脊髓损伤模型大鼠的胃肠动力障碍及其电针调整作用的研究
|
摘要
目的:
1研究脊髓损伤后大鼠的胃肠动力的改变,初步探讨脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的可能的发病机理。
2通过检测电针足三里前后胃内核素残留率、小肠推进率以及脑肠肽、脑肠肽受体、NOS等的改变,了解电针对脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的调整作用,推断电针作用的可能途径和机制。
方法:
1脊髓损伤模型建立:用WD法建立脊髓损伤模型,采用BBB评分法,选择BBB评分0分的大鼠为造模成功。
2大鼠的运动能力评定:采用改良后CBS法进行动物运动行为评分,观察指标包括开放空间运动能力、脚趾伸展、触地反射、回缩反射、翻正反射、斜板试验。并且对大鼠双后肢的运动功能观察,采用BBB评分。
3分组:随机分正常对照组、模型对照组、非经非穴组、电针治疗组和莫沙比利治疗组。
①正常对照组:对正常的大鼠,每日固定30 min,但不行电针刺,连续14天。
②模型对照组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日固定30min,但不行电针刺,连续14天。
③非经非穴组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日电针治疗(选“足三里”穴旁0.5 cm处,频率、强度同(3)组)30 min,连续14天。
④电针治疗组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日电针足三里治疗30min,连续14天。(穴位选双侧足阳明胃经上的“足三里”穴)。
⑤莫沙比利治疗组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日给予莫沙比利灌胃,连续14天。
4取穴和针刺方法:“足三里”穴,根据中国针灸学会实验针灸研究会指定的“动物针灸穴位图谱”选取双侧足三里穴(在大鼠膝关节后外侧,腓骨小头下约5mm处)。大鼠清醒固定,各电针组动物均在造模成功后一周开始针刺,足三里穴直刺7mm,连接胃肠促动型医用数码电针治疗仪,参数选为:连续波,电针频率为3Hz,强度为2-3mA,针刺30min,每天1次。
5胃排空和小肠推进比的检测:各组大鼠于造模后第7天和第21天时,随机抽取10只大鼠,每组灌服混有~(99m)碍-二乙三胺五乙酸(~(99m)Tc-DTPA)0.05毫居(mCi)/10g和少量亚甲兰的营养性半固体糊标准餐20ml/kg,胃内核素残留率(%)=(胃内核素残留值/基准值)×100%,小肠推进比(%)=(幽门括约肌至色素前端的距离(cm)/幽门括约肌至回盲部的距离(cm))×100%。
6脊髓组织病理观察:于造模后第1,7天,正常组和造模组随机抽取3只大鼠处死,以T12为中心取长约1.0cm脊髓,以4%多聚甲醛固定24小时后,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,片厚5μm,备用,行HE染色,观察脊髓组织形态学变化。
7胃动素、胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的测定:采用放射免疫分析法,血浆、血清及组织标本在测定前混匀,4℃1500转/min离心15分钟,取上清液测定胃动素、胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的含量。
8一氧化氮合酶的检测:于造模后第3周,大鼠处死,取1cm胃窦和十二指肠组织,于4.0%多聚甲醛中固定,包埋,切片,用免疫组织化学技术检测胃肠组织iNOS蛋白的表达,采用SABC(Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex,链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶)法检测;并用RT-PCR测定胃窦和小肠组织iNOS mRNA的表达。
9 MTLRmRNA和SSR mRNA表达:采用RT-PCR测定MTLR mRNA和SSRmRNA表达,用多媒体凝胶成像分析系统计算各样本PCR产物的光密度值。计算各样本MTL-R1A mRNA及SSTR_2 mRNA与内参β-actin mRNA PCR产物的积分光密度比值,比值的高低反映了MTL-R1A mRNA及SSTR_2 mRNA在样本中表达量的多少。
结果:
1脊髓损伤后不同时间各组大鼠CBS评分结果:正常组的大鼠脊髓神经的运动功能正常,模型组大鼠双后肢软瘫,肌张力低,损伤平面以下各种反射不同程度的减弱或消失,第造模后第7天和第21天,CBS评分与正常组比较有非常显著性降低,P＜0.01。
2大鼠胃内残留率和小肠推进比:实验1周后,即造模后,脊髓损伤模型各组,与正常组相比胃内残留率和小肠推进比均有显著差异(P＜0.01);经过电针治疗后,即实验3周后,模型组胃内残留率仍比正常组明显增加(P＜0.01),而电针组明显低于模型组(P＜0.01);3周后,小肠推进比模型组较正常组仍明显减少(P＜0.01),而电针组明显高于模型组(P＜0.01);电针组在电针治疗前后胃内残留率和小肠推进比有显著差异(P＜0.01)。
3脊髓组织形态学变化:正常组术后24h脊髓HE染色结果正常;而模型组损伤后24h:HE染色可见损伤区及邻近区域脊髓组织丧失正常的结构,有明显的组织破坏、坏死、空泡形成。灰、白质内明显可见大量、弥散的红细胞。损伤后1周:损伤区及邻近区域脊髓丧失正常结构,灰、白质内可见到脊髓液化坏死,形成空泡,灰、白质内出血消失。同时有大量的炎性细胞及巨噬细胞浸润,排列紊乱,神经元极少见到。
4胃动素、胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的测定结果:①脊髓损伤可使大鼠血液及组织中的MTL含量降低;电针组可使大鼠血液和胃窦组织和十二指肠组织中MTL含量明显上升,作用与西药组的作用相当。②脊髓损伤可使大鼠血液及胃窦和十二指肠组织中的GAS含量明显降低,而电针组可明显增加血液中的GAS含量,而对胃窦和十二指肠组织中的GAS含量变化作用不明显。③脊髓损伤可使大鼠血液及胃肠组织中的VIP含量升高。电针足三里能降低血液及胃窦组织中VIP含量,对十二指肠中VIP含量增高作用不明显;与莫沙比利相比较,电针足三里对胃窦组织的作用优于莫沙比利。④脊髓损伤后大鼠血液及组织中的SS含量升高。电针足三里能降低血液及胃窦和十二指肠组织中SS含量,作用相当于莫沙比利。
5脊髓损伤大鼠NOS的改变和电针的调整作用:①iNOS在胃和小肠组织中的表达:在正常组中,iNOS在胃黏膜上皮细胞浆中少量表达,而在模型组和穴旁组中,iNOS在胃黏膜的表达较正常明显增加(P＜0.01),治疗后,电针组和西药组明显减少(P＜0.01);模型组和穴旁组与正常组比较iNOS表达明显增加(P＜0.01),经过治疗,电针组iNOS表达有所改善,明显减少,与模型组比较有显著差异,而西药组与正常组比较未见明显差异。②胃和肠组织iNOS mRNA:胃和肠组织中,模型组iNOS mRNA的表达增加(P＜0.05);电针组与模型组和穴旁组相比较,iNOS mRNA的表达显著减少(P＜0.01)。
6脊髓损伤大鼠胃窦MTL-R1A mRNA及结肠SSTR_2 mRNA表达的改变和电针的调整作用:MTL-R1A mRNA中,模型组的光密度积分比值明显降低,与正常组比较,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);电针组及西药组与模型组比较,平均光密度积分比值均升高,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01)。SSTR_2 mRNA中,模型组的平均光密度比值明显升高,与正常组比较,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);电针组与模型组比较,比值降低,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01)。结果表明,脊髓损伤后大鼠MTL-R1A mRNA表达下调,电针足三里上调MTL-R1A mRNA表达,作用相当于莫沙比利;脊髓损伤后大鼠SSTR_2 mRNA表达增加,电针足三里下调SSTR_2 mRNA表达,作用优于莫沙比利。
结论
1根据改良的WD方法建立脊髓损伤大鼠模型,模型组造模后第7、21天改良的CBS评分与正常组有明显差异,组织学观察符合临床脊髓损伤患者的病理变化,证实建立的SD大鼠脊髓损伤模型是成功的。
2脊髓损伤大鼠存在胃肠动力障碍,本实验中主要表现为胃排空和小肠推进运动功能的下降,因此,脊髓损伤后胃肠的动力下降;电针足三里可以改善胃肠的排空率,促进胃肠的运动,因此,电针足三里对胃肠动力有促进的作用。
3脊髓损伤大鼠存在胃肠激素的紊乱和电针的调整作用:
①血浆和组织中MTL的下降可能是造成脊髓损伤后胃肠运动功能障碍的原因之一,MTL主要通过内分泌和局部神经分泌的方式影响脊髓损伤后的胃肠运动。电针足三里可以通过升高血液和组织中的MTL,促进胃肠动力。
②血浆和胃肠组织中GAS的下降可能是脊髓损伤后胃肠功能障碍的发病机制之一,GAS既可以内分泌的方式,也可以局部神经分泌的方式影响脊髓损伤后胃肠动力。电针足三里可以通过升高血液中的GAS,以内分泌的方式促进脊髓损伤后胃肠动力。
③血浆和组织中VIP的升高可能是引起脊髓损伤后胃肠运动功能障碍的原因之一,电针足三里对VIP的调整不仅以内分泌的形式起作用,其胃窦组织中VIP含量也下降,因而电针足三里以血液循环和胃窦组织局部分泌的方式影响脊髓损伤后的胃肠动力。
④血浆和组织中SS的升高可能是脊髓损伤后胃肠功能障碍发病机制之一,电针足三里后,可能通过降低抑制性脑肠肽SS的释放,以血液循环和局部分泌的形式调整胃肠动力的紊乱。
4脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的发生可能与局部组织中脑肠肽受体mRNA的表达水平有关,当对胃肠平滑肌细胞有兴奋效应的脑肠肽受体的mRNA表达水平下降,或对胃肠平滑肌细胞有抑制效应的脑肠肽受体的mRNA表达水平上升时,则可能会出现胃肠动力障碍,MTL-R1A、SSTR_2的基因表达异常可能参与了SCI后的胃肠动力下降的发病;电针足三里对脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的影响可能通过受体的调节方式来实现,通过上调MTL-R1A、下调SSTR_2的基因表达,来调节胃肠运动,达到促进胃肠动力的作用。
5 NO能神经可能参与了脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的发病机制,脊髓损伤后可能通过iNOS蛋白和基因水平的上调导致胃肠动力障碍;而针刺足三里治疗脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的机制可能与降低NO能神经兴奋性有关,针刺足三里在胃肠动力障碍的状态下,可以下调iNOS蛋白水平和基因的表达,进而促进胃肠动力;以上可能通过调节神经递质NO的释放来实现。
Aim:
1 To investigate regulating effect on electroacupuncture at zusanli point in rats with gastrointestinal motility disorder after spinal cord injury,and to observe possible reasons which bring on gastrointestinal motility disorder primarily.
2 By means of examining the change of stomach emptying,intestine propulsion rate, NOS,receptor before and after treatment,to draw a conclusion of possible approach and mechanism of its function.
Method:
1 The establishment of spinal cord injury(SCI)model:The model of spinal cord injury was established by WD method,adopted a BBB grade method to estimate and regarded zero score in BBB grade as successful model.
2 The sport ability of the rats assess:Improved CBS method was adopted to estimate the behavioral grade of animal sport,which included such indexes as the sport ability in open space,stretch of toe,the reflection of touching the gound,the reflection of return,the reflection of turning over and the experiment of inclined slope.The sport function of the hind legs in every group was observed by BBB grade method.
3 Grouping:Rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal control group, model group,side acupoint group,electroacupuncture treatment group and Mosapride treatment group.
(1)Normal control group:The normal rats were fixed for 30 minutes every day without electroacupuncture for 14 days.
(2)Model control group:The rats with spinal cord injury were fixed for30 minutes every day without electroacupuncture for 14 days.
(3)Side acupoint group:The rats with spinal cord injury were treated with electroacupuncture at side acupoint near zusanli acupoint for 30 minutes every day for 14 days.
(4)Electroacupuncture treatment group:The rats of spinal cord injury were treated with electroacupuncture at zusanli for 30 minutes every day for 14 days.
(5)Mosapride treatment group:The rats with spinal cord injury were treated with Mosapride for 30 minutes every day for 14 days.
4 Choosing acupuncture point and acupuncture method:According to "animal acupuncture points diagram" specified by experimental acupuncture graduate school of Chinese acupuncture academic association,zusanlli points on both sides of feet were selected(zusanlli point was about 5mm under capitulum fibulae at outer hind knee joint).The sober rats in each electroacupuncture treatment group were fixed, which started to be treated with electroacupuncture after one week's model establishment.It kept stabbing in 7mm,linking electroacupuncture treatment instrument of type of stomach and intestines.The stimulus parameters were continuous wave,3Hz(frequency)and 2-3mA(strength),which led to the rats' leg to tremble slightly for degree.It kept 30 minutes once every day.
5 Stomach emptying and intestine propulsion rate:After building model on the 7th and 21st day,10 rats of random sample in every group were infused to mixture having ~(99)mTc-DTPA 0.05mCi/10g and the half solid standard meal with pigment 20 ml/kg. Gastric nuclide remnant rate(%)=(gastric nuclide remnant value/basis value)×100%, intestine propulsion rate(%)=(the distance from pyloric sphincter to the head of pigment(cm)/ the distance from pyloric sphincter to the intestine between ileum and cecum(cm))×100%.
6 Pathologic observation on spinal cord tissue:On the 1 st and 7th day after building model,three rats of random sample in normal and model groups were executed, chosen about 1.0cm long tissue in spinal cord regarded T12 as the center,with 4% poly- formaldehyde fixed for 24 hours,normal paraffin wax embedded.After the slices of 5μm thick were done HE dyeing,configurable variety in spinal cord tissue could be observed.
7 Motilin(MTL),Gastrin(GAS),Vasoacfive Intestinal Peptide(VIP),Somatostatin (SST)mensuration:The specimens in blood plasma,serum and tissue were collected and put into centrifuge tubes.Then those specimens were centrifuged at 1500 r/min at 4℃for 15 minutes and chosen clear supernatant liquid to be kept in EP tube for Motilin,gastrin,Vasoacfive Intestinal Peptide and Somatostatin assay according to description in radioimmunoassay kit.
8 Nitric oxide synthase(NOS)detection:On the 3rd week after building model,rats were executed,then chosen about 1.0cm long tissue of gastric sinuses and duodenum with 4%poly- formaldehyde fixed,normal paraffin wax embedded and made into slice.Making use of Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex method which belongs to immunochemistry technique,the expression of iNOS protein in gastric and intestinal tissue was examined.At the same time the expression of iNOSmRNA was detected by RT-PCR.
9 The MTLR mRNA and SSR mRNA gene expression:The expression of MTLR mRNA and SSR mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)method,making multimedia gel imaging analysis system compute the light density value of each sample's PCR outcome.Through computing integral calculus light density value of MTL-R1A mRNA,SSTR_2 mRNAs of the each sample vs the outcome of theβ-actins mRNA PCR,the specific value reflected how much the expression of MTL-R1A mRNA and SSTR_2 mRNAs was quantitatively.
Results:
1 The result of CBS grade of rats in every group after spinal cords injury at different time:The sport function of spinal nerve in the rats of normal group was normal,and the double hind legs of rats in model group appeared paralysis,while ras's muscle tension being low.At the same time various reflections below injured level died down or disappeared in different degree.On the 7th and 22nd day,CBS grade score of model group showed lower evidently very much,compared with that of normal group.
2 Gastric nuclide remnant rate and intestine propulsion rate:After one week's test, namely after building model,compared with normal group,each group of spinal cord injury showed extremely obvious difference in gastric nuclide remnant rate and intestine propulsion rate(P＜0.01);After treatment with electroacupuncture,namely after three weeks' test,gastric nuclide remnant rate in model group was significantly higher than that in normal group(P＜0.01),but the electroacupuncture group being obviously lower than that in model group(P＜0.01);After 3 weeks,intestine propulsion rate in model group compared with that in normal group still obviously reduced(P＜0.01),but this ratio in electroacupuncture group being obviously higher than that in model group(P＜0.01);Gastric nuclide remnant rate and intestine propulsion rate in electroacupuncture group remarkably showed difference before and after treatment(P＜0.01).
3 Configurable variety of spinal cord tissue:In normal group the HE dye result of spinal cord was normal after 24 hours' building model;While the model group after 24 hours' injury:Through HE dye it was clear that spinal cord tissue lost normal structure and had obvious tissue breakage,bad dead,empty bubble formation in the injured area and adjacent area.It was so clearly seen that a great deal of dispersive red cell inside gray white and white matter.After one week's hurt,in the injured area and adjacent area it was clearly seen that spinal cord tissue lost normal structure,and liquefy to bad dead.Empty bubble formed and internal bleeding disappeared in gray matter and white matter.In the meantime there was a great deal of phlogistic cell and macrophage endosmosis,arranging confusedly,nerve cell rarely being seen.
4 Motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS),Vasoacfive Intestinal Peptide(VIP),Somatostatin(SST) mensuration:Spinal cord injury caould make the content of MTL in the blood and tissue of rats lower;While electroacupuncture let the content of MTL increase obviously in the blood and tissue of Stomach - antrum and duodenum of rats,whose function was equal to western medicine's.
The study demonstrated that the content of GAS in blood and tissue decreased significantly accompanied with the suppression of gastrointestinal motility after spinal cord injury,while electroacupuncture at zusanli point could increase the content of GAS in blood of rats obviously.It suggested that acupuncture might regulatie the content of GAS to influence gastrointestinal motility.
The experiment suggested that after spinal cord injury the content of VIP increasing in the blood and tissue of rats;Electroacupunctur at zusanli point could affect the content of VIP in the blood and Stomach - antrum tissue of rats obviously, whose function in duodenal tissue was not obvious.Compared with Mosapride,the electroacupuncture's effect on Stomach- antrum tissue was superior to itS.
Spinal cord injury could affect the content of SS in the blood and tissue of rats and made it increase.However the treatment with electroacupuncture could lower the content of SS in both the blood and Stomach-antrum of rats obviously,whose function was equal to western medicine's.
5 The effect of electroacupuncture on nitric oxide synthase in rats with spinal cord injury:
(1)The iNOS expression in gastric and small intestinal tissue:In normal group,the expression of iNOS was small amount in the gastric mucosa epithelia,but in model group and side point group the expression of iNOS obviously increased compared with normal group(P＜0.01).After treatment,the expression in electroacupuncture group and western medicine group obviously reduced(P＜0.01);Compared with normal group,the expression of iNOS obviously enhanced in the model group and side point group(P＜0.01);Through the treatment,the expression in electroacupunctu -re group was down-regulated obviously,and there was a great deal of difference between electroacupuncture group and model group.The result did not show distinct difference between western medicine and normal group.
(2)INOS mRNA in gastric and small intestinal tissue:In gastric and small intestinal tissue,model group existed in tendency to enhance the iNOS mRNA gene expression (P＜0.05);Relative to model group and side point group,iNOS mRNA expression in electroacupuncture group decreased distinctly(P＜0.01).
6 The regulating effect of electroacupuncture on the expression of gastric MTL-R1A mRNA and small intestinal SSTR_2 mRNA in rats with spinal cord injury:In the MTL-R1A mRNA,the light density integral calculus ratio of model group obviously lowered,compared with normal group,manifesting very obvious difference(P＜0.01); Electroacupuncture group and western medicine group relative to model group,whose average light density integral calculus specific value all enhanced and showed very obvious difference(P＜0.01).In SSTR_2 mRNA,the average light density specific value of the model group obviously went up,compared with normal group,having very distinct difference(P＜0.01);Electroacupuncture group relative to model group, whose specific value lowered and there was very obvious difference between two groups(P＜0.01).It was considered that the MTL-R1A mRNA expression of the rats with spinal cord injury could be down-regulated as a result;Electroacupuncture at zusanli point could had effect on expression of MTL-R1A mRNA,whose function equaled to Mosapride;SSTR_2 mRNA expression of the rats with spinal cord injury could be up-regulated;After treatment with electroacupuncture at zusanli point,the expression of MTL-R1A mRNA could lower,and the function of electroacupuncture was better than that of Mosapride.
Conclusion
1 According to WD method,rats model with spinal cord injury was established,and improved CBS grade score in model group had obvious difference relative to that in normal group on the 7th and 21st day after building model.The histology observation matched pathologic variety of clinical spinal cord injury,so that it is confirmed to succeed in the establishment of SD rats model with spinal cord injury.
2 There were gastrointestinal motive disorder in rats of spinal cords injury,and main expression existed in sport descending of stomach emptying and intestine propulsion rate in this experiment.The results suggested that electroacupuncture could improve gastrointestinal emptying rate,and promote gastrointestinal sport.Therefore, etectroacupuncture had a promotive effect on gastrointestinal motility.
3 Electroacupuncture can regulate gastroenteric hormone disorder in the rats with spinal cord injury:
(1)In blood plasma and tissue enhancing the content of MTL might result in gastrointestinal motive disorder after spinal cord injury.The content of MTL mainly influenced gastrointestinal sport after spinal cord injury in manner of endocrine and partial neural secretion.Electroacupuncture could promote gastrointestinal motility by means of increasing the content of MTL in blood and tissue.
(2)In blood plasma and stomach tissue the content of GAS descending might be one of the pathogenesis,which brought on gastrointestinal function disorder after spinal cord injury.The result indicated GAS influences gastric and intestinal motility after spinal cord injury not only by endocrine,but also by partial neural secretion. Electroacupuncture at zusanli point might encourage the release of GAS in blood and regulate gastroenteric motility induced by endocrine.
(3)The content of VIP going up in blood plasma and tissue might be one of the reasons which caused gastroenteric function disorder after spinal cord injury.The regulating effect of electroacupuncture on the contcent of VIP was not only by endocrine,but also through the content of VIP descending in stomach-antrum.As a result electroacupuncture influenced gastrointestinal motility after spinal cord injury by both blood circulation and partial secretion in stomach-antrum tissue.
(4)In blood plasma and tissue the content of SS increasing might be one of pathogenesis which brought on gastrointestinal function disorder after spinal cord injury.In rats treated with electroacupuncture at zusanli point the content of SS decreased obviously.This result suggested that electroacupuncture could inhibit the release of SS and regulate gastroenteric motility after spinal cord injury by means of blood circulation and partial secretion.
4 The abnormal gene expression of MTL-R1A and SSTR_2 might participate in the outbreak of gastrointestinal motility disorder after spinal cord injury.The study assessed electroacupuncture could up-regulate significantly MTL-R1A gene expression and down- regulate significantly SSTR_2 gene expression,which made the synthesis of MTL-R1A increase and the synthesis of SSTR_2 decrease.It regulated gastrointestina sport after MTL(or SS)and corresponding receptor have combined as so to promote gastrointestinal motility.Therefore,the occurrence of gastrointestinal motility disorder after spinal cord injury was relative to the level of the expression of brain-gut peptide receptor gene in partial tissue,so this disease was probably was relative to the receptors of gastrointestinal hormone.The results indicated that electroacupuncture at zusanli point promoted gastrointestinal mobility through up-regulating or down- regulating the level of mRNA expression of the brain-gut peptide receptor.The mRNA expression of the brain-gut peptide receptor which could make gastrointestinal smooth muscle cell excited decreased,or the mRNA expression of the brain-gut peptide receptor which could make gastroint- estinal smooth muscle cell restrained increased.Electroacupuncture had effect on gastroint- estinal motility after spinal cord injury in manner of the expression of the receptor and influenced the regulation of its gene.
5 The study demonstrated that regulating the level of iNOS and the expression of iNOSmRNA might be one of the reasons of gastrointestinal motive disorder outbreak in rats with spinal cord injury.Under the condition of gastrointestinal motive disorder, electroacupuncture could improve the expression of gene and protein in iNOS,then promoting gastrointestinal motility.
1研究脊髓损伤后大鼠的胃肠动力的改变,初步探讨脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的可能的发病机理。
2通过检测电针足三里前后胃内核素残留率、小肠推进率以及脑肠肽、脑肠肽受体、NOS等的改变,了解电针对脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的调整作用,推断电针作用的可能途径和机制。
方法:
1脊髓损伤模型建立:用WD法建立脊髓损伤模型,采用BBB评分法,选择BBB评分0分的大鼠为造模成功。
2大鼠的运动能力评定:采用改良后CBS法进行动物运动行为评分,观察指标包括开放空间运动能力、脚趾伸展、触地反射、回缩反射、翻正反射、斜板试验。并且对大鼠双后肢的运动功能观察,采用BBB评分。
3分组:随机分正常对照组、模型对照组、非经非穴组、电针治疗组和莫沙比利治疗组。
①正常对照组:对正常的大鼠,每日固定30 min,但不行电针刺,连续14天。
②模型对照组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日固定30min,但不行电针刺,连续14天。
③非经非穴组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日电针治疗(选“足三里”穴旁0.5 cm处,频率、强度同(3)组)30 min,连续14天。
④电针治疗组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日电针足三里治疗30min,连续14天。(穴位选双侧足阳明胃经上的“足三里”穴)。
⑤莫沙比利治疗组:对脊髓损伤模型大鼠,每日给予莫沙比利灌胃,连续14天。
4取穴和针刺方法:“足三里”穴,根据中国针灸学会实验针灸研究会指定的“动物针灸穴位图谱”选取双侧足三里穴(在大鼠膝关节后外侧,腓骨小头下约5mm处)。大鼠清醒固定,各电针组动物均在造模成功后一周开始针刺,足三里穴直刺7mm,连接胃肠促动型医用数码电针治疗仪,参数选为:连续波,电针频率为3Hz,强度为2-3mA,针刺30min,每天1次。
5胃排空和小肠推进比的检测:各组大鼠于造模后第7天和第21天时,随机抽取10只大鼠,每组灌服混有~(99m)碍-二乙三胺五乙酸(~(99m)Tc-DTPA)0.05毫居(mCi)/10g和少量亚甲兰的营养性半固体糊标准餐20ml/kg,胃内核素残留率(%)=(胃内核素残留值/基准值)×100%,小肠推进比(%)=(幽门括约肌至色素前端的距离(cm)/幽门括约肌至回盲部的距离(cm))×100%。
6脊髓组织病理观察:于造模后第1,7天,正常组和造模组随机抽取3只大鼠处死,以T12为中心取长约1.0cm脊髓,以4%多聚甲醛固定24小时后,常规石蜡包埋,连续切片,片厚5μm,备用,行HE染色,观察脊髓组织形态学变化。
7胃动素、胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的测定:采用放射免疫分析法,血浆、血清及组织标本在测定前混匀,4℃1500转/min离心15分钟,取上清液测定胃动素、胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的含量。
8一氧化氮合酶的检测:于造模后第3周,大鼠处死,取1cm胃窦和十二指肠组织,于4.0%多聚甲醛中固定,包埋,切片,用免疫组织化学技术检测胃肠组织iNOS蛋白的表达,采用SABC(Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex,链霉素抗生物素蛋白-过氧化物酶)法检测;并用RT-PCR测定胃窦和小肠组织iNOS mRNA的表达。
9 MTLRmRNA和SSR mRNA表达:采用RT-PCR测定MTLR mRNA和SSRmRNA表达,用多媒体凝胶成像分析系统计算各样本PCR产物的光密度值。计算各样本MTL-R1A mRNA及SSTR_2 mRNA与内参β-actin mRNA PCR产物的积分光密度比值,比值的高低反映了MTL-R1A mRNA及SSTR_2 mRNA在样本中表达量的多少。
结果:
1脊髓损伤后不同时间各组大鼠CBS评分结果:正常组的大鼠脊髓神经的运动功能正常,模型组大鼠双后肢软瘫,肌张力低,损伤平面以下各种反射不同程度的减弱或消失,第造模后第7天和第21天,CBS评分与正常组比较有非常显著性降低,P＜0.01。
2大鼠胃内残留率和小肠推进比:实验1周后,即造模后,脊髓损伤模型各组,与正常组相比胃内残留率和小肠推进比均有显著差异(P＜0.01);经过电针治疗后,即实验3周后,模型组胃内残留率仍比正常组明显增加(P＜0.01),而电针组明显低于模型组(P＜0.01);3周后,小肠推进比模型组较正常组仍明显减少(P＜0.01),而电针组明显高于模型组(P＜0.01);电针组在电针治疗前后胃内残留率和小肠推进比有显著差异(P＜0.01)。
3脊髓组织形态学变化:正常组术后24h脊髓HE染色结果正常;而模型组损伤后24h:HE染色可见损伤区及邻近区域脊髓组织丧失正常的结构,有明显的组织破坏、坏死、空泡形成。灰、白质内明显可见大量、弥散的红细胞。损伤后1周:损伤区及邻近区域脊髓丧失正常结构,灰、白质内可见到脊髓液化坏死,形成空泡,灰、白质内出血消失。同时有大量的炎性细胞及巨噬细胞浸润,排列紊乱,神经元极少见到。
4胃动素、胃泌素、血管活性肠肽和生长抑素的测定结果:①脊髓损伤可使大鼠血液及组织中的MTL含量降低;电针组可使大鼠血液和胃窦组织和十二指肠组织中MTL含量明显上升,作用与西药组的作用相当。②脊髓损伤可使大鼠血液及胃窦和十二指肠组织中的GAS含量明显降低,而电针组可明显增加血液中的GAS含量,而对胃窦和十二指肠组织中的GAS含量变化作用不明显。③脊髓损伤可使大鼠血液及胃肠组织中的VIP含量升高。电针足三里能降低血液及胃窦组织中VIP含量,对十二指肠中VIP含量增高作用不明显;与莫沙比利相比较,电针足三里对胃窦组织的作用优于莫沙比利。④脊髓损伤后大鼠血液及组织中的SS含量升高。电针足三里能降低血液及胃窦和十二指肠组织中SS含量,作用相当于莫沙比利。
5脊髓损伤大鼠NOS的改变和电针的调整作用:①iNOS在胃和小肠组织中的表达:在正常组中,iNOS在胃黏膜上皮细胞浆中少量表达,而在模型组和穴旁组中,iNOS在胃黏膜的表达较正常明显增加(P＜0.01),治疗后,电针组和西药组明显减少(P＜0.01);模型组和穴旁组与正常组比较iNOS表达明显增加(P＜0.01),经过治疗,电针组iNOS表达有所改善,明显减少,与模型组比较有显著差异,而西药组与正常组比较未见明显差异。②胃和肠组织iNOS mRNA:胃和肠组织中,模型组iNOS mRNA的表达增加(P＜0.05);电针组与模型组和穴旁组相比较,iNOS mRNA的表达显著减少(P＜0.01)。
6脊髓损伤大鼠胃窦MTL-R1A mRNA及结肠SSTR_2 mRNA表达的改变和电针的调整作用:MTL-R1A mRNA中,模型组的光密度积分比值明显降低,与正常组比较,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);电针组及西药组与模型组比较,平均光密度积分比值均升高,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01)。SSTR_2 mRNA中,模型组的平均光密度比值明显升高,与正常组比较,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);电针组与模型组比较,比值降低,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01)。结果表明,脊髓损伤后大鼠MTL-R1A mRNA表达下调,电针足三里上调MTL-R1A mRNA表达,作用相当于莫沙比利;脊髓损伤后大鼠SSTR_2 mRNA表达增加,电针足三里下调SSTR_2 mRNA表达,作用优于莫沙比利。
结论
1根据改良的WD方法建立脊髓损伤大鼠模型,模型组造模后第7、21天改良的CBS评分与正常组有明显差异,组织学观察符合临床脊髓损伤患者的病理变化,证实建立的SD大鼠脊髓损伤模型是成功的。
2脊髓损伤大鼠存在胃肠动力障碍,本实验中主要表现为胃排空和小肠推进运动功能的下降,因此,脊髓损伤后胃肠的动力下降;电针足三里可以改善胃肠的排空率,促进胃肠的运动,因此,电针足三里对胃肠动力有促进的作用。
3脊髓损伤大鼠存在胃肠激素的紊乱和电针的调整作用:
①血浆和组织中MTL的下降可能是造成脊髓损伤后胃肠运动功能障碍的原因之一,MTL主要通过内分泌和局部神经分泌的方式影响脊髓损伤后的胃肠运动。电针足三里可以通过升高血液和组织中的MTL,促进胃肠动力。
②血浆和胃肠组织中GAS的下降可能是脊髓损伤后胃肠功能障碍的发病机制之一,GAS既可以内分泌的方式,也可以局部神经分泌的方式影响脊髓损伤后胃肠动力。电针足三里可以通过升高血液中的GAS,以内分泌的方式促进脊髓损伤后胃肠动力。
③血浆和组织中VIP的升高可能是引起脊髓损伤后胃肠运动功能障碍的原因之一,电针足三里对VIP的调整不仅以内分泌的形式起作用,其胃窦组织中VIP含量也下降,因而电针足三里以血液循环和胃窦组织局部分泌的方式影响脊髓损伤后的胃肠动力。
④血浆和组织中SS的升高可能是脊髓损伤后胃肠功能障碍发病机制之一,电针足三里后,可能通过降低抑制性脑肠肽SS的释放,以血液循环和局部分泌的形式调整胃肠动力的紊乱。
4脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的发生可能与局部组织中脑肠肽受体mRNA的表达水平有关,当对胃肠平滑肌细胞有兴奋效应的脑肠肽受体的mRNA表达水平下降,或对胃肠平滑肌细胞有抑制效应的脑肠肽受体的mRNA表达水平上升时,则可能会出现胃肠动力障碍,MTL-R1A、SSTR_2的基因表达异常可能参与了SCI后的胃肠动力下降的发病;电针足三里对脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的影响可能通过受体的调节方式来实现,通过上调MTL-R1A、下调SSTR_2的基因表达,来调节胃肠运动,达到促进胃肠动力的作用。
5 NO能神经可能参与了脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的发病机制,脊髓损伤后可能通过iNOS蛋白和基因水平的上调导致胃肠动力障碍;而针刺足三里治疗脊髓损伤后胃肠动力障碍的机制可能与降低NO能神经兴奋性有关,针刺足三里在胃肠动力障碍的状态下,可以下调iNOS蛋白水平和基因的表达,进而促进胃肠动力;以上可能通过调节神经递质NO的释放来实现。
Aim:
1 To investigate regulating effect on electroacupuncture at zusanli point in rats with gastrointestinal motility disorder after spinal cord injury,and to observe possible reasons which bring on gastrointestinal motility disorder primarily.
2 By means of examining the change of stomach emptying,intestine propulsion rate, NOS,receptor before and after treatment,to draw a conclusion of possible approach and mechanism of its function.
Method:
1 The establishment of spinal cord injury(SCI)model:The model of spinal cord injury was established by WD method,adopted a BBB grade method to estimate and regarded zero score in BBB grade as successful model.
2 The sport ability of the rats assess:Improved CBS method was adopted to estimate the behavioral grade of animal sport,which included such indexes as the sport ability in open space,stretch of toe,the reflection of touching the gound,the reflection of return,the reflection of turning over and the experiment of inclined slope.The sport function of the hind legs in every group was observed by BBB grade method.
3 Grouping:Rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal control group, model group,side acupoint group,electroacupuncture treatment group and Mosapride treatment group.
(1)Normal control group:The normal rats were fixed for 30 minutes every day without electroacupuncture for 14 days.
(2)Model control group:The rats with spinal cord injury were fixed for30 minutes every day without electroacupuncture for 14 days.
(3)Side acupoint group:The rats with spinal cord injury were treated with electroacupuncture at side acupoint near zusanli acupoint for 30 minutes every day for 14 days.
(4)Electroacupuncture treatment group:The rats of spinal cord injury were treated with electroacupuncture at zusanli for 30 minutes every day for 14 days.
(5)Mosapride treatment group:The rats with spinal cord injury were treated with Mosapride for 30 minutes every day for 14 days.
4 Choosing acupuncture point and acupuncture method:According to "animal acupuncture points diagram" specified by experimental acupuncture graduate school of Chinese acupuncture academic association,zusanlli points on both sides of feet were selected(zusanlli point was about 5mm under capitulum fibulae at outer hind knee joint).The sober rats in each electroacupuncture treatment group were fixed, which started to be treated with electroacupuncture after one week's model establishment.It kept stabbing in 7mm,linking electroacupuncture treatment instrument of type of stomach and intestines.The stimulus parameters were continuous wave,3Hz(frequency)and 2-3mA(strength),which led to the rats' leg to tremble slightly for degree.It kept 30 minutes once every day.
5 Stomach emptying and intestine propulsion rate:After building model on the 7th and 21st day,10 rats of random sample in every group were infused to mixture having ~(99)mTc-DTPA 0.05mCi/10g and the half solid standard meal with pigment 20 ml/kg. Gastric nuclide remnant rate(%)=(gastric nuclide remnant value/basis value)×100%, intestine propulsion rate(%)=(the distance from pyloric sphincter to the head of pigment(cm)/ the distance from pyloric sphincter to the intestine between ileum and cecum(cm))×100%.
6 Pathologic observation on spinal cord tissue:On the 1 st and 7th day after building model,three rats of random sample in normal and model groups were executed, chosen about 1.0cm long tissue in spinal cord regarded T12 as the center,with 4% poly- formaldehyde fixed for 24 hours,normal paraffin wax embedded.After the slices of 5μm thick were done HE dyeing,configurable variety in spinal cord tissue could be observed.
7 Motilin(MTL),Gastrin(GAS),Vasoacfive Intestinal Peptide(VIP),Somatostatin (SST)mensuration:The specimens in blood plasma,serum and tissue were collected and put into centrifuge tubes.Then those specimens were centrifuged at 1500 r/min at 4℃for 15 minutes and chosen clear supernatant liquid to be kept in EP tube for Motilin,gastrin,Vasoacfive Intestinal Peptide and Somatostatin assay according to description in radioimmunoassay kit.
8 Nitric oxide synthase(NOS)detection:On the 3rd week after building model,rats were executed,then chosen about 1.0cm long tissue of gastric sinuses and duodenum with 4%poly- formaldehyde fixed,normal paraffin wax embedded and made into slice.Making use of Strept Avidin-Biotin Complex method which belongs to immunochemistry technique,the expression of iNOS protein in gastric and intestinal tissue was examined.At the same time the expression of iNOSmRNA was detected by RT-PCR.
9 The MTLR mRNA and SSR mRNA gene expression:The expression of MTLR mRNA and SSR mRNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)method,making multimedia gel imaging analysis system compute the light density value of each sample's PCR outcome.Through computing integral calculus light density value of MTL-R1A mRNA,SSTR_2 mRNAs of the each sample vs the outcome of theβ-actins mRNA PCR,the specific value reflected how much the expression of MTL-R1A mRNA and SSTR_2 mRNAs was quantitatively.
Results:
1 The result of CBS grade of rats in every group after spinal cords injury at different time:The sport function of spinal nerve in the rats of normal group was normal,and the double hind legs of rats in model group appeared paralysis,while ras's muscle tension being low.At the same time various reflections below injured level died down or disappeared in different degree.On the 7th and 22nd day,CBS grade score of model group showed lower evidently very much,compared with that of normal group.
2 Gastric nuclide remnant rate and intestine propulsion rate:After one week's test, namely after building model,compared with normal group,each group of spinal cord injury showed extremely obvious difference in gastric nuclide remnant rate and intestine propulsion rate(P＜0.01);After treatment with electroacupuncture,namely after three weeks' test,gastric nuclide remnant rate in model group was significantly higher than that in normal group(P＜0.01),but the electroacupuncture group being obviously lower than that in model group(P＜0.01);After 3 weeks,intestine propulsion rate in model group compared with that in normal group still obviously reduced(P＜0.01),but this ratio in electroacupuncture group being obviously higher than that in model group(P＜0.01);Gastric nuclide remnant rate and intestine propulsion rate in electroacupuncture group remarkably showed difference before and after treatment(P＜0.01).
3 Configurable variety of spinal cord tissue:In normal group the HE dye result of spinal cord was normal after 24 hours' building model;While the model group after 24 hours' injury:Through HE dye it was clear that spinal cord tissue lost normal structure and had obvious tissue breakage,bad dead,empty bubble formation in the injured area and adjacent area.It was so clearly seen that a great deal of dispersive red cell inside gray white and white matter.After one week's hurt,in the injured area and adjacent area it was clearly seen that spinal cord tissue lost normal structure,and liquefy to bad dead.Empty bubble formed and internal bleeding disappeared in gray matter and white matter.In the meantime there was a great deal of phlogistic cell and macrophage endosmosis,arranging confusedly,nerve cell rarely being seen.
4 Motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS),Vasoacfive Intestinal Peptide(VIP),Somatostatin(SST) mensuration:Spinal cord injury caould make the content of MTL in the blood and tissue of rats lower;While electroacupuncture let the content of MTL increase obviously in the blood and tissue of Stomach - antrum and duodenum of rats,whose function was equal to western medicine's.
The study demonstrated that the content of GAS in blood and tissue decreased significantly accompanied with the suppression of gastrointestinal motility after spinal cord injury,while electroacupuncture at zusanli point could increase the content of GAS in blood of rats obviously.It suggested that acupuncture might regulatie the content of GAS to influence gastrointestinal motility.
The experiment suggested that after spinal cord injury the content of VIP increasing in the blood and tissue of rats;Electroacupunctur at zusanli point could affect the content of VIP in the blood and Stomach - antrum tissue of rats obviously, whose function in duodenal tissue was not obvious.Compared with Mosapride,the electroacupuncture's effect on Stomach- antrum tissue was superior to itS.
Spinal cord injury could affect the content of SS in the blood and tissue of rats and made it increase.However the treatment with electroacupuncture could lower the content of SS in both the blood and Stomach-antrum of rats obviously,whose function was equal to western medicine's.
5 The effect of electroacupuncture on nitric oxide synthase in rats with spinal cord injury:
(1)The iNOS expression in gastric and small intestinal tissue:In normal group,the expression of iNOS was small amount in the gastric mucosa epithelia,but in model group and side point group the expression of iNOS obviously increased compared with normal group(P＜0.01).After treatment,the expression in electroacupuncture group and western medicine group obviously reduced(P＜0.01);Compared with normal group,the expression of iNOS obviously enhanced in the model group and side point group(P＜0.01);Through the treatment,the expression in electroacupunctu -re group was down-regulated obviously,and there was a great deal of difference between electroacupuncture group and model group.The result did not show distinct difference between western medicine and normal group.
(2)INOS mRNA in gastric and small intestinal tissue:In gastric and small intestinal tissue,model group existed in tendency to enhance the iNOS mRNA gene expression (P＜0.05);Relative to model group and side point group,iNOS mRNA expression in electroacupuncture group decreased distinctly(P＜0.01).
6 The regulating effect of electroacupuncture on the expression of gastric MTL-R1A mRNA and small intestinal SSTR_2 mRNA in rats with spinal cord injury:In the MTL-R1A mRNA,the light density integral calculus ratio of model group obviously lowered,compared with normal group,manifesting very obvious difference(P＜0.01); Electroacupuncture group and western medicine group relative to model group,whose average light density integral calculus specific value all enhanced and showed very obvious difference(P＜0.01).In SSTR_2 mRNA,the average light density specific value of the model group obviously went up,compared with normal group,having very distinct difference(P＜0.01);Electroacupuncture group relative to model group, whose specific value lowered and there was very obvious difference between two groups(P＜0.01).It was considered that the MTL-R1A mRNA expression of the rats with spinal cord injury could be down-regulated as a result;Electroacupuncture at zusanli point could had effect on expression of MTL-R1A mRNA,whose function equaled to Mosapride;SSTR_2 mRNA expression of the rats with spinal cord injury could be up-regulated;After treatment with electroacupuncture at zusanli point,the expression of MTL-R1A mRNA could lower,and the function of electroacupuncture was better than that of Mosapride.
Conclusion
1 According to WD method,rats model with spinal cord injury was established,and improved CBS grade score in model group had obvious difference relative to that in normal group on the 7th and 21st day after building model.The histology observation matched pathologic variety of clinical spinal cord injury,so that it is confirmed to succeed in the establishment of SD rats model with spinal cord injury.
2 There were gastrointestinal motive disorder in rats of spinal cords injury,and main expression existed in sport descending of stomach emptying and intestine propulsion rate in this experiment.The results suggested that electroacupuncture could improve gastrointestinal emptying rate,and promote gastrointestinal sport.Therefore, etectroacupuncture had a promotive effect on gastrointestinal motility.
3 Electroacupuncture can regulate gastroenteric hormone disorder in the rats with spinal cord injury:
(1)In blood plasma and tissue enhancing the content of MTL might result in gastrointestinal motive disorder after spinal cord injury.The content of MTL mainly influenced gastrointestinal sport after spinal cord injury in manner of endocrine and partial neural secretion.Electroacupuncture could promote gastrointestinal motility by means of increasing the content of MTL in blood and tissue.
(2)In blood plasma and stomach tissue the content of GAS descending might be one of the pathogenesis,which brought on gastrointestinal function disorder after spinal cord injury.The result indicated GAS influences gastric and intestinal motility after spinal cord injury not only by endocrine,but also by partial neural secretion. Electroacupuncture at zusanli point might encourage the release of GAS in blood and regulate gastroenteric motility induced by endocrine.
(3)The content of VIP going up in blood plasma and tissue might be one of the reasons which caused gastroenteric function disorder after spinal cord injury.The regulating effect of electroacupuncture on the contcent of VIP was not only by endocrine,but also through the content of VIP descending in stomach-antrum.As a result electroacupuncture influenced gastrointestinal motility after spinal cord injury by both blood circulation and partial secretion in stomach-antrum tissue.
(4)In blood plasma and tissue the content of SS increasing might be one of pathogenesis which brought on gastrointestinal function disorder after spinal cord injury.In rats treated with electroacupuncture at zusanli point the content of SS decreased obviously.This result suggested that electroacupuncture could inhibit the release of SS and regulate gastroenteric motility after spinal cord injury by means of blood circulation and partial secretion.
4 The abnormal gene expression of MTL-R1A and SSTR_2 might participate in the outbreak of gastrointestinal motility disorder after spinal cord injury.The study assessed electroacupuncture could up-regulate significantly MTL-R1A gene expression and down- regulate significantly SSTR_2 gene expression,which made the synthesis of MTL-R1A increase and the synthesis of SSTR_2 decrease.It regulated gastrointestina sport after MTL(or SS)and corresponding receptor have combined as so to promote gastrointestinal motility.Therefore,the occurrence of gastrointestinal motility disorder after spinal cord injury was relative to the level of the expression of brain-gut peptide receptor gene in partial tissue,so this disease was probably was relative to the receptors of gastrointestinal hormone.The results indicated that electroacupuncture at zusanli point promoted gastrointestinal mobility through up-regulating or down- regulating the level of mRNA expression of the brain-gut peptide receptor.The mRNA expression of the brain-gut peptide receptor which could make gastrointestinal smooth muscle cell excited decreased,or the mRNA expression of the brain-gut peptide receptor which could make gastroint- estinal smooth muscle cell restrained increased.Electroacupuncture had effect on gastroint- estinal motility after spinal cord injury in manner of the expression of the receptor and influenced the regulation of its gene.
5 The study demonstrated that regulating the level of iNOS and the expression of iNOSmRNA might be one of the reasons of gastrointestinal motive disorder outbreak in rats with spinal cord injury.Under the condition of gastrointestinal motive disorder, electroacupuncture could improve the expression of gene and protein in iNOS,then promoting gastrointestinal motility.
引文
[1]Kely S R.The role of intestinal stoma in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1999;37(3):211-2114.
[2]Han TR,Kim JH,Kwun BS,et al.Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1998;36(7):485-490.
[3]张世民,侯春林.脊髓损伤患者排便功能障碍的康复.国外医学物理医学与康复医学,1999;19(3):97-100.
[4]Glickman S,Kum M.Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury patient Lancet.1996;347(9016):1651-1653.
[5]Stiens SA,Bergman SB,Goetz LL.Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury:clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management.Arch Phys Med Rehahil,1997;78(Suppl 3):S86-99.
[6]陈利江,权正学.脊髓损伤后消化道动力紊乱的研究进展.中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2005;15(8):501.
[7]Tatagiba M,Brosamle C,Schwab ME.Regeneration of injury axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system.Neurosurg,1997;40:541-547.
[8]张国福,林建华.脊髓损伤的研究进展.福建中医学院学报,2003;13(2):58-59.
[9]孟宪镛.功能性胃肠病和胃肠动力病的诊治新概念.胃肠病学,2004;9(1):63-64.
[10]杨波,殷光甫,曹福元.电针对大鼠肠肌间丛神经元前脑啡肽原mRNA的影响.针刺研究,1999;24(2):135-137.
[11]张三印,董宇,杨鹏.胃肠运动障碍发病机制与证治.中医药学刊,2003;21(2):209-211.
[12]陆英杰,连至诚.胃肠激素对胃肠动力的影响.中国热带医学,2005;5(6):1338-1339.
[13]刘凯,齐清会.胃肠肽受体及受体后信号传导与胃肠动力.世界华人消化杂志,2002;10(12):1445-1448.
[14]Snanders KM.Invited review.,mechanisms of calcium handling in smooth muscles.J Appl Physiol,2001;91:1438-1449.
[15]Piotrowska AP,Solari V,Puri R Distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal in the internal anal sphincter of patients with internal anal sphincterachalasis and Ⅱ irschs prung disease.Arch Pathol Lab Med,2003,127(9);1192-1195.
[16]姚泰.生理学,北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,第五版:175-198.
[17]候晓华.消化道运动学,北京:科学出版社,1998,第一版:59-599.
[18]刘建伟,安洪.脊髓损伤与肠道细菌移位.颈腰痛杂志,2002;23(1):70-72.
[19]E Huseby.Gastrointestinal motility dsiorders and bacterial overgrowth.Journal of Internal Medicine,1995;237-427.
[20]梅懋华.消化道生理学与临床,北京:人民卫生出版社,1990,第一版:191.
[21]Grundy D.Speculations on the structure/function relationship for v:agal and splanchnic afferent endings supplying the gastrointestinal tract.Auton Nerv Syst,1988;22:175-180.
[22]Yang CC,Elee KE.Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2000;81(5):683-685.
[23]吴娟,李建军,王兰等.脊髓损伤与肠道功能障碍.中国康复医学杂志,2002;17(6):370-372.
[24]吴军发,胡永善,吴毅.脊髓损伤的康复治疗进展.中国康复医学杂志,2001;16(6):377-379.
[25]李建军,吴娟,廖利民.完全性脊髓损伤患者大便控制能力的研究.中华物理医学与康复杂志,2003;25(6):354-357.
[26]Krogh K,Mosdal C,Laurberg S.Gastrointestinal and segmenta colonic transit times in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.Spinal Cord,2000;38(10):615-621.
[27]Fajardo NR,Pasiliao RV,Modeste DR,et al.Decreased colonic motility in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.Am J Gastroenterol,2003;98(1):128-134.
[28]Leduc BE,Spaeek E,Lepage Y.Colonic transit time after spinal cord injury:any clinical significance? Spinal Cord Med,2002;25(3):161-166.
[29]Yim SY,Yoon SH,Lee TY.A comparison of bowel care patterns in patients with spinal cord injury:upper motor neuron bowel vs lower motor neuron bowel.Spinal Cord,2001;39(4):204-207.
[30]AC Lynch,AAntony,BR Dobbs.Intestinal problems in spinal cord injury.Spinat Co rd,2001;39:193-203.
[31]Looze DD,Laere VM,Muynck DM,et al.Constipation and other chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients.Spinal cord,1998;36(1):63-66.
[32]Harari D,Minaker KL.Megacolon in patients with chronic spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,2000;38(6):331-339.
[33]Fenton LD,Chen M.Click S,et al.Colonic volvulus in the spinal cord injury patient.Paraplegia,1993;31(6):393-397.
[34]Staiano A,Simeone D,Del GE,et al.Effect of the dietary fiber glucomannan on chronic constipation in neurologically impaired children.Pediatrics,2000;136(1):41-45.
[35]Cameron KJ,Stem D.Assessment of the effect of increased dietary fiber intake on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1996,34(5):277-283.
[36]于洋.胃肠动力药的研究进展.医学理论与实践,2006;1(7):776-777.
[37]LiuZ,Sakakibara R,Odaka T.Mosapride citrate a novel 5-HT_4 agonist and partial 5-HT3 santagonist ameliorates constipation in parkinsonian patients.Mov Disord,2005,20(6):680.
[38]Lotsch J,Skarke C,Schneider A,et al.The 5-hydroxytryptamin4 receptor agnoist mosaperide doses not antagonize morphine-induced respiratory depression.Clin Pharmcol Ther,2005,78(3):278.
[39]Ozucelik DN.Karaca MA.Sivri B.Efectiveness of pre-emptive metoclopramide infusion in alleviating pain,discomfort and nausea associated with nasogastric tube insertion:a randomised double-blind,placebo-controlled trial.Int J Clin Pract,2005;59:1422.
[40]Andresen V,Holerbach S.Reasssesing the benefits and risks of aloestron:what its place in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Drug Saf,2004,27(5):283-292.
[41]Zavros Y,Merchant J L.Modulating the cytokine response to treat helicobacter gastritis.Biochem Pharmcol,2005,69(3):365.
[42]Thurmann PA.Adverse drugs reactions:diagnosis had assessment.Pahtologe,2005,8:102.
[43]徐晓卫.胃肠动力药利用分析.安徽医药,2006;10(12):969.
[44]曹静宜,周国昌.脊髓损伤患者的结肠通过时间测定.中外民医杂志,2001;2:17.
[45]Potter PJ.Suatained improvements in neurological function in spinal cord injury patients treated with oral 4-aminopyridine:three cases.Spinal Cord,1998;36(3):147-155.
[46]Longo WE.Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injury patients:a preliminary report.J Spinal Cord Med,1995;18(4):240-244.
[47]王红星,周士枋.脊髓损伤后肠道功能障碍.中国康复理论与实践.2002;8(2):174-176.
[48]Stiwna SA.Suppositories to initiate side lying bowel care:a clinical trial in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1998;36(11)..777-778.
[49]Frisbie J H.Improved bowel care with polyethylene glycol based suppository.J Spinal Cord Med,1997;20(2):227-229.
[50]Yang CC,Elee KE.Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2000;81(5):683-685.
[51]Rosito O,Nino-Murcia M,Wolfe VA.et al.The effects of colostomy on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury:a retrospective analysis.J Spinal Cord Med,2002;25(3):174-183.
[52]Malone PS,Ransley PG,Kiely EM.Preliminary report:the antegrade continence enema.Lancet,1990;336:1217-1218.
[53]Mor Y,Quinn FMJ,Carr,et al.Combined mitrofanoff and antegrade continence enema procedures for urinary and fecal incontinence.Urol,1997:158(1):192-195.
[54]Rivera M,Kugathasan S,Berger W,et al.Percutaneous colonoscopic cecostomy for management of chronic constipation in children.Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2001;53(2):225-228.
[55]Teichman JM,Harris J,Donald M.Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.Urol,1998;160(4):1278-1281.
[56]Casale P,Grady RW,Feng W C,et al.A novel approach to the laparoscopic antegrade continence enema procedure:intracorporeal and extracorporeal techniques.Urol,2004;171(2):817-819.
[57]Morren GL,Walter S,Hallbook O,et al.Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume.Dis Colon Rectum,2001;44(12):1827-1833.
[58]leattie MS,Farooqui AA.Bresnahan JC.Review of a m t evidence for apopt is after spinal cord injury.J Neurouauma,2000;17(10):915.
[59]王志红,王玉龙.电针督脉结合综合康复治疗外伤性脊髓损伤.针灸临床杂志中国康复,2006;21(1):41.
[60]白晔,庄明华,谢泽宇.电针辅助治疗对急性不完全性脊髓损伤的疗效.中国康复理论与实践,2005;11(7):582-583.
[61]黎桃英.电针夹脊穴治疗脊髓损伤的疗效观察.上海针灸杂志,2002;21(5):42.
[62]陈丽贤,段俊峰,詹欣荣.电针结合耳针治疗急性脊髓损伤的临床研究.中国康复理论与实践,2005;11(11):934-935.
[63]Sherwood AM,Dimitrijevic MR,Mckay WB.Evidence of subclinical brain influence in clinically complete spinal cord injury:Discomplete SCI.J Neurol Sci,1992;110:90-98.
[64]Kakulas BA.A review of the neurpoathology of human spinal cord injury with emphasis on special features.J Spinal CordMed,1999;22:119-124.
[65]Waters RL,Akins R,Yakura J,et al.Functional and neurological recovery following acute spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med,1998;21:195-199.
[66]张光辉,孙淑芳.益气活血汤加针刺治疗脊髓损伤20例疗效观察.河北中医,2004;26(1):21-22.
[67]盛国滨,唐英.夹脊电针治疗外伤性截瘫的体感诱发电位的研究.中国中医药科技,2002;9(2):112.
[68]李国臣,薛军.强电流电针治疗外伤性截瘫.现代康复,2000;4(8):1233.
[69]彭慧渊,陈治忠.针灸治疗脊髓损伤的概况和思考.针灸临床杂志,2004;20(1):54-56.
[70]罗非.反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用及其机制的研究.生理科学进展,1996;12(3):241.
[71]汪家琮,周红俊,刘根林,等.韩氏穴位神经刺激仪(HANS)治疗脊髓损伤引起的肌痉挛痛.中国疼痛医学杂志,2002;4(4):217.
[72]李惠兰,孙岚.头针治疗截瘫神经痛疗效观察.中国针灸,2001;21(4):209-210.
[73]Rapson L M,梅洁(译).针刺治疗脊髓损伤引起的疼痛.国外医学·中医中药分册,1997;19(2):62.
[74]周凌云,李杰,李春梅等.电针八髎、会阳治疗脊髓损伤性尿潴留疗效观察.中国针灸,2006;26(4):237-239.
[75]顾旭东,傅建明,姚云海.电针八髎穴为主治疗脊髓损伤排尿障碍64例疗效观察.针灸临床杂志,2005;21(4):47-48.
[76]曹忠梅,刘跃中.电针灸八髎穴治疗脑损伤患者排尿障碍36例.中国临床康复,2002;6(22):3423.
[77]俞吕德,俞兰英.针灸治疗创伤性排尿障碍临床观察.中国针灸,2001;(6):346.
[78]孙岚,李建军,王征美.电针对脊髓损伤患者膀胱功能影响的尿动力学分析,中国康复理论与实践,2005;11(11):903-904.
[79]Cheng PT,Wong MK,Chang PL.A therapeutic trial of acupunure in neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injured patients-a prelimary report.Spinal Cord,1998;36(7):476-480.
[80]Bcogens R B.Transeeted dorsal column axons within the guinea pig spinal cord regenerate in the presence of an applied electric field.J Comp Nenrol,1986;250:168.
[81]Fehlings MG,Tator CH.The effect of direct current field on recovery from exprim ental spinal cord injury.J Nenrosurg,1988;68:781.
[82]刘宏亮,尹清,刘青山,等.不同频率毫米波治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的研究.第三军医大学学报,1999;21(6):440.
[83]吴永刚,刘成德,孙忠人,等.针刺对实验性脊髓损伤组织形态学的影响.上海针灸杂志,1999;18(3):33.
[84]朱政,汪洋.针灸效应学体外实验方法观察星形胶质细胞超微结构.复旦学报:医学版,2001;28(6):505.
[85]吴远华,董江川,苏红梅.针刺督脉经穴为主治疗脊髓损伤的机理研究进展.江西中医药,2004;35(255):62-64.
[86]高兵兵,张宁,江红,等.夹脊电针治疗脊髓性截瘫的体感诱发电位(SEP)研究.针 灸临床杂志,2005;21(9):23-24.
[87]孙双历,严振国.电针对脊髓损伤后7-谷氨酰转移酶活性影响的实验研究.中国针灸,2000;20(7):433.
[88]晋志高,陶之理.电针治疗实验性猫脊髓损伤的组织化学及免疫组织化学法研究.中国针灸,1997;17(8):489.
[89]李连欣,张进禄,周东生,等.电针对实验性脊髓损伤后兴奋性氨基酸含量的影响.中国针灸,2000;20(12):741.
[90]刘杰,郭友林,谭朝坚,等.针灸对外伤性截瘫患者神经肽的影响.上海针灸杂志,1996;15(2):6.
[91]高晶琳,高维滨,金正鹏,等.夹脊电针疗法对大鼠急性脊髓损伤MDA、SOD、NO影响的实验研究.中国中医药科技,2001;8(6):3.
[92]Hamada Y,Ikaut T,Katoh S,et al.Role of nitric oxide in compression injury of rat spinal cord.Free Radic Biol Med,1996;20:1-9.
[93]崔晓军,李伊为,陈东风,等.电针百会对脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织3种亚型NOS表达及NO含量的影响.中医药学刊,2003;21(8):1270.
[94]陈雅云,曾园山,陈玉玲.电针在脊髓损伤修复中的应用基础研究概况.针刺研究,2005;30(2):120-122.
[95]李志刚,刘书坤,周初松,等.近十年电针治疗脊髓损伤的临床和实验研究概况.中国中医药科技,2004;11(6):386-388.
[96]张志英,严振国.电针对脊髓损伤后一氧化氮和酶表达的影响.中国临床康复,2002;6(2):206-207.
[97]马睿杰,张力,王凤艳.电针治疗脊髓损伤的机理研究.针灸临床杂志,2003;19(11):50-53.
[98]王新家,孔抗美,叶卫莲,等.针刺影响慢性脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织神经生长因子及其受体的表达.中医正骨,2005;17(5):6-7.
[99]朱政.电针对大鼠脊髓损伤后层粘连蛋白表达的影响.中国中西医结合杂志,2002;22(7):525.
[100]朱政,严振国.电针对脊髓损伤后MAP-2mRNA表达影响的实验研究.中国中医基础医学杂志,2001;7(11):58.
[101]Filbin M T.Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS.Nat Rev Neurosci,2003:4(9):703-713.
[102]Mc Gee A W,Strittm atter S M.The Nogo-66 receptor:focusing myelin inhibition of axon regeneration.Trends Neurosci,2003;26(4):193-198.
[103]Wang K C,Kim J A,Sivasankaran R,et al.P75 interacts with the Nogo receptor as aco-receptor for Nogo,MA and Omgp.Nature,2002;420(6911):74-78.
[104]Park J B,Yin G,Kaneko S,et al.A TNF receptor family member,TROY,is a coreceptor with Nogo receptor in mediating the inhibitory activity of myelin inhibitors.Neuron,2005;45(3):345-351.
[105]Shao I,Browning J L,Lee X,et al.TAJ/TRoY,an orphan TNF receptor family member,binds Nogo-66 receptor and regulates axonal regeneration.Neuron,2005;45(3):353-359.
[106]Andreev J,Galisteo M L,Kranenburg O.Src and Pyk2 mediate G-protein-couple receptor activated of epidermal growth factor receptor but are not required for coupling to the mitogen-activated protein(MAP)kinase signaling cascade.J Biol them,2001;276(23):20130-20135.
[107]Liu B,Neufeld A H.Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor causes astrocytes to form cribriform structures.Glia,2004;46(2):153-168.
[108]彭彬,孟宪芳,李熳等.夹脊电针对大鼠脊髓损伤后表皮生长因子受体及胶质酸性纤维蛋白表达的影响.针刺研究,2007;32(4):219-223.
[109]Guo Q,Li S R,Su B Y.Nogo-A immunoreactivity in injured spinal cord of adult rats.Neurosci Bulletin,2005;21(4):287-290.
[110]孙大勇,黄裕新,褚自宏,等.电针对犬幽门括约肌压力的影响及与胃黏膜组织中脑肠肽的关系.世界华人消化杂志,1999;7:997-998
[111]刘文全,王健,郝志友.针刺对功能性消化不良胃肠动力影响的临床研究.中国针灸,2001;21(5):267-268.
[112]王新宇,石现,何磊.电针对急性胰腺炎患者胃肠动力的影响及其机制研究.针刺研究,2007;32(3):199-201.
[113]袁建业.中医药对胃肠动力异常的研究进展.江西中医学院学报,2005;17(2):72-74.
[114]常小荣,严洁,李江山,等.针刺足阳明经穴对兔胃粘膜损伤前后胃运动功能的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2002;10(6):335.
[115]Di Stefano M,M iceli E,M azzocchi S.The role of gastric accommodation in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.Eu Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2005;9:23-28.
[116]Thumshirn M,Cam illeri M,Saslow SB,William DE,Burton DD,Hanson RB,Gastric accommodation in non-ulcer dyspepsia and the roles of Helicobacte ptftori infection and vagal function.Gut,1999;44:55-64.
[117]姚筱梅,姚树坤,张瑞星.针刺对功能性消化不良患者近端胃动力的影响.世界华人消化杂志,2006;14(21):2139-2141.
[118]王述菊,孙国杰,杜艳军.孤束核在针刺:足三里调节胃运动中的作用机制.中国中医药信息杂志,2007;14(9):28-30.
[119]王述菊,孙国杰,吴绪平.针刺对胃运动低下大鼠孤束核神经元放电影响的研究.中华中医药学刊,2007;25(9):1820-1822.
[120]范华,周士伟,高铁祥.针刺四缝穴对实验性脾虚大鼠血清锌及胃排空率的影响.中国针灸,2007;27(8):595-597.
[121]Tatewaki M,Harris M,Uemura K,et al.Dual effects of acupundure on gastric motility in conscious rats.Am J Physiol Regul InterComp Physiol,2003;285:862-872.
[122]任婷婷.针刺足三里、中脘穴对胃粘膜损伤家兔模型血清胃泌素和血浆胃动素含量的影响.中医药信息,2007;24(1):48-49.
[123]许冠荪,郭原,张群群.针刺补泻手法对家兔实验性胃节律紊乱的影响.安徽中医学院学报,1992;11(2):36.
[124]赵艳玲,常小荣,严洁.针刺足阳明经穴对大鼠胃肌电穴位特异性及胃电传出途径的实验研究.中医药学刊,2005;23:1488-1490.
[125]陈莉.针刺运针与否对胃电图影响的观察.中国针灸.2004;24(3):189-190.
[126]雷君,李琴,李国成,等.电针对大鼠胃肠动力障碍的调整作用及其神经化学机制.针刺研究,2005;30(3):131-133.
[127]高巍,黄裕新,陈洪,等.电针“足三里”对大鼠脑肠肽含量的影响及其对免疫系统的调控作用.针刺研究,2002;27(1):50-54.
[128]周吕.胃肠生理学.基础与临床,北京:科学出版社,1991:437.
[129]王凡,徐汤苹,曹一鸣.不同时辰电针足三里对小白鼠胃酸分泌机能的影响.北京中医杂志,1990;(6):42.
[130]苏微微.针刺对血浆胃肠道激素和胃分泌机能的影响.中华消化杂志,1989;9(3):148.
[131]郑关毅,陈为民.针刺足三里穴治疗肠道易激综合征的临床观察.上海针灸杂志,1996;15(6):20..
[132]帅晓玮,谢鹏雁,刘建湘.电针刺足三里穴对猫反流性食管炎模型食管动力及胃肠激素的影响.中华内科杂志,2007;46(6):499-500.
[133]刘涌.电针足三里对应激性胃粘膜损伤的保护作用.安徽中医学院学报,2000;19(2):32.
[134]赵百孝,郭诚杰,殷克敬.针刺对大鼠急性胃粘膜损伤氧自由基及胃粘膜超微结构的影响.上海针灸杂志,1995;14(5):235.
[135]裴文芬,许冠荪,孙勇,等.针灸对胃粘膜损伤的保护作用及其与NO的关系.安徽中医学院学报,1997;16(4):44.
[136]黄国峰,汤德安,周桂桐,等.电针“梁门”穴治疗大鼠实验性胃溃疡的机理探讨.针刺研究,1999;24(1):51.
[137]潘朝宠.针刺对大鼠胃粘膜保护作用及其相关的神经递质组化的观察.针刺研 究,1990;15(1):48.
[138]林庶茹,阎醒宇.电针足三里穴对胃黏膜损伤大鼠NO及血流量影响的研究.中医药学刊,2005;23(4):725-726.
[139]严洁,黎喜平,黄艾.电针足阳明经穴对大鼠胃黏膜损伤修复机制的研究.中国中医药信息杂志,2006;13(5):20-22.
[140]许冠荪,申国明,方正清,等.功能性胃肠病及针灸对其防治的机制.安徽中医学院学报,2004;23(1):30-32.
[141]严洁,常小荣,刘建华,等.电针足阳明经穴对家兔胃粘膜损伤防御性保护作用的研究.中国针灸,2001;21(6):351.
[142]张安莉,陈日新,康明扑,等.针刺调整旋转法实验性家兔5-羟色胺、胃泌素的研究.中国针灸,1997;17(5):299.
[143]王明新,汪茜,姚共和.中医对脊髓损伤病机的认识.湖南中医药导报,2004;10(6):7-11.
[144]吴毛,王建伟,马勇.中医对脊髓损伤的治疗进展.河南中医,2004;24(8):83-84.
[145]张绍富,张玉柱.中医药治疗脊髓损伤.中国康复医学杂志,1995;6(1):26.
[146]吴念先,董秀华,李淑贞.中医内服治疗早中期脊柱脊髓损伤.中国骨伤,1998;11(2):50.
[147]陆炳全.马丹散治疗脊髓损伤20例.实用中医药杂志,2002;18(1):20.
[148]苏寅,李荣.马钱子胶囊治疗颈髓损伤.中国骨伤,1996;9(1):51.
[149]雷庆云.参麦注射液治疗脊髓损伤13例.医药导报,2000;19(6):575.
[150]张绍东,谭远超,徐卫国,等.青蒿鳖甲汤加味治疗脊髓损伤后发热8例报告.中医正骨,2000;12(3):21.
[151]许建鹏,王征美,陈之罡,等.中药“截瘫康”冲剂对脊髓损伤患者尿液S-IgA含量及尿路感染发生率的影响.传统康复医学,1993;8(2):79.
[152]肖淑杰,许健鹏,毕凤贤,等.治疗脊髓损伤尿路感染方剂.中国康复理论与实践,1996;2(4):159.
[153]许建鹏,王明久,刘学茹,等.以督脉电针为主治疗脊髓损伤80例的临床观察.针灸临床杂志,1994;10(6):13.
[154]余安胜.督脉电针电场治疗半横断脊髓损伤的实验研究.针灸临床杂志,1995;11(1):24.
[155]陶之理,李瑞伍,王进堂,等.电针及药物治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的研究.中国针灸,1998:9:551.
[156]王洪忠,许建鹏.益髓助气通络法对脊髓损伤后期康复疗效的评价.中国针灸,1998:1:19.
[157]李文超,付光明,何振辉等.中医药治疗脊髓损伤研究进展.中医正骨,2002;14(11):55-56.
[158]于静.针刺治疗脊髓损伤20例观察报告.现代康复,2000;4(11):1742.
[159]黎桃英.电针夹脊穴治疗脊髓损伤的疗效观察.上海针灸杂志,2002;21(5):42.
[160]卜广平.电针三阴交治疗脊髓损伤性尿潴留12例.针灸临床杂志,1994;10(6):13.
[161]刘进.电针治疗脊髓损伤性尿潴留34例.针灸临床杂志,1997,13(8):13.
[162]翟大胜,霍光同,沈斌.脊髓损伤的中西医治疗进展.中华实用中西医杂志,2007;20(13):1109-1111.
[163]沈舒文,曹海涛.胃肠动力与脾胃气机的相关性探讨.陕西中医学院学报,2002;25(4):1-2.
[164]骆云丰,郑立升.中医药治疗胃肠动力紊乱性疾病的理论研究.中国中医基础医学杂志,2005;11(4):292-294.
[165]税典奎,邱明义.中医对胃肠动力障碍的认识及治疗策略.四川中医,2005;23(4):23-25.
[166]周吕,柯美云.胃肠动力学,北京:科技出版社,1999;587.
[167]吴致中.胃动力障碍中虚证辨证施治.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1999;7(1):35-36.
[168]陈文渊,倪元芳.脾胃升降与胃肠动力的探讨与运用.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1999;7(4):235-236.
[169]张小萍.气机升降与胃肠动力关系的理论探讨.江西中医学院学报,1999;11(4):145-146.
[170]严光俊.活血化瘀法治疗功能性消化不良临床观察.湖北中医杂志,2002;24(11):20-20.
[171]张亚声,刘小弟.慢性胃炎用调气活血法治疗后的胃动力变化.附86例患者胃排空功能疗效分析.上海中医药杂志,2001;35(7):18-19.
[172]危北海.胃肠动力功能障碍性疾病的中医辨证与治疗.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003;11(5):259-262.
[173]黄穗平,李叶.功能性消化不良中医证型与胃肠动力及激素的相关性.广州中医药大学学报,2002;19(4):265-268.
[174]]陈芝芸,严茂祥.肠激综合征中医证型与胃肠激素关系的探讨.中国中西医结合杂志,2002;22(9):664-666.
[175]魏睦新,魏兰福,邹百仓.等胃肠动力巾药作用机制研究.中西医结合学报,2004;2(3):163-167.
[176]刘汶,张大炜.中药对胃肠运动功能的影响.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1998; 6(3):191-192.
[177]陈哲宇,齐清会.促胃肠动力药物研究现状.中国中西医结合外科杂志,2004;10(2):126-128.
[178]程珠琴,郑立升.中西医结合治疗胃肠动力障碍性疾病的进展.中医药学刊,2006;24(10):1894.
[179]李涯松,单兆伟.肝肺升降与胃动力障碍性疾病的关系.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1999;7(1):32-33.
[180]楼新法,杨新东,蒋松鹤,等.足三里穴进针角度和深度的研究.中国针灸,2006;26(7):483-486.
[181]聂兵,党瑞山,陈尔瑜.足三里的应用基础研究.上海针灸杂志,2007;26(5):38-39.
[182]金建华,党瑞山,张志英,等.大鼠后三里重新定位实验研究.温州医学院学报,2006;36(4):317-319.
[183]许家军,李晖,从志节,等.小腿骨问膜的神经走行及其与经络穴位的关系.解剖学杂志,2005;28(2):206-207.
[184]杨新东,楼新法,蒋松鹤.足三里的断面解剖学研究.温州医学院学报,2000;30(3):224.
[185]沈雪勇,党瑞山,陈尔瑜,等.胃经腧穴与结缔组织结构和钙元素富集的关系.中国针灸,1998;18(10):595-597.
[186]韩萍,汪桐.足三里.胃肠机能相关及其反射途径的研究进展.皖南医学院学报,2001;10(4):302-304.
[187]田庆华,尹岭,孙锦.平针刺足三里穴对脑肠肽及胃肠功能的影响.中国康复理论与实践,2003;9(3):186-188.
[188]刘志敏,陈宝忠,王东岩.中枢5-HT受体在电针对胃运动、胃电影响中的作用.上海针灸杂志,2000;19(4):41-43.
[189]杨波,殷光甫,曹福元.电针对大鼠肠肌间丛神经元前脑啡肽原mRNA的影响.针刺研究,1999;24(2):135-137.
[190]雷亚宁,胡道松,茹立强.电针足三里穴对大鼠小肠ENK能和SP能神经的影响.上海针灸杂志,1995;14(6):268.
[191]Takahashi T.Acupuncture for functional gastrointestinal disorders.Gastroenterol,2006;41:408-417.
[192]Ouyang H,Chen JD.Review article.,therapeutic roles of acupuncture in functional gastronitestinal disorders.Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2004;20:831-841.
[193]Iwa M,Strickland C,N akade Y,Pappas TN,Takahashi T.Electroacpuncture reduces rectal distension-induced blood pressure changes in conscious dogs.Dig Dis Sci, 2005;50:1264-1270.
[194]Xing J,Larive B,M ekhail N,Softer E.Transcutaneous electrica acustimulation can reduce visceral perception in patientsw ith the irritable bowel syndrome:a pilot study.Altern Ther Health Med,2004;10:3842.
[195]Xiao WB,Liu YL.Rectal hypersensitivity reduced by acupoint TENS in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome:a pilot study.Dig Sci,2004;49:312-319.
[196]齐清会,王简,回建峰,等.大承气汤和针刺治疗胃肠运动功能障碍疾病的研究.世界华人消化杂志,2004;12:129-132.
[197]Nakam ura T,Sakai A,Isogami I,Noda Ueno K,et al.Abatement of morphineinduced slowing in gastrointestinal transit by Dai-kenchu-to,a traditional Japanese herbal medicine.J Pharmacol,2002;88:217-221.
[198]Liu JH,Yah J,Yi SX,et al.Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats.Ne rosC Lett,2004;356:99-102.
[199]Ouyang H,Yin J,Wang Z.Pasricha PJ Chen JD.Electroacupuncture accelerates gastric emptying in association with changes in vagal activity.Am J physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002;282:G390-G396.
[200]Iwa M,Nakade Y,Pappas TN,Takahashi T.ElectroacuDuncture im proves restraint stress induced delay of gastric emptying via central glutaminergic pathways in conscious rats.Neurosci Lett,2006;399:6-10.
[201]Tabosa A,Yam am ura Y,Forno ER,Mello LE.A com Parative study of the effects of electroacupuncture and moxibustion in the gastrointestinal motility of the rat.Dig Dis Sci,2004;49:602-610.
[202]Sugai GC,Freire Ade,Tabosa A,Yamamura Y,Tufik S,Mello LE.Serotonin involvement in the electroacupuncture-and m oxibustion-induced gastric emptying in rats.Physiol Behav,2004;82:855-861.
[203]常小荣,严洁,刘玉群.电针足三里和阳陵泉穴对家兔胃胆运动及脑肠肽的影响.世界华人消化杂志,2006;14:1662-1668.
[204]高巍,黄裕新,陈洪,等.电针足三里对大鼠垂体和外周血中脑肠肽含量的影响.第四医大学学报.2001;22(22):2023-2025.
[205]Tada H Fujita M,Harris M,Tatewaki M,Nakagawa K,Yamamura Pappas TN,Takahashi T.Neural mechanism of acupuncture-induced gastric elaxations in rats.Dig Dis Sci,2003;48:59-68.
[206]Sevcencu C,Rijkhoff NJ,Gregersen H,Sinkjaer T.Propulsive activity induced by sequential electrical stimulation in the descending colon of the pig.Neuro gastroenterol Motil,2005;17:376-387.
[207]Iwa M,Matsushim a M,Nakade Y,et al.Electroacupuncture at ST-36 accelerates colonic m otility and transit in freely moving conscious rats.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006;290:6285-6292.
[208]高荣慧.电针刺激对大鼠生理功能的影响.国外医学中医中药分册,2003;25:280-282.
[209]陈兰,刘诗.高频电针刺激足三里促进大鼠结肠推进运动.世界华人消化杂志,2006;14(30):2962-2964.
[210]黄裕新,王景杰,王晓斌,等.胃经穴位电针调节胃运动的神经作用机制胃肠病学和肝病学杂志,2004;13:358-362.
[211]李霁,董竞成,左传涛,等.针刺对脑葡萄糖代谢和功能的影响.上海针灸杂志,2001;20(1):3-5.
[212]Chiu JH,Cheng HC,Tai CH,et al.Electroacupuncture-in-duced neural activation detected by using of manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging in rabbits.Am J Veterinary Res,2001;62(2):178-182.
[213]尹岭,金香兰,石现,等.针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI脑功能成像的初步探讨.中国康复理论与实践,2002;8(9):523-524.
[214]田庆华,尹岭,孙锦.平针刺足三里穴对脑肠肽及胃肠功能的影响.中国康复理论与实践,2003;9(3):186-188.
[215]赵敏生,余安胜,李西林.足三里的血管铸型超微立体结构形态观察.针刺研究,1999;24(3):216-219.
[216]孙宇华,周岩,张志文,等.长时间电针时大鼠脑内八肽胆囊收缩素的生成和释放加速.Chin J Neurosci,1995;2(2):83-88.
[217]Hokfelt T,Elde R,Johansson O,et al.Immunohistochemical evidence for separate populations of somatostatin-containing and substances P-containing primary afferent neurons in the rat.Neurosci,1976;1:131-136.
[218]Randic M,Mletic V.Depressant actions of methoionrenine-enkephlin and somatostatin in the cat dorsal horn neurons activated by noxious stimulation.Brain Res,1978;152:196-202.
[219]刘玲爱,宋朝佑,王静明,等.电针大鼠“足三里”时脑内12个核团生长抑素含量的变化.中国疼痛医学杂志,1998;4(2):102-105.
[220]吴爱群,方智慧,朱君明,等.伤害性刺激、电针镇痛后大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质生长抑素mRNA的表达.中国疼痛医学杂志,1998;4(3):162-167.
[221]王凡,徐汤苹,曹一鸣.不同时辰电针足三里对小白鼠胃酸分泌机能的影响.北京 中医杂志,1990;(6):42.
[222]吴亚丽,陈少夫,潘莉莉.电针对胃炎患者胃酸分泌及胃肠激素的影响.中国中西医结合杂志,1994;14(12):709.
[223]郑关毅,陈为民.针刺足三里穴治疗肠道易激综合征的临床观察.上海针灸杂志,1996;15(6):20.
[224]刘志敏,陈宝忠,王东岩.中枢5-HT受体在电针对胃运动、胃电影响中的作用.上海针灸杂志,2000;19(4):41-43.
[225]牟向东,谢鹏雁,刘建湘.电针刺大鼠足三里穴对LESP血浆胃泌素和胃动素的影响.世界华人消化杂志.2005;13(9):1069-1072.
[226]韩萍,汪桐.足三里-胃肠机能相关及其反射途径的研究进展.皖南医学院学报,2001;20(4):302-304.
[227]杜鹏,王伟.脊髓损伤动物实验模型的建立.国外医学神经病学神经外科学分册.2003,30(2):147-148.
[228]孙瑞元.定量药理学,北京:人民卫生出版社,1987,第一版:243.
[229]吴江,高建新,刘克敬,等.大鼠脊髓损伤后运动能力、病理变化及caspase-3表达的研究,山东大学学报(医学版),2006;(3):22-25.
[230]Amar AP,Levy ML.Pathogenesis and pharmacological strategies for mitigating secondary damage in acute spinal cord injury.Neurosurgery,1999;44:1027-1039.
[231]杨迎暴,朴英杰.脊髓损伤模型的建立及其评价标准.中华创伤杂志,2002;18(3):187-189.
[232]纪江峰,冯世庆.脊髓损伤动物模型研究进展.中华实验外科杂志,2006;23(9):1151-1152.
[233]Allen AR.Surgery of experimental lesions of spinal cord equivalent to crush injury of fracture dislocation.Preliminary.Report.JAMA,1911;57:878-880.
[234]Kaptanoglu E,Tuncel M,Palaoglu S,et al.Comparison of the effects ofmelatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord injury.J Neurosurg,2000;93(1Suppl):S77-S84.
[235]Kaptanoglu E,Tuncel M,PalaogluS,et al.Comparison of the effects of melatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord in jury.J Neurosurg,2000;93(1 Suppl):S77-584.
[236]余永桂,张功礼,施永彦,等.丹参注射液椎管内局部灌注对急性脊髓损伤的保护作用.中华实验外科杂志,2004;21:993-994.
[237]Falconer JC,Narayana PA,Bhattacharjee M,et al.Characterization of an experimental spinal cord injury model umng waveform and morphometric analysis.Spine,1996;21:104-112.
[238]Shingo H,Kayo O,Takao S,et al.Simple an d reprod uciblemodel of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device.Neurological Research,1999;3:313-323.
[239]Ianami A,Ya Tlane J,Katoh H,et al.Estabhshment of graded spinal cord injury modelin anonhumanprimate:Tcommarmo.JNeuro,2005;2:172-181.
[240]Yeo SJ.Development of a ratmodelof graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device.J Korean Med Sei,2004;9:574-580.
[241]Wickegren I.Animol studies raise hopes for spinal cord repair.Science,2002;297:78-181.
[242]Amar AP,Levy ML.Pathogenesis and Pharmacological strategies for mitigation secondary injury in acute spinal card injury.Neurosurg,1999;44:1027-1040.
[243]Cheng H,CaoY,OlsonL.Spinal cord repair in adult paraplegic rats:partial restoration othind limb function.Science,1996;273:510-513.
[244]Gale K,Kerasidis H,Wrathall JR.Spinal cord contusion in the rat:behavioral analysis of functional neurologic impairment.Exp Neurol,1985;88;123-134.
[245]徐帆,陈建敏,张晓.脊髓损伤动物模型的制备及神经功能评价.创伤外科杂志,2007;9(1):91-93.
[246]Basso DM,BeattieMS,Bresnahan JC.Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weigh drop device versus transection.Exp Neurol,1996;139:244-256.
[247]Thomas AJ,Nockels RP,Pan HQ,et al.Progesterone is neuroprot tive after acute experimental spinal cord trauma in rats.Spine,1999;24:2134-2138.
[248]Hara M,Takayasu M,Watanabe K,et al.Protein Kinase inhibition by fasudil hydrochloride promotesneurological recovery after spinal cord injury in rats.J Neurosurg,2000;93(1Suppl):S94-S101.
[249]Baffour R,Achanta K,Kaufman J,et al.Synergistic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor and methylprednisolone on neurological function after experimental spinal cord injury.J Neurosurg,1995;83:105-110.
[250]伍亚民,王正国,朱佩芳,等.脊髓缺血损伤模型及行为学的实验研究.中华创伤杂志,2000;16:538-540.
[251]吴娟,李建军,王兰等.脊髓损伤与肠道功能障碍.中国康复医学杂志,2002;17(6):370-372.
[252]Yang CC,Elee KE.Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2000; 81(3):683-685.
[253]韩萍,汪桐.足三里-胃肠机能相关及其反射途径的研究进展.皖南医学院学报.2001;20(4):302-304.
[254]聂兵,党瑞山,陈尔瑜.足三里的应用基础研究.上海针灸杂志.2007;26(5):38-39.
[255]胡波,郭长青.足阳明胃经生理功能解析.中华中医药杂志,2007;22(2):90-92
[256]余安胜,赵英侠,严振国.足三里穴的显微结构.中国针灸,1999;19(1):27-28.
[257]刘芳,陈尔瑜,党瑞山,等.胆经7寸以下穴位地部血管分布与钙元素的关系.中国针灸.2000;20(7):419-421.
[258]刘芳,许家军,陈尔瑜,等.小腿穴位区细胞外钙离子对血管的作用.解剖学杂志.2000;23(6):525-527.
[259]Langevin HM,Churchill DL,Cipolla MJ,et al.Mechanical signaling through connective tissue:a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture.FASEB J,2001;15(12):2275-2282.
[260]Chiquet M,Renedo AS,Huber F,et al.How do fibroblasts translate mechanical signals into changes in extracellular matrix production.Matrix Biol,2002;22(1):73-80.
[261]DeMali KA,Wennerberg K,Burridge K.Integrin signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.Curt Opin Cell Biol,2003;15(5):572-582.
[262]田庆华,尹岭,孙锦.平针刺足三里穴对脑肠肽及胃肠功能的影响.中国康复理论与实践.2003;9(3):186-188.
[263]刘志敏,陈宝忠,王东岩.中枢5-HT受体在电针对胃运动、胃电影响中的作用.上海针灸杂志,2000;19(4):41-43.
[264]杨波,殷光甫,曹福元.电针对大鼠肠肌间丛神经元前脑啡肽原mRNA的影响.针刺研究,1999;24(2):135-137.
[265]雷亚宁,胡道松,茹立强.电针足三里穴对大鼠小肠ENK能和SP能神经的影响.上海针灸杂志,1995;14(6):268.
[266]韩济生.针刺镇痛原理,上海:上海科技教育出版社,1999,第一版:141.
[267]沈上.电针引起脊髓P物质释放的频率依赖性.生理学报,1996;48(1):89.
[268]贾萍,田宁.不同频率电针对小鼠胃肠推进功能的影响.江西中医学院学报,2004;16(3):42-43.
[269]Langevin HM,Churchill DL,Cipolla MJ,et al.Mechanical signaling through connective tissue:a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture.FASEB J,2001;15(12):2275-2282.
[270]Chiquet M,Renedo AS,Huber F,et al.How do fibroblasts translate mechanical signals into changes in extracellular matrix production.Matrix Biol,2002;22(1):73-80. [271]高巍,黄裕新,陈洪,等.电针对胃经-脑肠肽-免疫网络的调控机制.世界华人消化杂志,2001;9(3):279-283.
[272]黄裕新,许才绂,冯英明,等.胃动素在人体13种体液中含量分析研究.中华消化杂志,1994;14(2):96-98.
[273]Chen LL,Hsu SF,Wang MH,et al.Use of acupressure to improve gastrointestinal motility in women after trans-abdominal hysterectomy.Am 7 Chin Med,2003;31:781-790.
[274]工志刚,刘凤林,秦新裕.胃动素受体的研究进展.Foreign Medical Sciences on Pharmacy,2001;(10):344-346.
[275]GuanY,Tiang M,Jiang Z,et al.Excitatory effects of mofilin in the hippocampus on gastric motility in rats.Brain Res,2003;984(1-2):33-41.
[276]Shiba Y,Mizumoto A,Satoh M,et al.Effect of nonpeptide motilinagonist EM523on teleasc of gut and pancreatic hormones in conscious dogs.Gastroenterology,1996;110(1):241-250.
[277]Tanka T,Mizumoto A,Mochiki E,et al.Effect of M5740 on post prandial pancreatic obilary secretion,gastric motor activity,and emptying in corlscious dogs.Digest Diseas and Sci,1999;44:1100-1110.
[278]Yang M,Fang De,Li Qw,el al.Effects of gastric pacing on gastric emptying and plasma motilin.World J Gasroenerol,2004;10(3):419-423.
[279]赵国茹.胃肠激素对胃运动的影响.青岛大学学报,2001;3:87-89.
[280]赵卡冰,孙晓华,郭朵斌,等.胃食管反流病的食管运动与胃肠激素与雌激素的关系.解放军医学杂志.2001;12:921-923.
[281]Gadcnstattcr M,Pmmmegger R,Klinre A,et al.Aherati on of gutnouopeptides in gastroesophageal reflex disease are resolved after antireflex Surgery Am.J Sur,2000;180:483.
[282]赫庆,李岩.不同品种柴胡枳实促进胃肠动力作用及机制探讨.中国自然医学杂志,2002;3:134-140.
[283]周世庆,宋玉环.胃动素对消化道动力的影响.现代实用医学.2005;17(2):122-123.
[283]Stolk MF,Van F,Peetcm TL,et al.Interdlgestlvc gallbladder emptying,antrodumtenal motility,and motilin release patterns are altered incholesterol gallstone patients.DigDis Sci.2001;46(6):1332-1334.
[284]Chey WY,Jin HO,MH,el al.Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea.Am J Gastroenterol,2001;96(5):1499-1506.
[285]张东伟,陈锡美,邹松海.胃动素和胆囊收缩素与肠易激综合征的关系.同济大学学报(医学版),2001;10:50-51.
[286]Kamcding IM,BurggnafJ,Van HamstAD,et al.The effect of motilinon the rectum in healthy volunteers.Br J Clin Pharmacol,2003;55(6):538-543.
[287]Johnsen AH and J F.Refid Cionin:a di-sulfotyrosyl hybrid of cholecystokinrin and gastrin from the protochordate Ciona intestinalis.J Biol Chem 1990;265:3054-3058.
[288]冯丽华,文玉萍.胃泌素、胃泌素受体及其拮抗剂与胃癌研究进展.中国医学文摘.内科学.2005:26(5):629-631.
[289]Chen D,Zhao CM,Dockray D,et al.Glycine-extended gastrin synergizes with gastrin 17 to stimulate acid secretion in gastrin.-deficient mice.C astroenterology,2000;119(3):756-765.
[290]Kirton CM,Wang T,Dockray GJ.Regulation of parietal cell migration by gastrin in the mouse.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002;283(3):G787-G793.
[291]杜娟,王秀琴.胃泌素的生物活性及其信号传导通路.解剖科学进展,2003;9(4):347-351.
[292]Arthur S,Graham B.Biology and pathology of non-amidated gastrins.Scand J Lab Invest,2001;234:123-128.
[293]Ohning GV,Wong He,Llotd KCK,et al.Gastrin mediates the gastric mucosal proliferative response to feeding.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,1996;271:G470-G476.
[294]Nakajima T,Konda Y,Lzumi Y,et al.Gastrin stimulates th growth of gastric pit cell precursors by inducing its own receptors.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002;282(2):G359-G366.
[295]Wang TC,Koh TJ,Varro A,et al.Processing and proliferative effects of human progastrin in transgenic mice.J Clin Invest,1996;98:1918-1929.
[296]Singh P,Velasco M,Given R,et al.Progastrin expression predisposes mice to development of colon carcinomas and adenomas I response to AOM.Gastroenterology,2000;119:162-171.
[297]Fleming JV,Wang TC.Amino-and Carboxy-terminal PEST domains mediate gastrin stabilization of rat L-histidine decarboxylase isoforms.Mol Cell Biol,2000;20:4932-4947.
[298]Hiraoka S,Miyazaki Y,Kitamura S,et al.Gastrin induces CXC chemokine expression in gastric epithelial cells through activation of NF-kappaB.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2001;281(3):G735-G742.
[299]Daulhac L,Kowalski-Chauvel A,Bradayrol L,et al.Sre-family tyrosin kinase in activation of ERK-1 and p85/p100-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by G/CCKB receptors.J Biol Chem,1999;274:20657-20663.
[300]Dockray G J,Varro A,Dimaline R,et al.The gastrin:their pmduction and activities.AnnRevPhysiol,2001;63:119-123.
[301]Ekunday AA,Lee C Y and Goodlad R A.Gastrin growth of the gastrointestinal tract.Gut,1995;203-208.
[302]Gerhard M,Neumayer N,Presecan-Siedel E,et al.Gastrin induce expression and promoter activity of the vesicular monoamine transporter subtype2.Endocrinology,2001;142(8):3663-3672.
[303]李婷,陈小兵.电针太白穴对实验性脾虚家兔的影响.中国中医药信息杂志,1999;6(5):25-26.
[304]张安莉,陈日新,唐明非等.针刺调整旋转法实验性家兔5-羟色胺、胃泌素的研究.中国针灸,1997;17(5):299.
[305]朱元根,责卉,王听,等.耳体穴电针对大鼠十二指肠组织中胃泌素含量的影响及其促进胆汁分泌的作用.针刺研究,2000;25(4):272-274.
[306]吴学飞,郭永明,郑俊江,等.温通针法对应激性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用.上海针灸杂志.2001,20(4):40-41.
[307]赵保民,黄裕新,赵宁侠,等.电针调控大鼠胃酸分泌的机制.第四军医大学学报,2001;22(9):786-789.
[308]石光清,丁志纯,肖明.针刺足三里穴对血清胃泌素含量的影响.中国中西医结合杂志,2000;20(1):49.
[309]David R.Neuronal release of vasoactive intestinal peptide is important to astrocytic protection of neurons from glutamate toxicityj.Molecular and and Cellular Neuroscience,2000;15(5):465.
[310]Halimi,Piot,Cuize,et al.Electrophysiological effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in rabbit atrium:a modulation of acetylcholine activity.Journal of Moleular and Celluar,1997;29(1):37.
[311]徐伟,赵亚华,孔洁.血管活性肠肽研究进展.药物生物技术,2002;9(6):36-368.
[312]Rarsj,Lie,Mukohyama,et al.Miroisolated mouse osteclasts express VIP-1 and PACAP receptors.Bioche Biophy Research Communi,2000;274(2):400.
[313]Corcoron BM,Jarvis S,HahnCN,et al.The distribution of fibres immunoreative for vasoactive intestinal peptide,calcitorin gene-relaed pepide,substance P and doparnine hydroxylase in the normal equine larynx.Research in Veterinary Science,1999;67(3):251.
[314]Joanna C,Michael C,John M.Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a neuropeptide mediator of the secretory response to serotonin in rat.Journal of surgsurgial Research,2000;91(2):118.
[315]Mukohyama,Ransj,Taniguchi,et al.The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclate-activating polypeptide on osteoclast formation are associated with upregulation of osteoprotegerin and downregulation of RANKL and RANKRANK.Biochernial and Biophysial Research search Communications.2000;271(1):158.
[316]徐恩斌,张忠兵,谢渭芬.血管活性肠肽与贲门失弛缓症.国外医学·消化系疾病分册,2002;22(4):200-202.
[317]张淑静,吴学飞.从血管活性肠肽、酪氨酸羟化酶研究电针抑制左旋多巴诱发大鼠膀胱机能亢进的神经生物学机制.针刺研究,2006;31(6):342-344.
[318]Holden R J,Pakula I S.Tumor necrosis fatctor:is there a continuum of liability between stress,anxiety states and anorexia nervosa? Meddial dial Hypotheses,1999;52(2):155.
[319]Delgado M,Munoz-Elias E J,Gomariz R R Vasoactiveintestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptideenhance IL-10 production by murine macrophages:in vitro andin vivo studies.J Immunol,1999;162:1707-1716.
[320]Erden S,Tune N,Avdin Y.The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)and inhibition of nitricoxide on renal tissue injury of rats exlxrserl to haemorttiagic ischemia and retransfusion:a possible interaction mechanism among mast cells and tissue histamine.Am.N YAcad Sci,1998;865:570-581.
[321]申国明,张祖志,徐颖.电针对急性脑缺血大鼠脑血流量和血管活性肠肽的影响.中国中医急症.2005,14(1):62-63.
[322]李月梅,庄礼兴,赖新生.电针对常年性变应性鼻炎患者血浆血管活性肠肽和P 物质的影响.针刺研究,2007;32(2):136-138.
[323]胡仲明,柳巨雄.动物生理学前沿,长春:吉林人出版社,2003;23-89.
[324]Tune,elN,Erden S,Uzuner K,et al.Ischemicreperfusedra skeletal muscle:the effect of vasoactive intestinalpeptide(VIP)on contractile force,oxygenation and antioxidant enzymesystems.Peptides,1996;18:269-275.
[325]郭耸峰,周新民,郑崇勋,等.胃动力障碍患者的胃电活动.第四军医大学学报,2000;21(1):100.
[326]N Tunc,N.Erkasap,V.Sahintu rk,el al.Theprotective effect ofvasoactive intestinal peptide(V1P)on stressinduced gastric ulceration in rats.Acad.Sci,1998;865:309-322.
[327]N Tunc,F.Gu rer,E Aral.The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)on mast cell invasion/degranulation in testicular inteistitium of immobilized cold stressed and bendor-phin-treated rats.Peptides,1996;17:817-824.
[328]Whittle B J R.Morshita T ohy Y,et al.Microrasoular action of plareleractivating factior on rat gastric mucosa and submucosa.Am J physiol,1996;251:772-778.
[329]黎永军,马洪升.血管活性肠肽与消化道疾病研究新进展.华西医学,2005;20(3):616-617.
[330]李国华,钱伟,侯晓华.胃腺癌细胞中血管活性肠肽自分泌调节作用及其机制.中华消化杂志,2005;25(1):27-31.
[331]Delgado M,Abad C,Martinez C,et al.Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the immune system:potential therapeutic role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.J Mol Med,2002;80(1):16-24.
[332]张松照.VIP选择性分化Th细胞的研究进展.国外医学免疫学分册,2005;28(2):56-59.
[333]Dohna L Maney,Stephan J.Effects of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Plasma Prolactin in passerines Maney.General and Comparative Endocrinology,1998;113(3):323.
[334]Sacca Cuff C A,Ruddle N H.Mediators of inflammation.Curr Opin Immunol,1997;(9):851-857.
[335]申国明,颜贵明,徐颖等.电针对胃动力紊乱大鼠血管活性肠肽表达的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2004;12(6):329-331.
[336]徐颖,申国明,吕磊等.血管活性肠肽参与电针对大鼠胃粘膜损伤的保护作用.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003,11(41:215-217.
[337]余跃,侯晓华,茹立强等.非溃疡性消化不良患者胃窦壁内NO能和VIP能神经与胃排空关系的研究.中华消化杂志,1998;18(5):291-292.
[338]Liu JS,Qiao X,Chen JDZ.Vagal afferent is involved in short-pulse gastric electrical sitmulation in rats.Dig Dis Sci,2004:233-237.
[339]尹常高,李洪利,张伟栋.生长抑素及其受体与消化道疾病的研究.医学综述,2006:12(24):1485-1487.
[340]Bates C M,Kegg H,Grady S.Expression of somatostatin receptors1 and 2 in the adult mouse kidney.Regul Pept,2004;119(1-2):11-20.
[341]Msatrodimou N,Thermos K.The somatostatin receptor(sstl)modolates the erlease of somatostatin in ratretina.Neurosci Lett,2004;356(1):13-16.
[342]田雨灵,赵晏.生长抑素在初级伤害性信息传递中的作用.生理科学进展,2005;36(2):141-144.
[343]施秉银.基础与临床内分泌学,北京:世界图书出版公司,2001,第5版:612-613.
[344]Schulz S,Hansel M.SchrefM.Localization of five somatostatin receptors in the rat central nervous system using subtype/speciifc antibodies.J Physiol,2000;94(3-4):259-264.
[345]Krantic S.Peptide as regulators of the immune system.,emphasis on somatostatin.Peprides,2000;21(12):1941-1964.
[346]张素娟,李伟,李书琴.生长抑素及其类似物的临床应用.中华临床新医学,2004;4(8):734-735.
[347]Radeorr M,Heina M H,MullerC,.et al.Treatment of heoatceellular cancer with the long acting somatostatin analog lanreotidein vitro and invivo.Int J Oncol,2000;16(6):1197-1201.
[348]颜登国,区庆嘉.原发性肝癌生长抑索受体mRNA表达的研究.中国普通外科杂志,2003;18(1):55-56.
[349]刘文斌,李建生.生长抑索抗肿瘤机制研究进展.安徽医药,2005;9(1):79.
[350]Mizumoto A,Mochiki E,Suzuki H,et al.Neuronal control of motility changes in the canine lower esophageal sphincter and stomach in response to meal ingestion.J Smooth Muscle Res,1997;33(6):211-222.
[351]穆标,王邦茂.一氧化氮与胃肠动力和功能性胃肠疾病.胃肠病学和肝病学杂志.2003;12(4):322-324.
[352]Krowicki ZK,Sivarao DV,Abrahams TP,et al.Excitation of dorsal motor vagal neurons evokes non-nicotinic receptor-mediated gastric relaxation.J AutonNew Syst,1999;77(2-3):83-89.
[353]Russe A,Fraser R,Adaehi K,et al.Evidence that nitric oxide mechanisms regulate small intestinal motility in humans.Gut,1999:44(1):72-76.
[354]Hryhorenko,L M,Woskowska Z.NO inhibits release of acetycholine from nerves of isolated circular muscle of the canine ileuln:relationship to motihty and release of nitric oxide.Pharmaeol Exp Ther,1994;271(2):918-926.
[355]杨琦,秦明,黄裕新,等.电针对应激大鼠胃黏膜血流及血浆ET、NO、CGR 的影响第四军医大学学报,2001,22(9):800.
[356]李兆申,聂时男,湛先保,等.躯体性及心理应激状态下大鼠胃黏膜NOS变化及与胃黏膜损伤的关系.解放军医学杂志,2001;26(1):18.
[357]朱舜丽,许冠荪,孙勇,等.电针对应激性胃溃疡大鼠脑组织和胃黏膜中NOS 的变化.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1997;5(4):217.
[358]Mizumoto A,Muramatsu S,Yamnda T,et al.Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on plasma motilin release in fasted dogs.Regul Pept,1997;71(1):9-14.
[359]王志刚,刘凤林,秦新裕.胃动素受体的研究进展.国外医学药学分册,2001; 28(6):344-346.
[360]周吕,王新.胃平滑肌细胞的胃动素受体及其信息传递的可能机制.基础医学与临床,1995;(51):73-74.
[361]J Depoortere I,Thijs,Van Assche G,et al.Dose-dependent effect ofrecombingant human int5ereukin-11 on contractiler properties in rabbit 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colius.JParnacol ExpTher,2000;294(3):983-990.
[362]Thielemas L,Depoore I,A ssche GV et al.Demonstration of a functional motilin recepor in TE671 cells from human creebellum.Brain Res,2001;895(1/2):119-128.
[363]王志刚,刘凤林.胃动素受体的研究进展.国外医学·药学分册,2001;28(6):346.
[364]尹常高,李洪利,张伟栋.生长抑素及其受体与消化道疾病的研究.医学综述.2006;12(24):1485-1487.
[365]Bates CM,Kegg H,Grady S.Expression of somatostatin receptors 1 in the adult mon～2 kidney.Rol Pept,2004;119(1-2):11-20.
[366]Mastrodimou N,Thermos K.The somatostatin receptor(sst1)modolat the release of somatostatin in rat retina.Neurosci I,2004;3(1):13-16.
[367]田雨灵,赵晏.生长抑素在初级伤害性信息传递中的作用.生理科学进展,2005;36(2):141-144.
[368]施秉银.基础与临床内分泌学.北京:世界图书出版公司,2001,第5版:612-613.
[369]Schulz S,Hansel M.Schreff M.Localization of five somatostatin receptors in the rat central nervous system using subtype/specific antibodies.J Physiol,2000;94(3-4):259-264.
[2]Han TR,Kim JH,Kwun BS,et al.Chronic gastrointestinal problems and bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1998;36(7):485-490.
[3]张世民,侯春林.脊髓损伤患者排便功能障碍的康复.国外医学物理医学与康复医学,1999;19(3):97-100.
[4]Glickman S,Kum M.Bowel dysfunction in spinal cord injury patient Lancet.1996;347(9016):1651-1653.
[5]Stiens SA,Bergman SB,Goetz LL.Neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury:clinical evaluation and rehabilitative management.Arch Phys Med Rehahil,1997;78(Suppl 3):S86-99.
[6]陈利江,权正学.脊髓损伤后消化道动力紊乱的研究进展.中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2005;15(8):501.
[7]Tatagiba M,Brosamle C,Schwab ME.Regeneration of injury axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system.Neurosurg,1997;40:541-547.
[8]张国福,林建华.脊髓损伤的研究进展.福建中医学院学报,2003;13(2):58-59.
[9]孟宪镛.功能性胃肠病和胃肠动力病的诊治新概念.胃肠病学,2004;9(1):63-64.
[10]杨波,殷光甫,曹福元.电针对大鼠肠肌间丛神经元前脑啡肽原mRNA的影响.针刺研究,1999;24(2):135-137.
[11]张三印,董宇,杨鹏.胃肠运动障碍发病机制与证治.中医药学刊,2003;21(2):209-211.
[12]陆英杰,连至诚.胃肠激素对胃肠动力的影响.中国热带医学,2005;5(6):1338-1339.
[13]刘凯,齐清会.胃肠肽受体及受体后信号传导与胃肠动力.世界华人消化杂志,2002;10(12):1445-1448.
[14]Snanders KM.Invited review.,mechanisms of calcium handling in smooth muscles.J Appl Physiol,2001;91:1438-1449.
[15]Piotrowska AP,Solari V,Puri R Distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal in the internal anal sphincter of patients with internal anal sphincterachalasis and Ⅱ irschs prung disease.Arch Pathol Lab Med,2003,127(9);1192-1195.
[16]姚泰.生理学,北京:人民卫生出版社,2000,第五版:175-198.
[17]候晓华.消化道运动学,北京:科学出版社,1998,第一版:59-599.
[18]刘建伟,安洪.脊髓损伤与肠道细菌移位.颈腰痛杂志,2002;23(1):70-72.
[19]E Huseby.Gastrointestinal motility dsiorders and bacterial overgrowth.Journal of Internal Medicine,1995;237-427.
[20]梅懋华.消化道生理学与临床,北京:人民卫生出版社,1990,第一版:191.
[21]Grundy D.Speculations on the structure/function relationship for v:agal and splanchnic afferent endings supplying the gastrointestinal tract.Auton Nerv Syst,1988;22:175-180.
[22]Yang CC,Elee KE.Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2000;81(5):683-685.
[23]吴娟,李建军,王兰等.脊髓损伤与肠道功能障碍.中国康复医学杂志,2002;17(6):370-372.
[24]吴军发,胡永善,吴毅.脊髓损伤的康复治疗进展.中国康复医学杂志,2001;16(6):377-379.
[25]李建军,吴娟,廖利民.完全性脊髓损伤患者大便控制能力的研究.中华物理医学与康复杂志,2003;25(6):354-357.
[26]Krogh K,Mosdal C,Laurberg S.Gastrointestinal and segmenta colonic transit times in patients with acute and chronic spinal cord lesions.Spinal Cord,2000;38(10):615-621.
[27]Fajardo NR,Pasiliao RV,Modeste DR,et al.Decreased colonic motility in persons with chronic spinal cord injury.Am J Gastroenterol,2003;98(1):128-134.
[28]Leduc BE,Spaeek E,Lepage Y.Colonic transit time after spinal cord injury:any clinical significance? Spinal Cord Med,2002;25(3):161-166.
[29]Yim SY,Yoon SH,Lee TY.A comparison of bowel care patterns in patients with spinal cord injury:upper motor neuron bowel vs lower motor neuron bowel.Spinal Cord,2001;39(4):204-207.
[30]AC Lynch,AAntony,BR Dobbs.Intestinal problems in spinal cord injury.Spinat Co rd,2001;39:193-203.
[31]Looze DD,Laere VM,Muynck DM,et al.Constipation and other chronic gastrointestinal problems in spinal cord injury patients.Spinal cord,1998;36(1):63-66.
[32]Harari D,Minaker KL.Megacolon in patients with chronic spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,2000;38(6):331-339.
[33]Fenton LD,Chen M.Click S,et al.Colonic volvulus in the spinal cord injury patient.Paraplegia,1993;31(6):393-397.
[34]Staiano A,Simeone D,Del GE,et al.Effect of the dietary fiber glucomannan on chronic constipation in neurologically impaired children.Pediatrics,2000;136(1):41-45.
[35]Cameron KJ,Stem D.Assessment of the effect of increased dietary fiber intake on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1996,34(5):277-283.
[36]于洋.胃肠动力药的研究进展.医学理论与实践,2006;1(7):776-777.
[37]LiuZ,Sakakibara R,Odaka T.Mosapride citrate a novel 5-HT_4 agonist and partial 5-HT3 santagonist ameliorates constipation in parkinsonian patients.Mov Disord,2005,20(6):680.
[38]Lotsch J,Skarke C,Schneider A,et al.The 5-hydroxytryptamin4 receptor agnoist mosaperide doses not antagonize morphine-induced respiratory depression.Clin Pharmcol Ther,2005,78(3):278.
[39]Ozucelik DN.Karaca MA.Sivri B.Efectiveness of pre-emptive metoclopramide infusion in alleviating pain,discomfort and nausea associated with nasogastric tube insertion:a randomised double-blind,placebo-controlled trial.Int J Clin Pract,2005;59:1422.
[40]Andresen V,Holerbach S.Reasssesing the benefits and risks of aloestron:what its place in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.Drug Saf,2004,27(5):283-292.
[41]Zavros Y,Merchant J L.Modulating the cytokine response to treat helicobacter gastritis.Biochem Pharmcol,2005,69(3):365.
[42]Thurmann PA.Adverse drugs reactions:diagnosis had assessment.Pahtologe,2005,8:102.
[43]徐晓卫.胃肠动力药利用分析.安徽医药,2006;10(12):969.
[44]曹静宜,周国昌.脊髓损伤患者的结肠通过时间测定.中外民医杂志,2001;2:17.
[45]Potter PJ.Suatained improvements in neurological function in spinal cord injury patients treated with oral 4-aminopyridine:three cases.Spinal Cord,1998;36(3):147-155.
[46]Longo WE.Cisapride for constipation in spinal cord injury patients:a preliminary report.J Spinal Cord Med,1995;18(4):240-244.
[47]王红星,周士枋.脊髓损伤后肠道功能障碍.中国康复理论与实践.2002;8(2):174-176.
[48]Stiwna SA.Suppositories to initiate side lying bowel care:a clinical trial in persons with spinal cord injury.Spinal Cord,1998;36(11)..777-778.
[49]Frisbie J H.Improved bowel care with polyethylene glycol based suppository.J Spinal Cord Med,1997;20(2):227-229.
[50]Yang CC,Elee KE.Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2000;81(5):683-685.
[51]Rosito O,Nino-Murcia M,Wolfe VA.et al.The effects of colostomy on the quality of life in patients with spinal cord injury:a retrospective analysis.J Spinal Cord Med,2002;25(3):174-183.
[52]Malone PS,Ransley PG,Kiely EM.Preliminary report:the antegrade continence enema.Lancet,1990;336:1217-1218.
[53]Mor Y,Quinn FMJ,Carr,et al.Combined mitrofanoff and antegrade continence enema procedures for urinary and fecal incontinence.Urol,1997:158(1):192-195.
[54]Rivera M,Kugathasan S,Berger W,et al.Percutaneous colonoscopic cecostomy for management of chronic constipation in children.Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,2001;53(2):225-228.
[55]Teichman JM,Harris J,Donald M.Malone antegrade continence enema for adults with neurogenic bowel disease.Urol,1998;160(4):1278-1281.
[56]Casale P,Grady RW,Feng W C,et al.A novel approach to the laparoscopic antegrade continence enema procedure:intracorporeal and extracorporeal techniques.Urol,2004;171(2):817-819.
[57]Morren GL,Walter S,Hallbook O,et al.Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume.Dis Colon Rectum,2001;44(12):1827-1833.
[58]leattie MS,Farooqui AA.Bresnahan JC.Review of a m t evidence for apopt is after spinal cord injury.J Neurouauma,2000;17(10):915.
[59]王志红,王玉龙.电针督脉结合综合康复治疗外伤性脊髓损伤.针灸临床杂志中国康复,2006;21(1):41.
[60]白晔,庄明华,谢泽宇.电针辅助治疗对急性不完全性脊髓损伤的疗效.中国康复理论与实践,2005;11(7):582-583.
[61]黎桃英.电针夹脊穴治疗脊髓损伤的疗效观察.上海针灸杂志,2002;21(5):42.
[62]陈丽贤,段俊峰,詹欣荣.电针结合耳针治疗急性脊髓损伤的临床研究.中国康复理论与实践,2005;11(11):934-935.
[63]Sherwood AM,Dimitrijevic MR,Mckay WB.Evidence of subclinical brain influence in clinically complete spinal cord injury:Discomplete SCI.J Neurol Sci,1992;110:90-98.
[64]Kakulas BA.A review of the neurpoathology of human spinal cord injury with emphasis on special features.J Spinal CordMed,1999;22:119-124.
[65]Waters RL,Akins R,Yakura J,et al.Functional and neurological recovery following acute spinal cord injury.J Spinal Cord Med,1998;21:195-199.
[66]张光辉,孙淑芳.益气活血汤加针刺治疗脊髓损伤20例疗效观察.河北中医,2004;26(1):21-22.
[67]盛国滨,唐英.夹脊电针治疗外伤性截瘫的体感诱发电位的研究.中国中医药科技,2002;9(2):112.
[68]李国臣,薛军.强电流电针治疗外伤性截瘫.现代康复,2000;4(8):1233.
[69]彭慧渊,陈治忠.针灸治疗脊髓损伤的概况和思考.针灸临床杂志,2004;20(1):54-56.
[70]罗非.反复电针对慢性痛的累加治疗作用及其机制的研究.生理科学进展,1996;12(3):241.
[71]汪家琮,周红俊,刘根林,等.韩氏穴位神经刺激仪(HANS)治疗脊髓损伤引起的肌痉挛痛.中国疼痛医学杂志,2002;4(4):217.
[72]李惠兰,孙岚.头针治疗截瘫神经痛疗效观察.中国针灸,2001;21(4):209-210.
[73]Rapson L M,梅洁(译).针刺治疗脊髓损伤引起的疼痛.国外医学·中医中药分册,1997;19(2):62.
[74]周凌云,李杰,李春梅等.电针八髎、会阳治疗脊髓损伤性尿潴留疗效观察.中国针灸,2006;26(4):237-239.
[75]顾旭东,傅建明,姚云海.电针八髎穴为主治疗脊髓损伤排尿障碍64例疗效观察.针灸临床杂志,2005;21(4):47-48.
[76]曹忠梅,刘跃中.电针灸八髎穴治疗脑损伤患者排尿障碍36例.中国临床康复,2002;6(22):3423.
[77]俞吕德,俞兰英.针灸治疗创伤性排尿障碍临床观察.中国针灸,2001;(6):346.
[78]孙岚,李建军,王征美.电针对脊髓损伤患者膀胱功能影响的尿动力学分析,中国康复理论与实践,2005;11(11):903-904.
[79]Cheng PT,Wong MK,Chang PL.A therapeutic trial of acupunure in neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injured patients-a prelimary report.Spinal Cord,1998;36(7):476-480.
[80]Bcogens R B.Transeeted dorsal column axons within the guinea pig spinal cord regenerate in the presence of an applied electric field.J Comp Nenrol,1986;250:168.
[81]Fehlings MG,Tator CH.The effect of direct current field on recovery from exprim ental spinal cord injury.J Nenrosurg,1988;68:781.
[82]刘宏亮,尹清,刘青山,等.不同频率毫米波治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的研究.第三军医大学学报,1999;21(6):440.
[83]吴永刚,刘成德,孙忠人,等.针刺对实验性脊髓损伤组织形态学的影响.上海针灸杂志,1999;18(3):33.
[84]朱政,汪洋.针灸效应学体外实验方法观察星形胶质细胞超微结构.复旦学报:医学版,2001;28(6):505.
[85]吴远华,董江川,苏红梅.针刺督脉经穴为主治疗脊髓损伤的机理研究进展.江西中医药,2004;35(255):62-64.
[86]高兵兵,张宁,江红,等.夹脊电针治疗脊髓性截瘫的体感诱发电位(SEP)研究.针 灸临床杂志,2005;21(9):23-24.
[87]孙双历,严振国.电针对脊髓损伤后7-谷氨酰转移酶活性影响的实验研究.中国针灸,2000;20(7):433.
[88]晋志高,陶之理.电针治疗实验性猫脊髓损伤的组织化学及免疫组织化学法研究.中国针灸,1997;17(8):489.
[89]李连欣,张进禄,周东生,等.电针对实验性脊髓损伤后兴奋性氨基酸含量的影响.中国针灸,2000;20(12):741.
[90]刘杰,郭友林,谭朝坚,等.针灸对外伤性截瘫患者神经肽的影响.上海针灸杂志,1996;15(2):6.
[91]高晶琳,高维滨,金正鹏,等.夹脊电针疗法对大鼠急性脊髓损伤MDA、SOD、NO影响的实验研究.中国中医药科技,2001;8(6):3.
[92]Hamada Y,Ikaut T,Katoh S,et al.Role of nitric oxide in compression injury of rat spinal cord.Free Radic Biol Med,1996;20:1-9.
[93]崔晓军,李伊为,陈东风,等.电针百会对脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织3种亚型NOS表达及NO含量的影响.中医药学刊,2003;21(8):1270.
[94]陈雅云,曾园山,陈玉玲.电针在脊髓损伤修复中的应用基础研究概况.针刺研究,2005;30(2):120-122.
[95]李志刚,刘书坤,周初松,等.近十年电针治疗脊髓损伤的临床和实验研究概况.中国中医药科技,2004;11(6):386-388.
[96]张志英,严振国.电针对脊髓损伤后一氧化氮和酶表达的影响.中国临床康复,2002;6(2):206-207.
[97]马睿杰,张力,王凤艳.电针治疗脊髓损伤的机理研究.针灸临床杂志,2003;19(11):50-53.
[98]王新家,孔抗美,叶卫莲,等.针刺影响慢性脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织神经生长因子及其受体的表达.中医正骨,2005;17(5):6-7.
[99]朱政.电针对大鼠脊髓损伤后层粘连蛋白表达的影响.中国中西医结合杂志,2002;22(7):525.
[100]朱政,严振国.电针对脊髓损伤后MAP-2mRNA表达影响的实验研究.中国中医基础医学杂志,2001;7(11):58.
[101]Filbin M T.Myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration in the adult mammalian CNS.Nat Rev Neurosci,2003:4(9):703-713.
[102]Mc Gee A W,Strittm atter S M.The Nogo-66 receptor:focusing myelin inhibition of axon regeneration.Trends Neurosci,2003;26(4):193-198.
[103]Wang K C,Kim J A,Sivasankaran R,et al.P75 interacts with the Nogo receptor as aco-receptor for Nogo,MA and Omgp.Nature,2002;420(6911):74-78.
[104]Park J B,Yin G,Kaneko S,et al.A TNF receptor family member,TROY,is a coreceptor with Nogo receptor in mediating the inhibitory activity of myelin inhibitors.Neuron,2005;45(3):345-351.
[105]Shao I,Browning J L,Lee X,et al.TAJ/TRoY,an orphan TNF receptor family member,binds Nogo-66 receptor and regulates axonal regeneration.Neuron,2005;45(3):353-359.
[106]Andreev J,Galisteo M L,Kranenburg O.Src and Pyk2 mediate G-protein-couple receptor activated of epidermal growth factor receptor but are not required for coupling to the mitogen-activated protein(MAP)kinase signaling cascade.J Biol them,2001;276(23):20130-20135.
[107]Liu B,Neufeld A H.Activation of epidermal growth factor receptor causes astrocytes to form cribriform structures.Glia,2004;46(2):153-168.
[108]彭彬,孟宪芳,李熳等.夹脊电针对大鼠脊髓损伤后表皮生长因子受体及胶质酸性纤维蛋白表达的影响.针刺研究,2007;32(4):219-223.
[109]Guo Q,Li S R,Su B Y.Nogo-A immunoreactivity in injured spinal cord of adult rats.Neurosci Bulletin,2005;21(4):287-290.
[110]孙大勇,黄裕新,褚自宏,等.电针对犬幽门括约肌压力的影响及与胃黏膜组织中脑肠肽的关系.世界华人消化杂志,1999;7:997-998
[111]刘文全,王健,郝志友.针刺对功能性消化不良胃肠动力影响的临床研究.中国针灸,2001;21(5):267-268.
[112]王新宇,石现,何磊.电针对急性胰腺炎患者胃肠动力的影响及其机制研究.针刺研究,2007;32(3):199-201.
[113]袁建业.中医药对胃肠动力异常的研究进展.江西中医学院学报,2005;17(2):72-74.
[114]常小荣,严洁,李江山,等.针刺足阳明经穴对兔胃粘膜损伤前后胃运动功能的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2002;10(6):335.
[115]Di Stefano M,M iceli E,M azzocchi S.The role of gastric accommodation in the pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia.Eu Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2005;9:23-28.
[116]Thumshirn M,Cam illeri M,Saslow SB,William DE,Burton DD,Hanson RB,Gastric accommodation in non-ulcer dyspepsia and the roles of Helicobacte ptftori infection and vagal function.Gut,1999;44:55-64.
[117]姚筱梅,姚树坤,张瑞星.针刺对功能性消化不良患者近端胃动力的影响.世界华人消化杂志,2006;14(21):2139-2141.
[118]王述菊,孙国杰,杜艳军.孤束核在针刺:足三里调节胃运动中的作用机制.中国中医药信息杂志,2007;14(9):28-30.
[119]王述菊,孙国杰,吴绪平.针刺对胃运动低下大鼠孤束核神经元放电影响的研究.中华中医药学刊,2007;25(9):1820-1822.
[120]范华,周士伟,高铁祥.针刺四缝穴对实验性脾虚大鼠血清锌及胃排空率的影响.中国针灸,2007;27(8):595-597.
[121]Tatewaki M,Harris M,Uemura K,et al.Dual effects of acupundure on gastric motility in conscious rats.Am J Physiol Regul InterComp Physiol,2003;285:862-872.
[122]任婷婷.针刺足三里、中脘穴对胃粘膜损伤家兔模型血清胃泌素和血浆胃动素含量的影响.中医药信息,2007;24(1):48-49.
[123]许冠荪,郭原,张群群.针刺补泻手法对家兔实验性胃节律紊乱的影响.安徽中医学院学报,1992;11(2):36.
[124]赵艳玲,常小荣,严洁.针刺足阳明经穴对大鼠胃肌电穴位特异性及胃电传出途径的实验研究.中医药学刊,2005;23:1488-1490.
[125]陈莉.针刺运针与否对胃电图影响的观察.中国针灸.2004;24(3):189-190.
[126]雷君,李琴,李国成,等.电针对大鼠胃肠动力障碍的调整作用及其神经化学机制.针刺研究,2005;30(3):131-133.
[127]高巍,黄裕新,陈洪,等.电针“足三里”对大鼠脑肠肽含量的影响及其对免疫系统的调控作用.针刺研究,2002;27(1):50-54.
[128]周吕.胃肠生理学.基础与临床,北京:科学出版社,1991:437.
[129]王凡,徐汤苹,曹一鸣.不同时辰电针足三里对小白鼠胃酸分泌机能的影响.北京中医杂志,1990;(6):42.
[130]苏微微.针刺对血浆胃肠道激素和胃分泌机能的影响.中华消化杂志,1989;9(3):148.
[131]郑关毅,陈为民.针刺足三里穴治疗肠道易激综合征的临床观察.上海针灸杂志,1996;15(6):20..
[132]帅晓玮,谢鹏雁,刘建湘.电针刺足三里穴对猫反流性食管炎模型食管动力及胃肠激素的影响.中华内科杂志,2007;46(6):499-500.
[133]刘涌.电针足三里对应激性胃粘膜损伤的保护作用.安徽中医学院学报,2000;19(2):32.
[134]赵百孝,郭诚杰,殷克敬.针刺对大鼠急性胃粘膜损伤氧自由基及胃粘膜超微结构的影响.上海针灸杂志,1995;14(5):235.
[135]裴文芬,许冠荪,孙勇,等.针灸对胃粘膜损伤的保护作用及其与NO的关系.安徽中医学院学报,1997;16(4):44.
[136]黄国峰,汤德安,周桂桐,等.电针“梁门”穴治疗大鼠实验性胃溃疡的机理探讨.针刺研究,1999;24(1):51.
[137]潘朝宠.针刺对大鼠胃粘膜保护作用及其相关的神经递质组化的观察.针刺研 究,1990;15(1):48.
[138]林庶茹,阎醒宇.电针足三里穴对胃黏膜损伤大鼠NO及血流量影响的研究.中医药学刊,2005;23(4):725-726.
[139]严洁,黎喜平,黄艾.电针足阳明经穴对大鼠胃黏膜损伤修复机制的研究.中国中医药信息杂志,2006;13(5):20-22.
[140]许冠荪,申国明,方正清,等.功能性胃肠病及针灸对其防治的机制.安徽中医学院学报,2004;23(1):30-32.
[141]严洁,常小荣,刘建华,等.电针足阳明经穴对家兔胃粘膜损伤防御性保护作用的研究.中国针灸,2001;21(6):351.
[142]张安莉,陈日新,康明扑,等.针刺调整旋转法实验性家兔5-羟色胺、胃泌素的研究.中国针灸,1997;17(5):299.
[143]王明新,汪茜,姚共和.中医对脊髓损伤病机的认识.湖南中医药导报,2004;10(6):7-11.
[144]吴毛,王建伟,马勇.中医对脊髓损伤的治疗进展.河南中医,2004;24(8):83-84.
[145]张绍富,张玉柱.中医药治疗脊髓损伤.中国康复医学杂志,1995;6(1):26.
[146]吴念先,董秀华,李淑贞.中医内服治疗早中期脊柱脊髓损伤.中国骨伤,1998;11(2):50.
[147]陆炳全.马丹散治疗脊髓损伤20例.实用中医药杂志,2002;18(1):20.
[148]苏寅,李荣.马钱子胶囊治疗颈髓损伤.中国骨伤,1996;9(1):51.
[149]雷庆云.参麦注射液治疗脊髓损伤13例.医药导报,2000;19(6):575.
[150]张绍东,谭远超,徐卫国,等.青蒿鳖甲汤加味治疗脊髓损伤后发热8例报告.中医正骨,2000;12(3):21.
[151]许建鹏,王征美,陈之罡,等.中药“截瘫康”冲剂对脊髓损伤患者尿液S-IgA含量及尿路感染发生率的影响.传统康复医学,1993;8(2):79.
[152]肖淑杰,许健鹏,毕凤贤,等.治疗脊髓损伤尿路感染方剂.中国康复理论与实践,1996;2(4):159.
[153]许建鹏,王明久,刘学茹,等.以督脉电针为主治疗脊髓损伤80例的临床观察.针灸临床杂志,1994;10(6):13.
[154]余安胜.督脉电针电场治疗半横断脊髓损伤的实验研究.针灸临床杂志,1995;11(1):24.
[155]陶之理,李瑞伍,王进堂,等.电针及药物治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的研究.中国针灸,1998:9:551.
[156]王洪忠,许建鹏.益髓助气通络法对脊髓损伤后期康复疗效的评价.中国针灸,1998:1:19.
[157]李文超,付光明,何振辉等.中医药治疗脊髓损伤研究进展.中医正骨,2002;14(11):55-56.
[158]于静.针刺治疗脊髓损伤20例观察报告.现代康复,2000;4(11):1742.
[159]黎桃英.电针夹脊穴治疗脊髓损伤的疗效观察.上海针灸杂志,2002;21(5):42.
[160]卜广平.电针三阴交治疗脊髓损伤性尿潴留12例.针灸临床杂志,1994;10(6):13.
[161]刘进.电针治疗脊髓损伤性尿潴留34例.针灸临床杂志,1997,13(8):13.
[162]翟大胜,霍光同,沈斌.脊髓损伤的中西医治疗进展.中华实用中西医杂志,2007;20(13):1109-1111.
[163]沈舒文,曹海涛.胃肠动力与脾胃气机的相关性探讨.陕西中医学院学报,2002;25(4):1-2.
[164]骆云丰,郑立升.中医药治疗胃肠动力紊乱性疾病的理论研究.中国中医基础医学杂志,2005;11(4):292-294.
[165]税典奎,邱明义.中医对胃肠动力障碍的认识及治疗策略.四川中医,2005;23(4):23-25.
[166]周吕,柯美云.胃肠动力学,北京:科技出版社,1999;587.
[167]吴致中.胃动力障碍中虚证辨证施治.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1999;7(1):35-36.
[168]陈文渊,倪元芳.脾胃升降与胃肠动力的探讨与运用.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1999;7(4):235-236.
[169]张小萍.气机升降与胃肠动力关系的理论探讨.江西中医学院学报,1999;11(4):145-146.
[170]严光俊.活血化瘀法治疗功能性消化不良临床观察.湖北中医杂志,2002;24(11):20-20.
[171]张亚声,刘小弟.慢性胃炎用调气活血法治疗后的胃动力变化.附86例患者胃排空功能疗效分析.上海中医药杂志,2001;35(7):18-19.
[172]危北海.胃肠动力功能障碍性疾病的中医辨证与治疗.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003;11(5):259-262.
[173]黄穗平,李叶.功能性消化不良中医证型与胃肠动力及激素的相关性.广州中医药大学学报,2002;19(4):265-268.
[174]]陈芝芸,严茂祥.肠激综合征中医证型与胃肠激素关系的探讨.中国中西医结合杂志,2002;22(9):664-666.
[175]魏睦新,魏兰福,邹百仓.等胃肠动力巾药作用机制研究.中西医结合学报,2004;2(3):163-167.
[176]刘汶,张大炜.中药对胃肠运动功能的影响.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1998; 6(3):191-192.
[177]陈哲宇,齐清会.促胃肠动力药物研究现状.中国中西医结合外科杂志,2004;10(2):126-128.
[178]程珠琴,郑立升.中西医结合治疗胃肠动力障碍性疾病的进展.中医药学刊,2006;24(10):1894.
[179]李涯松,单兆伟.肝肺升降与胃动力障碍性疾病的关系.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1999;7(1):32-33.
[180]楼新法,杨新东,蒋松鹤,等.足三里穴进针角度和深度的研究.中国针灸,2006;26(7):483-486.
[181]聂兵,党瑞山,陈尔瑜.足三里的应用基础研究.上海针灸杂志,2007;26(5):38-39.
[182]金建华,党瑞山,张志英,等.大鼠后三里重新定位实验研究.温州医学院学报,2006;36(4):317-319.
[183]许家军,李晖,从志节,等.小腿骨问膜的神经走行及其与经络穴位的关系.解剖学杂志,2005;28(2):206-207.
[184]杨新东,楼新法,蒋松鹤.足三里的断面解剖学研究.温州医学院学报,2000;30(3):224.
[185]沈雪勇,党瑞山,陈尔瑜,等.胃经腧穴与结缔组织结构和钙元素富集的关系.中国针灸,1998;18(10):595-597.
[186]韩萍,汪桐.足三里.胃肠机能相关及其反射途径的研究进展.皖南医学院学报,2001;10(4):302-304.
[187]田庆华,尹岭,孙锦.平针刺足三里穴对脑肠肽及胃肠功能的影响.中国康复理论与实践,2003;9(3):186-188.
[188]刘志敏,陈宝忠,王东岩.中枢5-HT受体在电针对胃运动、胃电影响中的作用.上海针灸杂志,2000;19(4):41-43.
[189]杨波,殷光甫,曹福元.电针对大鼠肠肌间丛神经元前脑啡肽原mRNA的影响.针刺研究,1999;24(2):135-137.
[190]雷亚宁,胡道松,茹立强.电针足三里穴对大鼠小肠ENK能和SP能神经的影响.上海针灸杂志,1995;14(6):268.
[191]Takahashi T.Acupuncture for functional gastrointestinal disorders.Gastroenterol,2006;41:408-417.
[192]Ouyang H,Chen JD.Review article.,therapeutic roles of acupuncture in functional gastronitestinal disorders.Aliment Pharmacol Ther,2004;20:831-841.
[193]Iwa M,Strickland C,N akade Y,Pappas TN,Takahashi T.Electroacpuncture reduces rectal distension-induced blood pressure changes in conscious dogs.Dig Dis Sci, 2005;50:1264-1270.
[194]Xing J,Larive B,M ekhail N,Softer E.Transcutaneous electrica acustimulation can reduce visceral perception in patientsw ith the irritable bowel syndrome:a pilot study.Altern Ther Health Med,2004;10:3842.
[195]Xiao WB,Liu YL.Rectal hypersensitivity reduced by acupoint TENS in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome:a pilot study.Dig Sci,2004;49:312-319.
[196]齐清会,王简,回建峰,等.大承气汤和针刺治疗胃肠运动功能障碍疾病的研究.世界华人消化杂志,2004;12:129-132.
[197]Nakam ura T,Sakai A,Isogami I,Noda Ueno K,et al.Abatement of morphineinduced slowing in gastrointestinal transit by Dai-kenchu-to,a traditional Japanese herbal medicine.J Pharmacol,2002;88:217-221.
[198]Liu JH,Yah J,Yi SX,et al.Effects of electroacupuncture on gastric myoelectric activity and substance P in the dorsal vagal complex of rats.Ne rosC Lett,2004;356:99-102.
[199]Ouyang H,Yin J,Wang Z.Pasricha PJ Chen JD.Electroacupuncture accelerates gastric emptying in association with changes in vagal activity.Am J physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002;282:G390-G396.
[200]Iwa M,Nakade Y,Pappas TN,Takahashi T.ElectroacuDuncture im proves restraint stress induced delay of gastric emptying via central glutaminergic pathways in conscious rats.Neurosci Lett,2006;399:6-10.
[201]Tabosa A,Yam am ura Y,Forno ER,Mello LE.A com Parative study of the effects of electroacupuncture and moxibustion in the gastrointestinal motility of the rat.Dig Dis Sci,2004;49:602-610.
[202]Sugai GC,Freire Ade,Tabosa A,Yamamura Y,Tufik S,Mello LE.Serotonin involvement in the electroacupuncture-and m oxibustion-induced gastric emptying in rats.Physiol Behav,2004;82:855-861.
[203]常小荣,严洁,刘玉群.电针足三里和阳陵泉穴对家兔胃胆运动及脑肠肽的影响.世界华人消化杂志,2006;14:1662-1668.
[204]高巍,黄裕新,陈洪,等.电针足三里对大鼠垂体和外周血中脑肠肽含量的影响.第四医大学学报.2001;22(22):2023-2025.
[205]Tada H Fujita M,Harris M,Tatewaki M,Nakagawa K,Yamamura Pappas TN,Takahashi T.Neural mechanism of acupuncture-induced gastric elaxations in rats.Dig Dis Sci,2003;48:59-68.
[206]Sevcencu C,Rijkhoff NJ,Gregersen H,Sinkjaer T.Propulsive activity induced by sequential electrical stimulation in the descending colon of the pig.Neuro gastroenterol Motil,2005;17:376-387.
[207]Iwa M,Matsushim a M,Nakade Y,et al.Electroacupuncture at ST-36 accelerates colonic m otility and transit in freely moving conscious rats.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2006;290:6285-6292.
[208]高荣慧.电针刺激对大鼠生理功能的影响.国外医学中医中药分册,2003;25:280-282.
[209]陈兰,刘诗.高频电针刺激足三里促进大鼠结肠推进运动.世界华人消化杂志,2006;14(30):2962-2964.
[210]黄裕新,王景杰,王晓斌,等.胃经穴位电针调节胃运动的神经作用机制胃肠病学和肝病学杂志,2004;13:358-362.
[211]李霁,董竞成,左传涛,等.针刺对脑葡萄糖代谢和功能的影响.上海针灸杂志,2001;20(1):3-5.
[212]Chiu JH,Cheng HC,Tai CH,et al.Electroacupuncture-in-duced neural activation detected by using of manganese-enhanced functional magnetic resonance imaging in rabbits.Am J Veterinary Res,2001;62(2):178-182.
[213]尹岭,金香兰,石现,等.针刺足三里穴PET和fMRI脑功能成像的初步探讨.中国康复理论与实践,2002;8(9):523-524.
[214]田庆华,尹岭,孙锦.平针刺足三里穴对脑肠肽及胃肠功能的影响.中国康复理论与实践,2003;9(3):186-188.
[215]赵敏生,余安胜,李西林.足三里的血管铸型超微立体结构形态观察.针刺研究,1999;24(3):216-219.
[216]孙宇华,周岩,张志文,等.长时间电针时大鼠脑内八肽胆囊收缩素的生成和释放加速.Chin J Neurosci,1995;2(2):83-88.
[217]Hokfelt T,Elde R,Johansson O,et al.Immunohistochemical evidence for separate populations of somatostatin-containing and substances P-containing primary afferent neurons in the rat.Neurosci,1976;1:131-136.
[218]Randic M,Mletic V.Depressant actions of methoionrenine-enkephlin and somatostatin in the cat dorsal horn neurons activated by noxious stimulation.Brain Res,1978;152:196-202.
[219]刘玲爱,宋朝佑,王静明,等.电针大鼠“足三里”时脑内12个核团生长抑素含量的变化.中国疼痛医学杂志,1998;4(2):102-105.
[220]吴爱群,方智慧,朱君明,等.伤害性刺激、电针镇痛后大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质生长抑素mRNA的表达.中国疼痛医学杂志,1998;4(3):162-167.
[221]王凡,徐汤苹,曹一鸣.不同时辰电针足三里对小白鼠胃酸分泌机能的影响.北京 中医杂志,1990;(6):42.
[222]吴亚丽,陈少夫,潘莉莉.电针对胃炎患者胃酸分泌及胃肠激素的影响.中国中西医结合杂志,1994;14(12):709.
[223]郑关毅,陈为民.针刺足三里穴治疗肠道易激综合征的临床观察.上海针灸杂志,1996;15(6):20.
[224]刘志敏,陈宝忠,王东岩.中枢5-HT受体在电针对胃运动、胃电影响中的作用.上海针灸杂志,2000;19(4):41-43.
[225]牟向东,谢鹏雁,刘建湘.电针刺大鼠足三里穴对LESP血浆胃泌素和胃动素的影响.世界华人消化杂志.2005;13(9):1069-1072.
[226]韩萍,汪桐.足三里-胃肠机能相关及其反射途径的研究进展.皖南医学院学报,2001;20(4):302-304.
[227]杜鹏,王伟.脊髓损伤动物实验模型的建立.国外医学神经病学神经外科学分册.2003,30(2):147-148.
[228]孙瑞元.定量药理学,北京:人民卫生出版社,1987,第一版:243.
[229]吴江,高建新,刘克敬,等.大鼠脊髓损伤后运动能力、病理变化及caspase-3表达的研究,山东大学学报(医学版),2006;(3):22-25.
[230]Amar AP,Levy ML.Pathogenesis and pharmacological strategies for mitigating secondary damage in acute spinal cord injury.Neurosurgery,1999;44:1027-1039.
[231]杨迎暴,朴英杰.脊髓损伤模型的建立及其评价标准.中华创伤杂志,2002;18(3):187-189.
[232]纪江峰,冯世庆.脊髓损伤动物模型研究进展.中华实验外科杂志,2006;23(9):1151-1152.
[233]Allen AR.Surgery of experimental lesions of spinal cord equivalent to crush injury of fracture dislocation.Preliminary.Report.JAMA,1911;57:878-880.
[234]Kaptanoglu E,Tuncel M,Palaoglu S,et al.Comparison of the effects ofmelatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord injury.J Neurosurg,2000;93(1Suppl):S77-S84.
[235]Kaptanoglu E,Tuncel M,PalaogluS,et al.Comparison of the effects of melatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord in jury.J Neurosurg,2000;93(1 Suppl):S77-584.
[236]余永桂,张功礼,施永彦,等.丹参注射液椎管内局部灌注对急性脊髓损伤的保护作用.中华实验外科杂志,2004;21:993-994.
[237]Falconer JC,Narayana PA,Bhattacharjee M,et al.Characterization of an experimental spinal cord injury model umng waveform and morphometric analysis.Spine,1996;21:104-112.
[238]Shingo H,Kayo O,Takao S,et al.Simple an d reprod uciblemodel of rat spinal cord injury induced by a controlled cortical impact device.Neurological Research,1999;3:313-323.
[239]Ianami A,Ya Tlane J,Katoh H,et al.Estabhshment of graded spinal cord injury modelin anonhumanprimate:Tcommarmo.JNeuro,2005;2:172-181.
[240]Yeo SJ.Development of a ratmodelof graded contusive spinal cord injury using a pneumatic impact device.J Korean Med Sei,2004;9:574-580.
[241]Wickegren I.Animol studies raise hopes for spinal cord repair.Science,2002;297:78-181.
[242]Amar AP,Levy ML.Pathogenesis and Pharmacological strategies for mitigation secondary injury in acute spinal card injury.Neurosurg,1999;44:1027-1040.
[243]Cheng H,CaoY,OlsonL.Spinal cord repair in adult paraplegic rats:partial restoration othind limb function.Science,1996;273:510-513.
[244]Gale K,Kerasidis H,Wrathall JR.Spinal cord contusion in the rat:behavioral analysis of functional neurologic impairment.Exp Neurol,1985;88;123-134.
[245]徐帆,陈建敏,张晓.脊髓损伤动物模型的制备及神经功能评价.创伤外科杂志,2007;9(1):91-93.
[246]Basso DM,BeattieMS,Bresnahan JC.Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weigh drop device versus transection.Exp Neurol,1996;139:244-256.
[247]Thomas AJ,Nockels RP,Pan HQ,et al.Progesterone is neuroprot tive after acute experimental spinal cord trauma in rats.Spine,1999;24:2134-2138.
[248]Hara M,Takayasu M,Watanabe K,et al.Protein Kinase inhibition by fasudil hydrochloride promotesneurological recovery after spinal cord injury in rats.J Neurosurg,2000;93(1Suppl):S94-S101.
[249]Baffour R,Achanta K,Kaufman J,et al.Synergistic effect of basic fibroblast growth factor and methylprednisolone on neurological function after experimental spinal cord injury.J Neurosurg,1995;83:105-110.
[250]伍亚民,王正国,朱佩芳,等.脊髓缺血损伤模型及行为学的实验研究.中华创伤杂志,2000;16:538-540.
[251]吴娟,李建军,王兰等.脊髓损伤与肠道功能障碍.中国康复医学杂志,2002;17(6):370-372.
[252]Yang CC,Elee KE.Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury.Arch Phys Med Rehabil,2000; 81(3):683-685.
[253]韩萍,汪桐.足三里-胃肠机能相关及其反射途径的研究进展.皖南医学院学报.2001;20(4):302-304.
[254]聂兵,党瑞山,陈尔瑜.足三里的应用基础研究.上海针灸杂志.2007;26(5):38-39.
[255]胡波,郭长青.足阳明胃经生理功能解析.中华中医药杂志,2007;22(2):90-92
[256]余安胜,赵英侠,严振国.足三里穴的显微结构.中国针灸,1999;19(1):27-28.
[257]刘芳,陈尔瑜,党瑞山,等.胆经7寸以下穴位地部血管分布与钙元素的关系.中国针灸.2000;20(7):419-421.
[258]刘芳,许家军,陈尔瑜,等.小腿穴位区细胞外钙离子对血管的作用.解剖学杂志.2000;23(6):525-527.
[259]Langevin HM,Churchill DL,Cipolla MJ,et al.Mechanical signaling through connective tissue:a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture.FASEB J,2001;15(12):2275-2282.
[260]Chiquet M,Renedo AS,Huber F,et al.How do fibroblasts translate mechanical signals into changes in extracellular matrix production.Matrix Biol,2002;22(1):73-80.
[261]DeMali KA,Wennerberg K,Burridge K.Integrin signaling to the actin cytoskeleton.Curt Opin Cell Biol,2003;15(5):572-582.
[262]田庆华,尹岭,孙锦.平针刺足三里穴对脑肠肽及胃肠功能的影响.中国康复理论与实践.2003;9(3):186-188.
[263]刘志敏,陈宝忠,王东岩.中枢5-HT受体在电针对胃运动、胃电影响中的作用.上海针灸杂志,2000;19(4):41-43.
[264]杨波,殷光甫,曹福元.电针对大鼠肠肌间丛神经元前脑啡肽原mRNA的影响.针刺研究,1999;24(2):135-137.
[265]雷亚宁,胡道松,茹立强.电针足三里穴对大鼠小肠ENK能和SP能神经的影响.上海针灸杂志,1995;14(6):268.
[266]韩济生.针刺镇痛原理,上海:上海科技教育出版社,1999,第一版:141.
[267]沈上.电针引起脊髓P物质释放的频率依赖性.生理学报,1996;48(1):89.
[268]贾萍,田宁.不同频率电针对小鼠胃肠推进功能的影响.江西中医学院学报,2004;16(3):42-43.
[269]Langevin HM,Churchill DL,Cipolla MJ,et al.Mechanical signaling through connective tissue:a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture.FASEB J,2001;15(12):2275-2282.
[270]Chiquet M,Renedo AS,Huber F,et al.How do fibroblasts translate mechanical signals into changes in extracellular matrix production.Matrix Biol,2002;22(1):73-80. [271]高巍,黄裕新,陈洪,等.电针对胃经-脑肠肽-免疫网络的调控机制.世界华人消化杂志,2001;9(3):279-283.
[272]黄裕新,许才绂,冯英明,等.胃动素在人体13种体液中含量分析研究.中华消化杂志,1994;14(2):96-98.
[273]Chen LL,Hsu SF,Wang MH,et al.Use of acupressure to improve gastrointestinal motility in women after trans-abdominal hysterectomy.Am 7 Chin Med,2003;31:781-790.
[274]工志刚,刘凤林,秦新裕.胃动素受体的研究进展.Foreign Medical Sciences on Pharmacy,2001;(10):344-346.
[275]GuanY,Tiang M,Jiang Z,et al.Excitatory effects of mofilin in the hippocampus on gastric motility in rats.Brain Res,2003;984(1-2):33-41.
[276]Shiba Y,Mizumoto A,Satoh M,et al.Effect of nonpeptide motilinagonist EM523on teleasc of gut and pancreatic hormones in conscious dogs.Gastroenterology,1996;110(1):241-250.
[277]Tanka T,Mizumoto A,Mochiki E,et al.Effect of M5740 on post prandial pancreatic obilary secretion,gastric motor activity,and emptying in corlscious dogs.Digest Diseas and Sci,1999;44:1100-1110.
[278]Yang M,Fang De,Li Qw,el al.Effects of gastric pacing on gastric emptying and plasma motilin.World J Gasroenerol,2004;10(3):419-423.
[279]赵国茹.胃肠激素对胃运动的影响.青岛大学学报,2001;3:87-89.
[280]赵卡冰,孙晓华,郭朵斌,等.胃食管反流病的食管运动与胃肠激素与雌激素的关系.解放军医学杂志.2001;12:921-923.
[281]Gadcnstattcr M,Pmmmegger R,Klinre A,et al.Aherati on of gutnouopeptides in gastroesophageal reflex disease are resolved after antireflex Surgery Am.J Sur,2000;180:483.
[282]赫庆,李岩.不同品种柴胡枳实促进胃肠动力作用及机制探讨.中国自然医学杂志,2002;3:134-140.
[283]周世庆,宋玉环.胃动素对消化道动力的影响.现代实用医学.2005;17(2):122-123.
[283]Stolk MF,Van F,Peetcm TL,et al.Interdlgestlvc gallbladder emptying,antrodumtenal motility,and motilin release patterns are altered incholesterol gallstone patients.DigDis Sci.2001;46(6):1332-1334.
[284]Chey WY,Jin HO,MH,el al.Colonic motility abnormality in patients with irritable bowel syndrome exhibiting abdominal pain and diarrhea.Am J Gastroenterol,2001;96(5):1499-1506.
[285]张东伟,陈锡美,邹松海.胃动素和胆囊收缩素与肠易激综合征的关系.同济大学学报(医学版),2001;10:50-51.
[286]Kamcding IM,BurggnafJ,Van HamstAD,et al.The effect of motilinon the rectum in healthy volunteers.Br J Clin Pharmacol,2003;55(6):538-543.
[287]Johnsen AH and J F.Refid Cionin:a di-sulfotyrosyl hybrid of cholecystokinrin and gastrin from the protochordate Ciona intestinalis.J Biol Chem 1990;265:3054-3058.
[288]冯丽华,文玉萍.胃泌素、胃泌素受体及其拮抗剂与胃癌研究进展.中国医学文摘.内科学.2005:26(5):629-631.
[289]Chen D,Zhao CM,Dockray D,et al.Glycine-extended gastrin synergizes with gastrin 17 to stimulate acid secretion in gastrin.-deficient mice.C astroenterology,2000;119(3):756-765.
[290]Kirton CM,Wang T,Dockray GJ.Regulation of parietal cell migration by gastrin in the mouse.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002;283(3):G787-G793.
[291]杜娟,王秀琴.胃泌素的生物活性及其信号传导通路.解剖科学进展,2003;9(4):347-351.
[292]Arthur S,Graham B.Biology and pathology of non-amidated gastrins.Scand J Lab Invest,2001;234:123-128.
[293]Ohning GV,Wong He,Llotd KCK,et al.Gastrin mediates the gastric mucosal proliferative response to feeding.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,1996;271:G470-G476.
[294]Nakajima T,Konda Y,Lzumi Y,et al.Gastrin stimulates th growth of gastric pit cell precursors by inducing its own receptors.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2002;282(2):G359-G366.
[295]Wang TC,Koh TJ,Varro A,et al.Processing and proliferative effects of human progastrin in transgenic mice.J Clin Invest,1996;98:1918-1929.
[296]Singh P,Velasco M,Given R,et al.Progastrin expression predisposes mice to development of colon carcinomas and adenomas I response to AOM.Gastroenterology,2000;119:162-171.
[297]Fleming JV,Wang TC.Amino-and Carboxy-terminal PEST domains mediate gastrin stabilization of rat L-histidine decarboxylase isoforms.Mol Cell Biol,2000;20:4932-4947.
[298]Hiraoka S,Miyazaki Y,Kitamura S,et al.Gastrin induces CXC chemokine expression in gastric epithelial cells through activation of NF-kappaB.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol,2001;281(3):G735-G742.
[299]Daulhac L,Kowalski-Chauvel A,Bradayrol L,et al.Sre-family tyrosin kinase in activation of ERK-1 and p85/p100-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by G/CCKB receptors.J Biol Chem,1999;274:20657-20663.
[300]Dockray G J,Varro A,Dimaline R,et al.The gastrin:their pmduction and activities.AnnRevPhysiol,2001;63:119-123.
[301]Ekunday AA,Lee C Y and Goodlad R A.Gastrin growth of the gastrointestinal tract.Gut,1995;203-208.
[302]Gerhard M,Neumayer N,Presecan-Siedel E,et al.Gastrin induce expression and promoter activity of the vesicular monoamine transporter subtype2.Endocrinology,2001;142(8):3663-3672.
[303]李婷,陈小兵.电针太白穴对实验性脾虚家兔的影响.中国中医药信息杂志,1999;6(5):25-26.
[304]张安莉,陈日新,唐明非等.针刺调整旋转法实验性家兔5-羟色胺、胃泌素的研究.中国针灸,1997;17(5):299.
[305]朱元根,责卉,王听,等.耳体穴电针对大鼠十二指肠组织中胃泌素含量的影响及其促进胆汁分泌的作用.针刺研究,2000;25(4):272-274.
[306]吴学飞,郭永明,郑俊江,等.温通针法对应激性胃黏膜损伤的保护作用.上海针灸杂志.2001,20(4):40-41.
[307]赵保民,黄裕新,赵宁侠,等.电针调控大鼠胃酸分泌的机制.第四军医大学学报,2001;22(9):786-789.
[308]石光清,丁志纯,肖明.针刺足三里穴对血清胃泌素含量的影响.中国中西医结合杂志,2000;20(1):49.
[309]David R.Neuronal release of vasoactive intestinal peptide is important to astrocytic protection of neurons from glutamate toxicityj.Molecular and and Cellular Neuroscience,2000;15(5):465.
[310]Halimi,Piot,Cuize,et al.Electrophysiological effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide in rabbit atrium:a modulation of acetylcholine activity.Journal of Moleular and Celluar,1997;29(1):37.
[311]徐伟,赵亚华,孔洁.血管活性肠肽研究进展.药物生物技术,2002;9(6):36-368.
[312]Rarsj,Lie,Mukohyama,et al.Miroisolated mouse osteclasts express VIP-1 and PACAP receptors.Bioche Biophy Research Communi,2000;274(2):400.
[313]Corcoron BM,Jarvis S,HahnCN,et al.The distribution of fibres immunoreative for vasoactive intestinal peptide,calcitorin gene-relaed pepide,substance P and doparnine hydroxylase in the normal equine larynx.Research in Veterinary Science,1999;67(3):251.
[314]Joanna C,Michael C,John M.Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a neuropeptide mediator of the secretory response to serotonin in rat.Journal of surgsurgial Research,2000;91(2):118.
[315]Mukohyama,Ransj,Taniguchi,et al.The inhibitory effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclate-activating polypeptide on osteoclast formation are associated with upregulation of osteoprotegerin and downregulation of RANKL and RANKRANK.Biochernial and Biophysial Research search Communications.2000;271(1):158.
[316]徐恩斌,张忠兵,谢渭芬.血管活性肠肽与贲门失弛缓症.国外医学·消化系疾病分册,2002;22(4):200-202.
[317]张淑静,吴学飞.从血管活性肠肽、酪氨酸羟化酶研究电针抑制左旋多巴诱发大鼠膀胱机能亢进的神经生物学机制.针刺研究,2006;31(6):342-344.
[318]Holden R J,Pakula I S.Tumor necrosis fatctor:is there a continuum of liability between stress,anxiety states and anorexia nervosa? Meddial dial Hypotheses,1999;52(2):155.
[319]Delgado M,Munoz-Elias E J,Gomariz R R Vasoactiveintestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptideenhance IL-10 production by murine macrophages:in vitro andin vivo studies.J Immunol,1999;162:1707-1716.
[320]Erden S,Tune N,Avdin Y.The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)and inhibition of nitricoxide on renal tissue injury of rats exlxrserl to haemorttiagic ischemia and retransfusion:a possible interaction mechanism among mast cells and tissue histamine.Am.N YAcad Sci,1998;865:570-581.
[321]申国明,张祖志,徐颖.电针对急性脑缺血大鼠脑血流量和血管活性肠肽的影响.中国中医急症.2005,14(1):62-63.
[322]李月梅,庄礼兴,赖新生.电针对常年性变应性鼻炎患者血浆血管活性肠肽和P 物质的影响.针刺研究,2007;32(2):136-138.
[323]胡仲明,柳巨雄.动物生理学前沿,长春:吉林人出版社,2003;23-89.
[324]Tune,elN,Erden S,Uzuner K,et al.Ischemicreperfusedra skeletal muscle:the effect of vasoactive intestinalpeptide(VIP)on contractile force,oxygenation and antioxidant enzymesystems.Peptides,1996;18:269-275.
[325]郭耸峰,周新民,郑崇勋,等.胃动力障碍患者的胃电活动.第四军医大学学报,2000;21(1):100.
[326]N Tunc,N.Erkasap,V.Sahintu rk,el al.Theprotective effect ofvasoactive intestinal peptide(V1P)on stressinduced gastric ulceration in rats.Acad.Sci,1998;865:309-322.
[327]N Tunc,F.Gu rer,E Aral.The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide(VIP)on mast cell invasion/degranulation in testicular inteistitium of immobilized cold stressed and bendor-phin-treated rats.Peptides,1996;17:817-824.
[328]Whittle B J R.Morshita T ohy Y,et al.Microrasoular action of plareleractivating factior on rat gastric mucosa and submucosa.Am J physiol,1996;251:772-778.
[329]黎永军,马洪升.血管活性肠肽与消化道疾病研究新进展.华西医学,2005;20(3):616-617.
[330]李国华,钱伟,侯晓华.胃腺癌细胞中血管活性肠肽自分泌调节作用及其机制.中华消化杂志,2005;25(1):27-31.
[331]Delgado M,Abad C,Martinez C,et al.Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the immune system:potential therapeutic role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.J Mol Med,2002;80(1):16-24.
[332]张松照.VIP选择性分化Th细胞的研究进展.国外医学免疫学分册,2005;28(2):56-59.
[333]Dohna L Maney,Stephan J.Effects of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide on Plasma Prolactin in passerines Maney.General and Comparative Endocrinology,1998;113(3):323.
[334]Sacca Cuff C A,Ruddle N H.Mediators of inflammation.Curr Opin Immunol,1997;(9):851-857.
[335]申国明,颜贵明,徐颖等.电针对胃动力紊乱大鼠血管活性肠肽表达的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2004;12(6):329-331.
[336]徐颖,申国明,吕磊等.血管活性肠肽参与电针对大鼠胃粘膜损伤的保护作用.中国中西医结合消化杂志,2003,11(41:215-217.
[337]余跃,侯晓华,茹立强等.非溃疡性消化不良患者胃窦壁内NO能和VIP能神经与胃排空关系的研究.中华消化杂志,1998;18(5):291-292.
[338]Liu JS,Qiao X,Chen JDZ.Vagal afferent is involved in short-pulse gastric electrical sitmulation in rats.Dig Dis Sci,2004:233-237.
[339]尹常高,李洪利,张伟栋.生长抑素及其受体与消化道疾病的研究.医学综述,2006:12(24):1485-1487.
[340]Bates C M,Kegg H,Grady S.Expression of somatostatin receptors1 and 2 in the adult mouse kidney.Regul Pept,2004;119(1-2):11-20.
[341]Msatrodimou N,Thermos K.The somatostatin receptor(sstl)modolates the erlease of somatostatin in ratretina.Neurosci Lett,2004;356(1):13-16.
[342]田雨灵,赵晏.生长抑素在初级伤害性信息传递中的作用.生理科学进展,2005;36(2):141-144.
[343]施秉银.基础与临床内分泌学,北京:世界图书出版公司,2001,第5版:612-613.
[344]Schulz S,Hansel M.SchrefM.Localization of five somatostatin receptors in the rat central nervous system using subtype/speciifc antibodies.J Physiol,2000;94(3-4):259-264.
[345]Krantic S.Peptide as regulators of the immune system.,emphasis on somatostatin.Peprides,2000;21(12):1941-1964.
[346]张素娟,李伟,李书琴.生长抑素及其类似物的临床应用.中华临床新医学,2004;4(8):734-735.
[347]Radeorr M,Heina M H,MullerC,.et al.Treatment of heoatceellular cancer with the long acting somatostatin analog lanreotidein vitro and invivo.Int J Oncol,2000;16(6):1197-1201.
[348]颜登国,区庆嘉.原发性肝癌生长抑索受体mRNA表达的研究.中国普通外科杂志,2003;18(1):55-56.
[349]刘文斌,李建生.生长抑索抗肿瘤机制研究进展.安徽医药,2005;9(1):79.
[350]Mizumoto A,Mochiki E,Suzuki H,et al.Neuronal control of motility changes in the canine lower esophageal sphincter and stomach in response to meal ingestion.J Smooth Muscle Res,1997;33(6):211-222.
[351]穆标,王邦茂.一氧化氮与胃肠动力和功能性胃肠疾病.胃肠病学和肝病学杂志.2003;12(4):322-324.
[352]Krowicki ZK,Sivarao DV,Abrahams TP,et al.Excitation of dorsal motor vagal neurons evokes non-nicotinic receptor-mediated gastric relaxation.J AutonNew Syst,1999;77(2-3):83-89.
[353]Russe A,Fraser R,Adaehi K,et al.Evidence that nitric oxide mechanisms regulate small intestinal motility in humans.Gut,1999:44(1):72-76.
[354]Hryhorenko,L M,Woskowska Z.NO inhibits release of acetycholine from nerves of isolated circular muscle of the canine ileuln:relationship to motihty and release of nitric oxide.Pharmaeol Exp Ther,1994;271(2):918-926.
[355]杨琦,秦明,黄裕新,等.电针对应激大鼠胃黏膜血流及血浆ET、NO、CGR 的影响第四军医大学学报,2001,22(9):800.
[356]李兆申,聂时男,湛先保,等.躯体性及心理应激状态下大鼠胃黏膜NOS变化及与胃黏膜损伤的关系.解放军医学杂志,2001;26(1):18.
[357]朱舜丽,许冠荪,孙勇,等.电针对应激性胃溃疡大鼠脑组织和胃黏膜中NOS 的变化.中国中西医结合脾胃杂志,1997;5(4):217.
[358]Mizumoto A,Muramatsu S,Yamnda T,et al.Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on plasma motilin release in fasted dogs.Regul Pept,1997;71(1):9-14.
[359]王志刚,刘凤林,秦新裕.胃动素受体的研究进展.国外医学药学分册,2001; 28(6):344-346.
[360]周吕,王新.胃平滑肌细胞的胃动素受体及其信息传递的可能机制.基础医学与临床,1995;(51):73-74.
[361]J Depoortere I,Thijs,Van Assche G,et al.Dose-dependent effect ofrecombingant human int5ereukin-11 on contractiler properties in rabbit 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colius.JParnacol ExpTher,2000;294(3):983-990.
[362]Thielemas L,Depoore I,A ssche GV et al.Demonstration of a functional motilin recepor in TE671 cells from human creebellum.Brain Res,2001;895(1/2):119-128.
[363]王志刚,刘凤林.胃动素受体的研究进展.国外医学·药学分册,2001;28(6):346.
[364]尹常高,李洪利,张伟栋.生长抑素及其受体与消化道疾病的研究.医学综述.2006;12(24):1485-1487.
[365]Bates CM,Kegg H,Grady S.Expression of somatostatin receptors 1 in the adult mon～2 kidney.Rol Pept,2004;119(1-2):11-20.
[366]Mastrodimou N,Thermos K.The somatostatin receptor(sst1)modolat the release of somatostatin in rat retina.Neurosci I,2004;3(1):13-16.
[367]田雨灵,赵晏.生长抑素在初级伤害性信息传递中的作用.生理科学进展,2005;36(2):141-144.
[368]施秉银.基础与临床内分泌学.北京:世界图书出版公司,2001,第5版:612-613.
[369]Schulz S,Hansel M.Schreff M.Localization of five somatostatin receptors in the rat central nervous system using subtype/specific antibodies.J Physiol,2000;94(3-4):259-264.