创新状况和经济状况两个方面进行了总体统计与分类研究,并基于统计结果对创新型企业的成长状态特征进行了总结描述;以企业内因成长理论为指导,在借鉴国内外学者关于企业成长性评价文献的基础上,结合创新型企业的自身特点,构建了创新型企业成长性的测度指标体系与理论测度模型,并采用因子分析法对359家样本企业2007-2011年的成长性进行了实证测度。第三,通过探究理论基础之间的逻辑联结点,将现代公司治理理论与新资本结构理论作为理论视角引入企业内因成长理论的分析框架,提出了本文的理论分析框架:治理结构——企业行为——企业成长;然后遵循这一框架并结合创新型企业所处的制度环境及其自身特点,分别对股权结构与创新型企业成长性的关系、债务结构与创新型企业成长性的关系以及股权结构与债务结构的关系进行了详细的理论分析,进而提出了相应的研究假设。第四,通过借鉴国内外学者的实证文献,利用359家样本企业2007~2011年的经验数据,采用平衡面板数据固定效应回归模型,分别对股权结构与创新型企业成长性的关系假设、债务结构与创新型企业成长性的关系假设以及股权结构与债务结构的关系假设进行了系列的实证检验。第五,基于检验结果,再次结合现代公司治理理论、新资本结构理论与企业内因成长理论,对股权结构、债务结构与创新型企业成长性之间的经验关系进行了规范分析,并总结得出本文的研究结论;然后基于研究结论,从股权结构的优化、债务结构的调整与外部制度条件的改善三个方面提出了促进创新型企业持续成长的对策建议。
     通过系统的理论分析与严谨的实证检验,本文得出的基本结论是:(1)股权结构对创新型企业的成长性存在显著的影响。创新型企业的股权结构在股权的数量分布与股东的身份类别方面均存在不同程度的非均衡性,通过优化股权结构,可以在一定程度上提高企业的成长性。(2)债务结构对创新型企业的成长性存在显著的影响。创新型企业的债务结构在总体债务水平以及债务期限与债务来源的内部结构方面均存在不同程度的非适度性,通过调整债务结构,能够在一定程度上促进企业的持续成长。(3)股权结构是影响创新型企业债务结构安排的重要因素。股权结构的不同特征(股权集中度、股权制衡度、股东身份)对创新型企业债务结构(债务比例、债务期限、债务来源)的安排存在程度和方向均不同的影响。
     本文创新点主要体现在:(1)将现代公司治理理论与新资本结构理论作为理论视角引入企业内因成长理论的分析框架,构建了一个清晰的“治理结构——企业行为——企业成长”的理论框架,拓展和丰富了企业成长问题研究的理论视角。(2)较为系统地选取反映企业的偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力、发展能力、现金流量、股利支付、每股质量与市场价值八个方面成长性的指标构建了创新型企业成长性综合测度指标体系。(3)较为全面地考察了股权结构和债务结构的多特征维度分别对创新型企业成长性的影响,同时也全面考察了股权结构的多特征维度分别对债务结构多特征维度的影响。(4)考虑到股权结构、债务结构与企业成长的动态特征及个体差异,采用平衡面板数据固定效应回归模型的计量方法,一定程度上弥补了截面静态回归与混合数据回归的不足。
Innovative enterprises are the important carriers about implementing technological innovation project and constructing innovative country in China. The practice shows that innovative enterprises are becoming the important forces of adjusting the industrial structure, changing the development mode, improving the innovative capacity and enhancing the overall competence in China. In the development process of any firms, firm growth is the eternal theme in practice sector and theory circle. Thus, the growth of innovative enterprises naturally becomes the focus problem of state, society and firms. From the perspective of capital structure theory, equity capital and debt capital together constitute the attribute structure of capital, and the different attribute capital reflects the different interest goals and power characteristics of investors. From the perspective of corporate governance theory, ownership structure and debt structure are the two basic dimensions of the corporate governance structure, and the different characteristics of the two structures determine the differences of incentives and abilities on investors participating governance. It shows that the different characteristics of ownership structure and debt structure will affect decision-making behavior of firm. The theory of the firm endogenous growth shows that the firm growth is the internal result of resource allocation and capability coordination. Therefore, based on the theory points, ownership structure and debt structure will affect the firm growth. In that way, what is the specific relationship between ownership structure, debt structure and the growth of innovative enterprises? And what are the implications of this relationship about the sustainable growth of innovative enterprises? These are the key issues what this paper is to study. This paper will study on the relationship between ownership structure, debt structure and the growth of innovative enterprises in theory and practice. And based on the conclusions, this paper will provide some advices on the sustainable growth of innovative enterprises. So this paper will have some theoretical values and practical significances.
     The main contents of this paper include five parts:Firstly, from theoretical perspective, this paper analyzes the theoretical bases about the theory of the firm endogenous growth, the modern theory of corporate governance and the new theory of capital structure. The theory of the firm endogenous growth include the theory of the firm endogenous growth put forward by Penrose, the resource-based theory of the firm and the capability-based theory of the firm. The modern theory of corporate governance include the corporate governance theory based on the principal agency theory and based on the modern property rights theory. The new theory of capital structure include the capital structure theory based on the agency cost and based on the asymmetrical information. In addition. this paper also summarizes the typical literatures of related scholars at home and abroad. Secondly, from empirical perspective, this paper statistically analyzes the situations of innovation and economics on innovative enterprises from2006. And based on the statistical results, this paper overall describes the growth statue characteristics of innovative enterprises. And based on the theory of the firm endogenous growth, this paper constructs the indexes system and the theory model about the growth measurement of innovative enterprises by means of referring related literatures and combining with innovative enterprises characteristics. Then based on the data of359sample firms from year2007to2011and using factor analysis method, this paper empirically measures the growth of359sample firms. Thirdly, by the introduction of the modern theory of corporate governance and the new theory of capital structure to the analytical framework of the theory of the firm endogenous growth, this paper puts forward the theoretical analysis framework: governance structure—firm conduct—firm growth. Then according to the framework, combining with the institutional environments and the owned characteristics of innovative enterprises, this paper theoretically analyzes the relationship between ownership structure, debt structure and the growth of innovative enterprises, and provides related hypothesis. Fourthly, by means of referring related empirical literatures, based on the data of359sample firms from year2007to2011, and using fixed effects model of the balanced panel data, this paper empirically analyzes the above hypothesis about the relationship between ownership structure, debt structure and the growth of innovative enterprises. Finally, based on the empirical results, combining with the modern theory of corporate governance, the new theory of capital structure and the theory of the firm endogenous growth, this paper again theoretically analyzes the empirical relationship between ownership structure, debt structure and the growth of innovative enterprises, and summarizes the research conclusions. Then according to the research conclusions, this paper provides some advices on the sustainable growth of innovative enterprises from three aspects of optimizing ownership structure. adjusting debt structure and improving externally institutional conditions.
     By means of theoretical analysis and empirical evidence, the basic conclusions are: Firstly, ownership structure significantly affects the growth of innovative enterprises. The quantity distribution of ownership and the identity type of shareholders are partially non-equilibrium about the ownership structure of innovative enterprises, and so optimizing ownership structure can improve the growth of innovative enterprises. Secondly, debt structure significantly affects the growth of innovative enterprises. The overall debt level and the internal structure of debt maturity and debt source are partially non-suitability about the debt structure of innovative enterprises, and so adjusting debt structure can promote the sustainable growth of innovative enterprises. Finally, ownership structure also is an important factor of affecting debt structure choice. The different characteristics of ownership structure including ownership concentration, ownership check-balance and the identity type of shareholders have the different effects on debt structure choice of innovative enterprises including debt proportion, debt maturity and debt source in degree and direction.
     The main innovation of this paper have:Firstly, by the introduction of the modern theory of corporate governance and the new theory of capital structure to the analytical framework of the theory of the firm endogenous growth, this paper constructs the specific theory framework: governance structure—firm conduct—firm growth, and expands the theoretical perspective about study on the firm growth problem. Secondly, this paper constructs the measurement indexes system of the growth of innovative enterprises in systematic manner, including the eight aspects growth of solvency, operations, profitability, development, cash flow, dividend payment, quality of per share and market value. Thirdly, this paper comprehensively analyzes the multidimensional effects of ownership structure and debt structure on the growth of innovative enterprises, and the multidimensional effects of ownership structure on the all dimensions of debt structure. Finally, taking into account the dynamic features and individual differences of ownership structure, debt structure and firm growth, this paper uses the fixed effects regression model of the balanced panel data. And at some extent, it can make up for the static cross-section regression and pooled data regression.
引文
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