电气化铁道谐波过程分析与推荐限值制定思路研究
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摘要
随着电力系统规模的飞速发展，人们对电能质量的要求越来越高。谐波是目前电力系统中存在的最普遍现象，是电能质量的最主要指标。我国谐波的主要问题是电力系统与电气化铁道的协调问题。我国电气化铁道已达18000km，外部供电条件复杂。电气化铁道牵引负荷是整流型负荷，产生大量谐波(主要是3、5、7次)注入电力系统，而且电气化铁道作为少数直接接入高压电网的大宗电力用户其谐波对电力系统和其它用户产生的影响是不容忽视的，因此对牵引负荷注入电力系统的谐波进行限制势在必行。但是由于牵引负荷具有单相不对称特性，且波动剧烈，其产生的谐波有别于其它电力用户产生的谐波。目前国内对电气化铁道谐波的研究还刚刚开始，对其认识还很有限，因此需要系统全面的进行研究。
本文使用统计方法对大量实测牵引负荷谐波数据进行处理，对牵引负荷谐波分布特征进行了研究，并分析了牵引负荷谐波建模方法，并提出采用最佳平方逼近法对牵引负荷谐波分布进行多项式拟合，经验证效果较好。
校验了IEC61000-3-6提出的叠加指数，发现不能准确反映牵引负荷在110 kV侧引起的谐波电压的叠加规律。本文利用实测数据对牵引负荷110kV侧谐波电压的叠加规律进行了分析，得出了适用于电气化铁道谐波的叠加指数。通过验证采用该叠加指数计算结果与实际叠加结果更加接近。
分析了对负荷谐波发送限值影响较大的同时系数，通过大量统计计算得到单线电气化铁道牵引负荷之间的同时系数为0.3～0.5，而且使用实际牵引负荷同时系数与不考虑同时系数计算谐波发送限值的结果相差很大。
使用IEC提出的谐波测量方法对电气化铁道牵引负荷谐波进行了离线分析，并对各种测量方法进行了比较，提出在测量仪器硬件满足计算速度要求前提下，推荐使用汉宁窗对电气化铁道谐波进行测量。IEC规定的部分测量窗类型和窗宽与GB／T14549规定的测量方法可以等同使用。
将IEC61000-3-6与GB／T14549进行了比较，提出了制定或修订谐波国标时应该注意的几个问题：主要是谐波发送限值的确定、用户谐波发射限值的分配方法(涉及用户协议容量和供电容量的确定、多谐波源叠加指数的确定、多谐波源同时系数的确定)、限值评估的方法。
With the development of power system, the power quality is requested to be better and better. Harmonic is the most general phenomenon in power system. And harmonic is the main index of power quality. The main harmonic problem in our country is consistency between utility and electrified railway. The length of electrified railway in our country is more than 18000km, and the condition of supply system is very complex. A great lot of harmonic produced by electrified locomotive (mainly including order 3, 5 and 7) is directly injected into utility. The effect of harmonic to utility must not be ignored. So restriction on harmonic injected into utility is imperative. But characteristics of traction load include single phase, unbalance and random, so harmonic of traction load is also different from harmonic of other load. At present the knowledge of traction load harmonic is limited, so full-scale and in-depth study on traction load harmonic is needed.Distribution characteristic of traction load harmonic is studied base on lots recorded harmonic data. The existing modeling method of harmonic is analyzed and the minimal square approach is proposed to fit the distribution of traction load harmonic. The checkout shows that the fitting effect is satisfying.This paper checkout the summation exponents adopted in IEC61000-3-6 through statistic of harmonic voltages that are injected into HOkV utility from traction substation. The result makes it out that summation exponents adopted in IEC61000-3-6 is not able to reflect the summation rules of harmonic voltage injected in HOkV utility from traction substation. This paper explores the summation rules of harmonic voltages of traction load based on lots of measurement data and new summation exponents suitable for traction load are proposed. It is proved that calculation results of adopting summation exponents are better than adopting summation exponent in IEC report by simulation.The impact of coincidence factors for distorting loads on distribution of harmonic emission limits is analyzed in detail. The coincidence factor of traction loads in a mountainous area is 0.3-0.5. The difference of harmonic emission limits when consideration and non-consideration are very obviously.Off-line analysis of traction load harmonic using measuring methods
brought forward by IEC61000-4-7 and compare of all measuring methods are carried out in this paper. Hanning window is recommended to measure harmonic of traction load on condition that hardware of measuring instrument satisfies requirement of calculation speed.Based on compare of IEC61000-3-6 and GB/T14549, some problems that should be paid attention to when establishing or revising rational standard are proposed. The problems include harmonic emission limit, distributing method of harmonic emission limit (conformation of Si and St, summation exponents, coincidence factors), evaluation method.
本文使用统计方法对大量实测牵引负荷谐波数据进行处理，对牵引负荷谐波分布特征进行了研究，并分析了牵引负荷谐波建模方法，并提出采用最佳平方逼近法对牵引负荷谐波分布进行多项式拟合，经验证效果较好。
校验了IEC61000-3-6提出的叠加指数，发现不能准确反映牵引负荷在110 kV侧引起的谐波电压的叠加规律。本文利用实测数据对牵引负荷110kV侧谐波电压的叠加规律进行了分析，得出了适用于电气化铁道谐波的叠加指数。通过验证采用该叠加指数计算结果与实际叠加结果更加接近。
分析了对负荷谐波发送限值影响较大的同时系数，通过大量统计计算得到单线电气化铁道牵引负荷之间的同时系数为0.3～0.5，而且使用实际牵引负荷同时系数与不考虑同时系数计算谐波发送限值的结果相差很大。
使用IEC提出的谐波测量方法对电气化铁道牵引负荷谐波进行了离线分析，并对各种测量方法进行了比较，提出在测量仪器硬件满足计算速度要求前提下，推荐使用汉宁窗对电气化铁道谐波进行测量。IEC规定的部分测量窗类型和窗宽与GB／T14549规定的测量方法可以等同使用。
将IEC61000-3-6与GB／T14549进行了比较，提出了制定或修订谐波国标时应该注意的几个问题：主要是谐波发送限值的确定、用户谐波发射限值的分配方法(涉及用户协议容量和供电容量的确定、多谐波源叠加指数的确定、多谐波源同时系数的确定)、限值评估的方法。
With the development of power system, the power quality is requested to be better and better. Harmonic is the most general phenomenon in power system. And harmonic is the main index of power quality. The main harmonic problem in our country is consistency between utility and electrified railway. The length of electrified railway in our country is more than 18000km, and the condition of supply system is very complex. A great lot of harmonic produced by electrified locomotive (mainly including order 3, 5 and 7) is directly injected into utility. The effect of harmonic to utility must not be ignored. So restriction on harmonic injected into utility is imperative. But characteristics of traction load include single phase, unbalance and random, so harmonic of traction load is also different from harmonic of other load. At present the knowledge of traction load harmonic is limited, so full-scale and in-depth study on traction load harmonic is needed.Distribution characteristic of traction load harmonic is studied base on lots recorded harmonic data. The existing modeling method of harmonic is analyzed and the minimal square approach is proposed to fit the distribution of traction load harmonic. The checkout shows that the fitting effect is satisfying.This paper checkout the summation exponents adopted in IEC61000-3-6 through statistic of harmonic voltages that are injected into HOkV utility from traction substation. The result makes it out that summation exponents adopted in IEC61000-3-6 is not able to reflect the summation rules of harmonic voltage injected in HOkV utility from traction substation. This paper explores the summation rules of harmonic voltages of traction load based on lots of measurement data and new summation exponents suitable for traction load are proposed. It is proved that calculation results of adopting summation exponents are better than adopting summation exponent in IEC report by simulation.The impact of coincidence factors for distorting loads on distribution of harmonic emission limits is analyzed in detail. The coincidence factor of traction loads in a mountainous area is 0.3-0.5. The difference of harmonic emission limits when consideration and non-consideration are very obviously.Off-line analysis of traction load harmonic using measuring methods
brought forward by IEC61000-4-7 and compare of all measuring methods are carried out in this paper. Hanning window is recommended to measure harmonic of traction load on condition that hardware of measuring instrument satisfies requirement of calculation speed.Based on compare of IEC61000-3-6 and GB/T14549, some problems that should be paid attention to when establishing or revising rational standard are proposed. The problems include harmonic emission limit, distributing method of harmonic emission limit (conformation of Si and St, summation exponents, coincidence factors), evaluation method.
引文
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