软件企业商业模式创新研究
|
摘要
商业模式是二十世纪末以来形成和发展的一种理念和分析工具,商业模式的优劣直接关系到企业的利润,影响企业的生存和发展。随着对商业模式这一理念认识的深入,越来越多企业管理者开始把商业模式创新作为企业的重要创新方向之一。软件业是一个不断变化和不断创新的行业,目前正在向网络化、服务化和开放化等方向发展,很多软件企业已经逐渐认识到商业模式创新的必要性并采取了相应的行动。因此,本文在认识软件商业模式创新特征的基础上,从创新动力、创新过程和创新绩效几方面对软件企业商业模式的创新行为展开了研究。
本文首先对商业模式和商业模式创新的已有研究文献进行了总结和述评,其中从系统视角、价值创造视角、商业逻辑视角和整体视角梳理了商业模式的定义,比较了不同学者对商业模式组成要素的理解和描述,然后从创新动力、创新途径和创新实施三个方面总结了现有关于商业模式创新研究,并指出了现有研究的贡献与不足。在此基础上,本文对商业模式的概念、要素及其创新进行了界定。
为了了解软件企业商业模式的特征,本文从商业模式演变的视角对国际和国内软件产业的发展历程和发展趋势做了分析,发现在软件产业发展过程中,软件企业商业模式的创新主要是渐进式的,这种创新在很多情况下表现为对原有商业模式的补充而不是替代。同时由于软件业的初始投资和进入壁垒都比较低,而一个软件产品受到用户信赖的周期比较长,因此新的软件商业模式出现后可能在短期内出现大量的模仿者,这表现为在新商业模式出现初期有多个企业采用这一个新的商业模式。
在分析软件企业商业模式特征之后,本文通过问卷调查收集软件企业商业模式创新的数据,采用多元回归的分析方法对软件企业商业模式创新的动力因素的相关假设进行了实证研究。结果发现软件企业商业模式创新动力主要来自于企业家创新精神和市场需求变化,环境变化对软件企业商业模式创新具有一定推动作用,但受到企业规模的影响。与此前大众认识并不同的是,实证结果还发现利益追求、技术进步和市场竞争三个因素对软件企业商业模式创新并没有直接的推动作用。此外,实证结果显示外部创新动力因素对内部创新动力因素存在着影响。
接着,本文采用扎根理论的方法,对八百客和用友软件的商业模式创新过程进行了研究。通过使用扎根理论,得到八百客和用友软件商业模式要素节点之间的相互关系,通过要素节点之间关系变化的情况对两个企业商业模式创新的时点进行分析,并进一步通过Pajek软件将这些关系的变化过程进行可视化操作,最后在比较分析八百客和用友软件各自两次商业模式创新过程的基础上建立了软件企业商业模式创新过程模型。
为了对软件企业商业模式创新的结果进行评价,本文借鉴平衡计分卡的思路,并考虑到软件企业的特殊性,从价值定位、价值创造和传递、价值实现以及价值增长潜力四个方面建立了的商业模式创新绩效评价指标体系,最后运用模糊综合评价模型对软件企业商业模式创新绩效进行评价。
最后是全文总结与研究展望,概括了本文的基本思路和创新之处,并说明了本文的不足之处,对商业模式创新的未来研究方向提出了建议。
Business model is becoming a useful concept and analysis tools since the late of twentieth century, it is directly related to the profits of enterprises and it may affect the survival and development of enterprises. Research on the business model can help managers built a new analysis framework to facilitate more accurate understand the trend of new economic and business competitive environment. In recent years, more and more managers began to put the business model innovation as the important direction of their innovation activities. Software industry is a constantly change and innovation industry, it has obviously trend to network orientation, service orientation and openness orientation, many enterprises have gradually realized the necessity of business model innovation and take action. Based on built an analysis framework of software enterprise business model innovation, this dissertation studied the driving forces, innovation procedures and innovative performance of software business model innovation.
Firstly, this disseratation summarized the existing research related business model and business model innovation, introduced the definition of business model from the perspective of system, value creation, business logic and holistic view, compared the different understanding and descriptions about the elements of business model, then reviewed the existing research from the aspects of driving forces, innovation approach and Implementation of business model innovation, finally pointed out that the is to contribution and drawbacks of existing research. Based on this, this disseratation established a framework of business model and business model innovation.
In order to understand the characteristics of software enterprise business model, this dissertation introduced the international and domestic software industry development process from the perspective of business model evaluation and got the conclusion that: most of software enterprise business model innovation is Incremental Innovation, and the new business model is often as a complement of existing business model rather than replace it; Since both the initial investment and entry barriers are low to start up a new software business, but it takes a long time to get the trust by users, thus a new software business model may attract a large number of imitators and people can see many enterprise adopt the new business model in this early period.
After analysis the characteristics of software enterprise business model, this dissertation collected data by using questionnaires investigation and tested the hypothesis related software business model innovation driving forces by using multiple regression analysis. The result shows that entrepreneurship and market demands are two main driving forces to drive the software enterprise business model innovation; environment is also an important driving forces, but it depend on the size of enterprise; Interest, technical Innovation and competition are not the important factors to promote software business model innovation directly. In addition, the empirical results show that external driving forces do have the affect to internal driving forces in the progress of business model innovation.
Moreover, by importing grounded theory with case study qualitative research method to explore the business model innovation of 800APP and UFIDA, this dissertation got the elements node of the business model of those two enterprises, identified business model innovation time point base on the evolution of the elements node and draw the pictures of the elements node by using the tool of Pajek, finally established innovation phase model of business model innovation based the case study of 800APP and UFIDA.
In order to evaluate the performance of business model innovation, based on the Balanced Score Card and considered the characteristic of the software business, this dissertation designed the performance evaluation system for software business model innovation from the perspectives of value proposition, value creation and transfer, value realization and potential for growth and used the grey hierarchy synthesis method to evaluate the software business model innovation performance.
Finally, this dissertation summarized the main content and innovation points and pointed out the future orientation in business model study.
本文首先对商业模式和商业模式创新的已有研究文献进行了总结和述评,其中从系统视角、价值创造视角、商业逻辑视角和整体视角梳理了商业模式的定义,比较了不同学者对商业模式组成要素的理解和描述,然后从创新动力、创新途径和创新实施三个方面总结了现有关于商业模式创新研究,并指出了现有研究的贡献与不足。在此基础上,本文对商业模式的概念、要素及其创新进行了界定。
为了了解软件企业商业模式的特征,本文从商业模式演变的视角对国际和国内软件产业的发展历程和发展趋势做了分析,发现在软件产业发展过程中,软件企业商业模式的创新主要是渐进式的,这种创新在很多情况下表现为对原有商业模式的补充而不是替代。同时由于软件业的初始投资和进入壁垒都比较低,而一个软件产品受到用户信赖的周期比较长,因此新的软件商业模式出现后可能在短期内出现大量的模仿者,这表现为在新商业模式出现初期有多个企业采用这一个新的商业模式。
在分析软件企业商业模式特征之后,本文通过问卷调查收集软件企业商业模式创新的数据,采用多元回归的分析方法对软件企业商业模式创新的动力因素的相关假设进行了实证研究。结果发现软件企业商业模式创新动力主要来自于企业家创新精神和市场需求变化,环境变化对软件企业商业模式创新具有一定推动作用,但受到企业规模的影响。与此前大众认识并不同的是,实证结果还发现利益追求、技术进步和市场竞争三个因素对软件企业商业模式创新并没有直接的推动作用。此外,实证结果显示外部创新动力因素对内部创新动力因素存在着影响。
接着,本文采用扎根理论的方法,对八百客和用友软件的商业模式创新过程进行了研究。通过使用扎根理论,得到八百客和用友软件商业模式要素节点之间的相互关系,通过要素节点之间关系变化的情况对两个企业商业模式创新的时点进行分析,并进一步通过Pajek软件将这些关系的变化过程进行可视化操作,最后在比较分析八百客和用友软件各自两次商业模式创新过程的基础上建立了软件企业商业模式创新过程模型。
为了对软件企业商业模式创新的结果进行评价,本文借鉴平衡计分卡的思路,并考虑到软件企业的特殊性,从价值定位、价值创造和传递、价值实现以及价值增长潜力四个方面建立了的商业模式创新绩效评价指标体系,最后运用模糊综合评价模型对软件企业商业模式创新绩效进行评价。
最后是全文总结与研究展望,概括了本文的基本思路和创新之处,并说明了本文的不足之处,对商业模式创新的未来研究方向提出了建议。
Business model is becoming a useful concept and analysis tools since the late of twentieth century, it is directly related to the profits of enterprises and it may affect the survival and development of enterprises. Research on the business model can help managers built a new analysis framework to facilitate more accurate understand the trend of new economic and business competitive environment. In recent years, more and more managers began to put the business model innovation as the important direction of their innovation activities. Software industry is a constantly change and innovation industry, it has obviously trend to network orientation, service orientation and openness orientation, many enterprises have gradually realized the necessity of business model innovation and take action. Based on built an analysis framework of software enterprise business model innovation, this dissertation studied the driving forces, innovation procedures and innovative performance of software business model innovation.
Firstly, this disseratation summarized the existing research related business model and business model innovation, introduced the definition of business model from the perspective of system, value creation, business logic and holistic view, compared the different understanding and descriptions about the elements of business model, then reviewed the existing research from the aspects of driving forces, innovation approach and Implementation of business model innovation, finally pointed out that the is to contribution and drawbacks of existing research. Based on this, this disseratation established a framework of business model and business model innovation.
In order to understand the characteristics of software enterprise business model, this dissertation introduced the international and domestic software industry development process from the perspective of business model evaluation and got the conclusion that: most of software enterprise business model innovation is Incremental Innovation, and the new business model is often as a complement of existing business model rather than replace it; Since both the initial investment and entry barriers are low to start up a new software business, but it takes a long time to get the trust by users, thus a new software business model may attract a large number of imitators and people can see many enterprise adopt the new business model in this early period.
After analysis the characteristics of software enterprise business model, this dissertation collected data by using questionnaires investigation and tested the hypothesis related software business model innovation driving forces by using multiple regression analysis. The result shows that entrepreneurship and market demands are two main driving forces to drive the software enterprise business model innovation; environment is also an important driving forces, but it depend on the size of enterprise; Interest, technical Innovation and competition are not the important factors to promote software business model innovation directly. In addition, the empirical results show that external driving forces do have the affect to internal driving forces in the progress of business model innovation.
Moreover, by importing grounded theory with case study qualitative research method to explore the business model innovation of 800APP and UFIDA, this dissertation got the elements node of the business model of those two enterprises, identified business model innovation time point base on the evolution of the elements node and draw the pictures of the elements node by using the tool of Pajek, finally established innovation phase model of business model innovation based the case study of 800APP and UFIDA.
In order to evaluate the performance of business model innovation, based on the Balanced Score Card and considered the characteristic of the software business, this dissertation designed the performance evaluation system for software business model innovation from the perspectives of value proposition, value creation and transfer, value realization and potential for growth and used the grey hierarchy synthesis method to evaluate the software business model innovation performance.
Finally, this dissertation summarized the main content and innovation points and pointed out the future orientation in business model study.
引文
[1]Ackoff, R. L. Re-Creating the Corporation:A Design of Organizations for the 21st Century. New York:Oxford University Press,1999
[2]Amit, R and Zott, C. Value creation in e-business [J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(6/7):493-520
[3]Amit, R and Zott, C. Business Model Design:An Activity System Perspective[R]. Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):216-226
[4]Applegate L M.E-business Models:Making sense of the Internet business landscape[C].In:Dickson G.,Gary W,DeSanctis G.,eds.Information Technology and the future enterprise:New models for managers.Upper Saddle River,N.J.:Prentice Hall,2001
[5]Ballon P., Delaere S..Flexible spectrum and future business models for the mobile industry[J]. Telematics and Informatics,2009,26(3):249-258
[6]Bartlett J.E., Kotrlik J.W., Higgius C.C. Organizational research:Determine appropriate sample size in survey research[J]. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal,Spring 2001:43-50
[7]Bernd W. Wirtz, Oliver Schilke and Sebastian Ullrich. Strategic Development of Business Models[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):272-290
[8]Bjorkdahl J..Technology cross-fertilization and the business model:The case of integrating ICTs in mechanical engineering products[J]Research Policy,2009, 38(9):1468-1477
[9]Bouwman, H., Haaker, T., De Vos, H., Mobile Service Innovation and Business Models[M]. Berlin:Springer,2008
[10]Cuieford, J.P. Fundamental statistics in psychology and education[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill,1965:109-131
[11]Chesbrough H., Rosenbloom R.S., The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation:evidence from Xerox Corporation's technology spin-off companies [J]Industrial and Corporate Change,2002,11(3):529-555.
[12]Chesbrough H., Stephen S.,Sustaining Venture Creation From Industrial Laboratories[J].Research Technology Management,2003,46(4):16-19
[13]Chesbrough, H., Open Business Models:How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape[M] Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2006:107-134
[14]Chesbrough H., Vanhaverbeke W., West, J. Open Innovation:Researching a New Paradigm[M] Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006
[15]Chesbrough, H.Business model innovation:Opportunities and barriers[J].Long Range Planing,2010,43(2-3):354-363
[16]Doganova L., Eyquem-Renault M..What do business models do?nnovation devices in technology entrepreneurship[J]Research Policy,2009,38(10):1559-1570
[17]Davila, T, Epstein, M, Shelton, R. Making innovation work:how to manage it, measure it and profit from it[M]. NJ:Wharton School Pub,2005:29-58
[18]Davidsson P,Wiklund J. Levels of Analysis in Entrep reneurship Research: Current Research Practice and Suggestions for the Future [J]. Entrep reneurship Theory and Practice,2001,25 (4):81-99.
[19]Demil B., Lecocq X..Business Model Evolution:In earch of Dynamic Consistency [J].Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):227-246
[20]Doganovaa L., Eyquem-Renaultb M.. What do business models do?Innovation devices in technology entrepreneurship[R]. Research Policy,2009 (38):1559-1570
[21]Drucker Peter F..Innovation and Entrepreneurship-Practice and Principles[M]. London:Heinemann,1986
[22]Drucker, P. The Theory Of The Business[J].Harvard Business Review,1994,71(5): 95-104
[23]Deloitte Research. Deconstructing the formula for business model innovation[R].2002
[24]Dubey A., Wagle D..Delivering software as a service[J].The McKinsey Quarterly, 2007(5):1-12
[25]Dunford R., Palmer I.,Benveniste J..Business Model Replication for Early and Rapid Internationalisation[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(5-6):655-674
[26]Faber, E. et al. Designing Business Models for Mobile ICT Services[C].16th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference eTransformation, Slovenia, June 9-11,2003.6
[27]Fumio Kodama.Measuring emerging categories of innovation:Modularity and business model [J].Technological Forecasting & Social Change,2004,71(4): 623-633
[28]Gay,LR.Educational Research:Competencies for Analysis and Application[R] New York:Merrill,1992.
[29]Ghauri, P.N., Gronhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I. Research Methods in Business Studies [M] Pearson Education Limited,1995
[30]Glaser, B. G. Basics of grounded theory analysis:emergence vs forcing[M].Mill Valley, Ca.:Sociology Press,1982
[31]Gambardella A., McGahana A.M..Business-model innovation:General purpose technologies and their implications for industry structure [J]. Long Range Planning, 2010,43(2-3):262-271
[32]Hamel G.Leading the Revolution[M].USA:Harvard Business School Press,2000
[33]Hamel and Heene.Competence-based competition[M].John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1994
[34]Hock D.J.,Roeding C.R.,Purkert G et al.Secrets of softwre success[M]Boston: Harvard Buiness School Press,2000
[35]Ian MacInnes, Lili Hu.Business models and operational issues in the Chinese online game industry[J]Telematics and Informatics.2007,24(2):130-144
[36]IDC.Industry development and models-Software taxonomy[R].2007
[37]IBM Global Services. Business model innovation-the new route to competitive advantage [R].2006
[38]IBM.Leveraging SOA fo business model innvoaiton[R],2008
[39]Hwang J., Christensen CM..Disruptive Innovation In Health Care Delivery:A framework for business-model innovation[J]Health Affairs,2008(5):1329-1335
[40]Kaplan R, Norton D. The balanced score card measures that drive performance [J]. Harvard Business Review,1992, Jan-Feb:71-80.
[41]Linder, J. and Cantrell, S. Changing Business Models:Surveying the Landscape[R].Accenture Institute for Strategic Change,2000.
[42]Lichtenthaler, U. Open Innovation in practice:An analysis of strategic approaches to technology transactions[J]IEEE Transactions on engineering management,2008, 55(1):148-157
[43]Mahadevan B.Business Models for Internet-based e-Commerce:An anatomy[J].California Management Review,2000,42(4):55-69
[44]Reuver M., Haaker T..Designing viable business models for context-aware mobile services[J]Telematics and Informatics,2009,26(3):240-248
[45]Mark W.Johnson, Clayton M. Christensen, Henning Kagermann.Reinventing Your Business Model[EB/OL]. http://www.bnet.com
[46]Munnally J C. Psychometric theory[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1967
[47]Mahadevan, B.A framework for business model innovation[C]IMRC 2004 Conference, December 16-18,2004. Bangalore, INDIA.
[48]Magretta, J..Why business models matter[J].Harvard business review,2002,5: 86-92,
[49]Miles, R E, Miles, G and Snow, C C. Collaborative entrepreneurship:a business model for continuous innovation[J].Organizational Dynamics,2006,35(1):1-11
[50]Miller, D. The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms[J]. Management Science,1983,29(7):770-791
[51]Mitchell D., Coles C..Gaining and Extending Industry Leadership Through Continuing Business Available in:http://www.refresher.com/!dmccinnovation.html
[52]Miller D. Relating Porter's Business Strategies to Environment and Structure: Analysis and Performance Implications [J].Academy of Management Journal,1988, 31(2):280-308.
[53]Moller K.,Rajala R.,Westerlund M.Service innovation myopia?A new recipe for client-provider value creation[J].California Management Review,2008,50(3): 31-48
[54]Morris, M, Schindehutte, M and Allen, J. The entrepreneur's business model: Toward a unified perspective [J] Journal of Business Research.2005,58 (1):726-735
[55]Nelson, Philip. Relationships Between Market Structure and Innovation[EB]. http: //www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/nel son.pdf,2002
[56]Osterwalder A.The Business Model Ontology-a proposition in a design science approach [D].Universite de Lausanne,2004
[57]Osterwalder A,Pigneur Y.,Christopher L.. Clarifying Business Models: Origins,Present,and Future of the Concept[J]Communication of the Association for Information Systems.2005(5):1-43
[58]Osterwalder A, Pigneur Y..Business model generation[M]. New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons,2010
[59]Petrovic O,Kittl C,Teksten R D.Developing Business Models for eBusiness[C]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Commerce,Vienna, Austria,October 31-November 4,2001
[60]Pigorini P., Couto V.,Fleichman A..Reshaping Your Company Business Model Building for the Future During the Downturn[R]Booz & Company,2009
[61]Peter, J.P. Reliability:A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16(2):6-17.
[62]Rogerio C. Calia,Fabio M. Guerrini,Gilnei L. Moura.Innovation networks:From technological development to business model reconfiguration[J]Technovation,2006 (10):1016-1023
[63]Rappa M.Business models on the web [EB/OL].http://digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html,2002.2
[64]Rappa M.The Utility Business Model and the Future of Computing Services[J].IBM Systems Journal,2004.43(1):32-42
[65]
[66]Richter A.,Sadek T., Steven M.. Flexibility in industrial product-service systems and use-oriented business models[J]. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,2010 (3):128-134
[67]Ramon Casadesus-Masanell,Joan Enric Ricart.From Strategy to Business Models and onto Tactics[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(5-6):195-215
[68]Rajala R..Determinants of business model performance in software firms[D].Acta University of Economicae Helsingiensis.2008
[69]Rajala R.,Westerlund M.Business model-A new perspective on firms'assets and capabilities:Obersvations from the Finnish software industy[J].Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2007,8(2):115-125
[70]Rita Gunther McGrath.Business Models:A Discovery Driven Approach[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):247-261
[71]Rong Fu, LiQiu, Liang Quyang.A Networking-based View of Business Model Innovation:Theory and Method[J]Communications of the IIMA,2006 (4):81-86
[72]Kajalo S., Rajala R.,Westerlund M.Approaches to strategic alignment of business and information systems [J]. Journal of System and Inofrmation Technology,2007, 9(2):155-166
[73]Sabatier V., Mangematin V., Rousselle T. From Recipe to Dinner:Business Model Portfolios in the European Biopharmaceutical Industry[R].Long Range Planning 2010,43(2-3):431-447
[74]Scott M., Shafer, H., Smith J. et al. The power of business models[J].Kelley School of Business,2005,48(3),199-207
[75]Sosna Marc., Trevinyo-Rodriguez R. N., Velamuri S.R. Business model innovation through trial-and-error learning:the naturhouse case[J].Long Range Planning 2010, 43(2-3):383-407
[76]Stahler,P.Business Models as an Unit of Analysis for Strategizing[C]. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Business Models,Lausanne,Switzerland,2002.
[77]Strauss, A., Corbin, J. Basics of qualitative research:Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage,1998
[78]Strauss, A. and J. Corbin. Grounded theory methodology---an overview[C]in Norman K.D. and S.L. Yvonna (eds).Handbook of Qualitative Research,1994: Sage Publications,22-23.
[79]Steinmueller W.E.. The International Computer Software Industry[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
[80]Teece D.J.. Explicating Dynamic capabilities:The nature and microdoundation of enterprise performance [R].Strategic management journal,2007(13):1319-1350
[81]T. E. Potok,M. A. Vouk.The Effects of the Business Model on Object-Oriented Software Development Productivity[J]IBM Systems Journal,1997(36):140-161.
[82]Teece D.J.. Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation[R]. Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):172-194
[83]Timmers, P. Business models for electronic markets[J].Journal on Electronic Markets,1998,8(2):3-81
[84]Tikkanen, H., J. Lamberg, P. Parvinen and J. Kallunki.Managerial cognition, action and the business model of the firm[J]Management Decision,2005,43(5/6): 789-809.
[85]Venkatraman N, Henderson, J C. Four Vectors of Business Model Innovation: Value Capture in a Network Era[A]. Daniel Pantaleo, Nirmal Pal. From Strategy to Execution:Turning Accelerated Global Change into Opportunity[C]. Berlin: Springer,2008:259-280
[86]Voelpel, S, Leibold, M and Tekie, E. The Wheel of business model reinvention: How to reshape your business model leapfrog competitors [J]. Journal of Change Management,2004,4(3):259-276
[87]Voelpel S.,Leibold M.,Tekie E. et al.Escaping the Red Queen Effect in Competitive Strategy:Sense-Testing Business Models [J].European Management Review,2005, 23(1):37-49.
[88]Wocott,H.F.. Writing up qualitative research[M].Newbury Park, CA:Sage,1990
[89]Weill P.,Vitale M. R..Place to space:Migrating to ebusiness models[M]. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2001
[90]Willemstein, L, Valk T, Meeus, M. Dynamics in business models:an empirical analysis of medical biotechnology firm in the Netherlands [J]. Technovation 2007(27):221-232.
[91]Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research:Design and Methods. (3rd ed) CA:Sage Publications,1994
[92]Yip, G.. Using strategy to change your business model[J]Business Strategy Review, 2004,15(2)17-24.
[93]Yovanof, G S, Hazapis, G N.Disruptive technologies, services, or business models?[J]. Wireless Personal Communications,2008,45(4):569-583
[94]Zott, C. and Amit, R..The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance [J] Strategic Management Journal,2008, 29(1):1-26.
[95]AMT研究院.2007年中国管理软件评选报告[R]2007
[96]冯·贝塔朗菲.一般系统论[M]北京：清华大学出版社,1987
[97]崔有智.SOA的5种应用类型[N]计算机世界,2008-06-30
[98]陈铣钧.经营模式组件及其间关系之扎根研究[D]台湾“国立”中央大学,2006
[99]陈忠卫.高层管理团队企业家精神的维度[J].中外企业家,2006(1)：76-79.
[100]陈忠卫,郝喜玲.创业团队企业家精神与公司绩效关系的实证研究[J].管理科学,2008年1期
[101]陈传明,刘海建.企业战略变革的实证研究方法论基础及在中国的应用[J]科学学与科学技术管理,2005(8)：127-132
[102]邓聚龙.灰色系统理论教程[M].华中理工大学出版社,1990.
[103]丁岚,范黎波,宋志红.汉王科技的创新模式研究[J]企业管理,2008(2)：115-121
[104]丁荣贵,张体勤,吴彬.软件企业项目管理的有效性研究[J]经济与管理研究,2005(4)：28-31
[105]付瑞雪.数字内容分发平台与商业模式的研究[D]北京邮电大学,2009
[106]互联网实验室.中国软件产业发展战略研究报告[R],2006
[107]韩炜.基于商业模式剖建的新企业成长过程研究[R].软科学,2010(9)：95-99
[108]何楠.基于复杂系统理论的企业战略管理分析[J]经济经纬,2005(2)
[109]黄谦明.论商业模式创新与企业家精神[J]改革与战略,2009(8)：163-165
[110]卡麦兹.建构扎根理论：质性研究实践指南[M]重庆：重庆大学出版社,2009
[111]寇卫东.SOA：加速行业落地[N]中国计算机报,2009-09-14
[112]孔翰宁,张维迎,奥赫贝.2010商业模式：企业竞争优势的创新驱动力[M]北京机械工业出版社,2007：181-240
[113]梁晓雅,陆雄文.中国民营企业的商业模式创新[J].市场营销导刊,2009(3)：67-73
[114]刘洪,周玲.公司成长的复杂性分析[J]国软科学,2004(11)
[115]李必强.论现代企业系统及其组织管理的复杂性[J]中国管理科学,2000(11)：332-334
[116]李椿，高莉莉.商业模式创新基本路径分析[J]当代经济,2010(6)：46-47
[117]李垣.企业技术创新机制论[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1994
[118]李东,王翔构与创新路径基于Meta方法的商业模式结构与创新路径[J]大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006(9)：7-12
[119]李建英,冯勤.商业银行服务创新的动力因素一基于调查的实证分析[R].金融论坛,2007(6)：19-24
[120]李时椿.商业模式创新企业把握市场机会的金钥匙[J]北京工商大学学报社会科学版,2008(11)：24-27
[121]李响亮,李响亮,彭灿.中小软件企业技术-组织-市场协同创新的影响因素实证研究[J]价值工程,2009(11)：36-38
[122]刘源,黄燕.软件外包告别模式之争[R].互联网周刊,2003(34)：22-30
[123]卢琳生.从多角度看软件系统需求[R].程序员,2006(8)
[124]罗珉,组织管理学.[M].成都：西南财经大学出版社,2003.
[125]罗珉,曾涛,周思伟,企业商业模式创新：基于租金理论的解释.[J].中国工业经济,2005(7).
[126]弭元英,张楚婕.软件企业技术创新模式研究[J]情报科学,2008(5)：688-692
[127]马晓杰.软件作为服务模式的创新研究——中国软件业发展的新契机[D]对外经济贸易大学,2006
[128]倪宁,蒋勤峰.商业模式的内涵与应用价值小议[J]现代管理科学,2010(7)：43-44
[129]彭敏.开源模式等待成熟[J]软件与世界,2006(6)：41-42
[130]乔为国.商业模式创新[M]上海：上海远东出版社，,2009
[131]邱洁威.国外商业模式理论研究综述(1929-1999年)[J]福建论坛,2010(8)：49-53
[132]饶元,张瑞君,范玉顺.面向重用的软件开发价值链[J]小型微型计算机系统,2008(1)：45-51
[133]阮小华.我国软件外包企业商务模式创新[D]厦门大学,2009
[134]Ralph Rodriguez,Stephen Walker.软件开发与创新：加速产品面市[R].2008
[135]孙冰,李柏洲.企业技术创新动力综合评价研究[J]哈尔滨工程大学学报,2005(12)：827-831
[136]孙冰,王为.企业自主创新动力仿真分析[J]商业经济与管理,2010(8)：28-33
[137]孙东生,吕庆.基于复杂系统视角的企业组织设计研究[J]山西财经大学学报,2008(12)：53-58
[138]孙阿楠.软件服务创新模式演化及实证研究[D]浙江大学,2006
[139]童蕾.高新技术企业的商业模式对价值获取的影响研究[D]东南大学,2010
[140]史伟,申俊龙.结构、模式与创新一基于长尾理论的中国医药商业发展研究[J]预测,2010(3)：60-64
[141]王辉.软件产业商业生态系统实证研究及SWARM模拟[D]中国农业大学,2007
[142]王伟毅,李乾文.创业视角下的商业模式研究[J]外国经济与管理,2005(11)：32-48
[143]王新宇.软件企业技术创新战略研究[D]北京交通大学,2009
[144]王惠芬,赖旭辉,郑江波.产业融合机制下商业模式发展的新趋势分析[J]科技管理研究,2010(14)
[145]王晓明,谭杨,李仕明等.基于“要素-结构-功能”的企业商业模式研究管[J]管理学报,2010(7)：977-981
[146]王晓东.动态环境下的企业战略更新研究[D]复旦大学,2004
[147]王锡秋.基于商业模式创新的企业能力发展研究[J]商业研究,2010(7)：193-196
[148]王炳成,许长宇.破坏性创新商业模式的成长路径研究[J]科技进步与对策,2010(16)：1-8
[149]王鑫鑫,王宗军.国外商业模式创新研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2009(12)：33-38
[150]王鑫鑫,王宗军,涂静.基于系统视角的软件企业商业模式创新研究[J].2010(6)：203-207
[151]魏绍和.袁仲雪：打造百年软控[N].青岛科技大学报,2010-8-30
[152]翁君奕.介观商务模式：管理领域的“纳米”研究[J]中国经济问题,2004(1)：34-40
[153]翁君奕.商务模式创新：企业经营“魔方”的旋启[M]北京：经济管理出版社,2004
[154]吴明隆编著.SPSS统计应用实务[M]北京：科学出版社,2003.
[155]吴道友.组织变革多阶段协同行为策略及其影响机制研究：国际创业的视角[D]浙江大学,2009
[156]武德昆,柴丽俊,高俊山.企业技术创新动力的形成过程[J]北京科技大学学报,2004(6)337-240
[157]向刚,汪应洛.企业持续创新动力机制研究[J]科研管理,2004(11)：108-114
[158]项国鹏,韩思源.资源环境约束下“浙商”企业商业模式创新一CESS价值创造模型及典型案例[J]商业经济与管理,2008(6)：3-8
[159]谢桂兰.开放原代码平台型初创公司演进中经营模式结构之探索性研究[D]台湾国立中央大学,2008
[160]约瑟夫.熊彼特.资本主义、社会主义与民主[M].北京：商务印书馆出版,1999
[161]约瑟夫.熊彼特.经济发展理论[M],北京：商务印书馆,1999
[162]徐杨,梁正.开放标准：企业创新的机遇与挑战——以长风开放标准平台软件联盟为例[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2010(10)：84-86
[163]杨涛,任凤铃,彭启山.企业系统复杂性的辨识与探索[J]系统科学学报,2006(1)：73-76
[164]杨林,张敏.国外企业战略变革理论与经验研究综述[J]外国经济与管理,2008(5)：56-65
[165]原磊.商业模式体系重构[J]中国工业经济,2007(6)：70-79
[166]原磊.零售企业商业模式创新[J]经济管理,2009(3)：75-78
[167]原磊.国外商业模式理论研究评介[J]外国经济与管理,2007(10)：17-25
[168]原磊.商业模式分类问题研究[J]科技与经济,2008(5)：35-43
[169]张双文.高科技初创企业商务模式设计的理念和逻辑[J]科技进步与对策,2008(2)：65-67
[170]朱冰.软件创新应突出技术与商业模式创新[N]中国高新技术产业导报,2007-1-15
[171]张敬伟,王迎军.基于价值三角形逻辑的商业模式概念模型研究[R]外国经济与管理,2010(6)：1-8
[172]张雪超.安全软件商业模式演变[J].互联网天地,2010(5)：32-34
[173]张源.开源商业模式介绍[J].程序员,2008(6)：63
[174]张玉利,田新,王晓文.有限资源的创造性利用——基于冗余资源的商业模式创新：以麦乐送为例[J]经济管理,2009(3)：119-125
[175]郑湘娟.心智模式与民营企业家自主创新[J]宁波大学学报：人文科学版,2007(1)
[176]周宏仁.两化融合促进软件产业调整升级[J]信息系统工程,2008(7)：4-7
[2]Amit, R and Zott, C. Value creation in e-business [J]. Strategic Management Journal,2001,22(6/7):493-520
[3]Amit, R and Zott, C. Business Model Design:An Activity System Perspective[R]. Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):216-226
[4]Applegate L M.E-business Models:Making sense of the Internet business landscape[C].In:Dickson G.,Gary W,DeSanctis G.,eds.Information Technology and the future enterprise:New models for managers.Upper Saddle River,N.J.:Prentice Hall,2001
[5]Ballon P., Delaere S..Flexible spectrum and future business models for the mobile industry[J]. Telematics and Informatics,2009,26(3):249-258
[6]Bartlett J.E., Kotrlik J.W., Higgius C.C. Organizational research:Determine appropriate sample size in survey research[J]. Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal,Spring 2001:43-50
[7]Bernd W. Wirtz, Oliver Schilke and Sebastian Ullrich. Strategic Development of Business Models[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):272-290
[8]Bjorkdahl J..Technology cross-fertilization and the business model:The case of integrating ICTs in mechanical engineering products[J]Research Policy,2009, 38(9):1468-1477
[9]Bouwman, H., Haaker, T., De Vos, H., Mobile Service Innovation and Business Models[M]. Berlin:Springer,2008
[10]Cuieford, J.P. Fundamental statistics in psychology and education[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill,1965:109-131
[11]Chesbrough H., Rosenbloom R.S., The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation:evidence from Xerox Corporation's technology spin-off companies [J]Industrial and Corporate Change,2002,11(3):529-555.
[12]Chesbrough H., Stephen S.,Sustaining Venture Creation From Industrial Laboratories[J].Research Technology Management,2003,46(4):16-19
[13]Chesbrough, H., Open Business Models:How to Thrive in the New Innovation Landscape[M] Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2006:107-134
[14]Chesbrough H., Vanhaverbeke W., West, J. Open Innovation:Researching a New Paradigm[M] Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006
[15]Chesbrough, H.Business model innovation:Opportunities and barriers[J].Long Range Planing,2010,43(2-3):354-363
[16]Doganova L., Eyquem-Renault M..What do business models do?nnovation devices in technology entrepreneurship[J]Research Policy,2009,38(10):1559-1570
[17]Davila, T, Epstein, M, Shelton, R. Making innovation work:how to manage it, measure it and profit from it[M]. NJ:Wharton School Pub,2005:29-58
[18]Davidsson P,Wiklund J. Levels of Analysis in Entrep reneurship Research: Current Research Practice and Suggestions for the Future [J]. Entrep reneurship Theory and Practice,2001,25 (4):81-99.
[19]Demil B., Lecocq X..Business Model Evolution:In earch of Dynamic Consistency [J].Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):227-246
[20]Doganovaa L., Eyquem-Renaultb M.. What do business models do?Innovation devices in technology entrepreneurship[R]. Research Policy,2009 (38):1559-1570
[21]Drucker Peter F..Innovation and Entrepreneurship-Practice and Principles[M]. London:Heinemann,1986
[22]Drucker, P. The Theory Of The Business[J].Harvard Business Review,1994,71(5): 95-104
[23]Deloitte Research. Deconstructing the formula for business model innovation[R].2002
[24]Dubey A., Wagle D..Delivering software as a service[J].The McKinsey Quarterly, 2007(5):1-12
[25]Dunford R., Palmer I.,Benveniste J..Business Model Replication for Early and Rapid Internationalisation[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(5-6):655-674
[26]Faber, E. et al. Designing Business Models for Mobile ICT Services[C].16th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference eTransformation, Slovenia, June 9-11,2003.6
[27]Fumio Kodama.Measuring emerging categories of innovation:Modularity and business model [J].Technological Forecasting & Social Change,2004,71(4): 623-633
[28]Gay,LR.Educational Research:Competencies for Analysis and Application[R] New York:Merrill,1992.
[29]Ghauri, P.N., Gronhaug, K. and Kristianslund, I. Research Methods in Business Studies [M] Pearson Education Limited,1995
[30]Glaser, B. G. Basics of grounded theory analysis:emergence vs forcing[M].Mill Valley, Ca.:Sociology Press,1982
[31]Gambardella A., McGahana A.M..Business-model innovation:General purpose technologies and their implications for industry structure [J]. Long Range Planning, 2010,43(2-3):262-271
[32]Hamel G.Leading the Revolution[M].USA:Harvard Business School Press,2000
[33]Hamel and Heene.Competence-based competition[M].John Wiley&Sons Ltd.,1994
[34]Hock D.J.,Roeding C.R.,Purkert G et al.Secrets of softwre success[M]Boston: Harvard Buiness School Press,2000
[35]Ian MacInnes, Lili Hu.Business models and operational issues in the Chinese online game industry[J]Telematics and Informatics.2007,24(2):130-144
[36]IDC.Industry development and models-Software taxonomy[R].2007
[37]IBM Global Services. Business model innovation-the new route to competitive advantage [R].2006
[38]IBM.Leveraging SOA fo business model innvoaiton[R],2008
[39]Hwang J., Christensen CM..Disruptive Innovation In Health Care Delivery:A framework for business-model innovation[J]Health Affairs,2008(5):1329-1335
[40]Kaplan R, Norton D. The balanced score card measures that drive performance [J]. Harvard Business Review,1992, Jan-Feb:71-80.
[41]Linder, J. and Cantrell, S. Changing Business Models:Surveying the Landscape[R].Accenture Institute for Strategic Change,2000.
[42]Lichtenthaler, U. Open Innovation in practice:An analysis of strategic approaches to technology transactions[J]IEEE Transactions on engineering management,2008, 55(1):148-157
[43]Mahadevan B.Business Models for Internet-based e-Commerce:An anatomy[J].California Management Review,2000,42(4):55-69
[44]Reuver M., Haaker T..Designing viable business models for context-aware mobile services[J]Telematics and Informatics,2009,26(3):240-248
[45]Mark W.Johnson, Clayton M. Christensen, Henning Kagermann.Reinventing Your Business Model[EB/OL]. http://www.bnet.com
[46]Munnally J C. Psychometric theory[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1967
[47]Mahadevan, B.A framework for business model innovation[C]IMRC 2004 Conference, December 16-18,2004. Bangalore, INDIA.
[48]Magretta, J..Why business models matter[J].Harvard business review,2002,5: 86-92,
[49]Miles, R E, Miles, G and Snow, C C. Collaborative entrepreneurship:a business model for continuous innovation[J].Organizational Dynamics,2006,35(1):1-11
[50]Miller, D. The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three Types of Firms[J]. Management Science,1983,29(7):770-791
[51]Mitchell D., Coles C..Gaining and Extending Industry Leadership Through Continuing Business Available in:http://www.refresher.com/!dmccinnovation.html
[52]Miller D. Relating Porter's Business Strategies to Environment and Structure: Analysis and Performance Implications [J].Academy of Management Journal,1988, 31(2):280-308.
[53]Moller K.,Rajala R.,Westerlund M.Service innovation myopia?A new recipe for client-provider value creation[J].California Management Review,2008,50(3): 31-48
[54]Morris, M, Schindehutte, M and Allen, J. The entrepreneur's business model: Toward a unified perspective [J] Journal of Business Research.2005,58 (1):726-735
[55]Nelson, Philip. Relationships Between Market Structure and Innovation[EB]. http: //www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/nel son.pdf,2002
[56]Osterwalder A.The Business Model Ontology-a proposition in a design science approach [D].Universite de Lausanne,2004
[57]Osterwalder A,Pigneur Y.,Christopher L.. Clarifying Business Models: Origins,Present,and Future of the Concept[J]Communication of the Association for Information Systems.2005(5):1-43
[58]Osterwalder A, Pigneur Y..Business model generation[M]. New Jersey:John Wiley & Sons,2010
[59]Petrovic O,Kittl C,Teksten R D.Developing Business Models for eBusiness[C]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Commerce,Vienna, Austria,October 31-November 4,2001
[60]Pigorini P., Couto V.,Fleichman A..Reshaping Your Company Business Model Building for the Future During the Downturn[R]Booz & Company,2009
[61]Peter, J.P. Reliability:A Review of Psychometric Basics and Recent Marketing Practices[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1979,16(2):6-17.
[62]Rogerio C. Calia,Fabio M. Guerrini,Gilnei L. Moura.Innovation networks:From technological development to business model reconfiguration[J]Technovation,2006 (10):1016-1023
[63]Rappa M.Business models on the web [EB/OL].http://digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html,2002.2
[64]Rappa M.The Utility Business Model and the Future of Computing Services[J].IBM Systems Journal,2004.43(1):32-42
[65]
[66]Richter A.,Sadek T., Steven M.. Flexibility in industrial product-service systems and use-oriented business models[J]. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology,2010 (3):128-134
[67]Ramon Casadesus-Masanell,Joan Enric Ricart.From Strategy to Business Models and onto Tactics[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(5-6):195-215
[68]Rajala R..Determinants of business model performance in software firms[D].Acta University of Economicae Helsingiensis.2008
[69]Rajala R.,Westerlund M.Business model-A new perspective on firms'assets and capabilities:Obersvations from the Finnish software industy[J].Entrepreneurship and Innovation,2007,8(2):115-125
[70]Rita Gunther McGrath.Business Models:A Discovery Driven Approach[J]Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):247-261
[71]Rong Fu, LiQiu, Liang Quyang.A Networking-based View of Business Model Innovation:Theory and Method[J]Communications of the IIMA,2006 (4):81-86
[72]Kajalo S., Rajala R.,Westerlund M.Approaches to strategic alignment of business and information systems [J]. Journal of System and Inofrmation Technology,2007, 9(2):155-166
[73]Sabatier V., Mangematin V., Rousselle T. From Recipe to Dinner:Business Model Portfolios in the European Biopharmaceutical Industry[R].Long Range Planning 2010,43(2-3):431-447
[74]Scott M., Shafer, H., Smith J. et al. The power of business models[J].Kelley School of Business,2005,48(3),199-207
[75]Sosna Marc., Trevinyo-Rodriguez R. N., Velamuri S.R. Business model innovation through trial-and-error learning:the naturhouse case[J].Long Range Planning 2010, 43(2-3):383-407
[76]Stahler,P.Business Models as an Unit of Analysis for Strategizing[C]. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Business Models,Lausanne,Switzerland,2002.
[77]Strauss, A., Corbin, J. Basics of qualitative research:Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory[M]. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage,1998
[78]Strauss, A. and J. Corbin. Grounded theory methodology---an overview[C]in Norman K.D. and S.L. Yvonna (eds).Handbook of Qualitative Research,1994: Sage Publications,22-23.
[79]Steinmueller W.E.. The International Computer Software Industry[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
[80]Teece D.J.. Explicating Dynamic capabilities:The nature and microdoundation of enterprise performance [R].Strategic management journal,2007(13):1319-1350
[81]T. E. Potok,M. A. Vouk.The Effects of the Business Model on Object-Oriented Software Development Productivity[J]IBM Systems Journal,1997(36):140-161.
[82]Teece D.J.. Business Models, Business Strategy and Innovation[R]. Long Range Planning,2010,43(2-3):172-194
[83]Timmers, P. Business models for electronic markets[J].Journal on Electronic Markets,1998,8(2):3-81
[84]Tikkanen, H., J. Lamberg, P. Parvinen and J. Kallunki.Managerial cognition, action and the business model of the firm[J]Management Decision,2005,43(5/6): 789-809.
[85]Venkatraman N, Henderson, J C. Four Vectors of Business Model Innovation: Value Capture in a Network Era[A]. Daniel Pantaleo, Nirmal Pal. From Strategy to Execution:Turning Accelerated Global Change into Opportunity[C]. Berlin: Springer,2008:259-280
[86]Voelpel, S, Leibold, M and Tekie, E. The Wheel of business model reinvention: How to reshape your business model leapfrog competitors [J]. Journal of Change Management,2004,4(3):259-276
[87]Voelpel S.,Leibold M.,Tekie E. et al.Escaping the Red Queen Effect in Competitive Strategy:Sense-Testing Business Models [J].European Management Review,2005, 23(1):37-49.
[88]Wocott,H.F.. Writing up qualitative research[M].Newbury Park, CA:Sage,1990
[89]Weill P.,Vitale M. R..Place to space:Migrating to ebusiness models[M]. Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2001
[90]Willemstein, L, Valk T, Meeus, M. Dynamics in business models:an empirical analysis of medical biotechnology firm in the Netherlands [J]. Technovation 2007(27):221-232.
[91]Yin, Robert K. Case Study Research:Design and Methods. (3rd ed) CA:Sage Publications,1994
[92]Yip, G.. Using strategy to change your business model[J]Business Strategy Review, 2004,15(2)17-24.
[93]Yovanof, G S, Hazapis, G N.Disruptive technologies, services, or business models?[J]. Wireless Personal Communications,2008,45(4):569-583
[94]Zott, C. and Amit, R..The fit between product market strategy and business model: implications for firm performance [J] Strategic Management Journal,2008, 29(1):1-26.
[95]AMT研究院.2007年中国管理软件评选报告[R]2007
[96]冯·贝塔朗菲.一般系统论[M]北京：清华大学出版社,1987
[97]崔有智.SOA的5种应用类型[N]计算机世界,2008-06-30
[98]陈铣钧.经营模式组件及其间关系之扎根研究[D]台湾“国立”中央大学,2006
[99]陈忠卫.高层管理团队企业家精神的维度[J].中外企业家,2006(1)：76-79.
[100]陈忠卫,郝喜玲.创业团队企业家精神与公司绩效关系的实证研究[J].管理科学,2008年1期
[101]陈传明,刘海建.企业战略变革的实证研究方法论基础及在中国的应用[J]科学学与科学技术管理,2005(8)：127-132
[102]邓聚龙.灰色系统理论教程[M].华中理工大学出版社,1990.
[103]丁岚,范黎波,宋志红.汉王科技的创新模式研究[J]企业管理,2008(2)：115-121
[104]丁荣贵,张体勤,吴彬.软件企业项目管理的有效性研究[J]经济与管理研究,2005(4)：28-31
[105]付瑞雪.数字内容分发平台与商业模式的研究[D]北京邮电大学,2009
[106]互联网实验室.中国软件产业发展战略研究报告[R],2006
[107]韩炜.基于商业模式剖建的新企业成长过程研究[R].软科学,2010(9)：95-99
[108]何楠.基于复杂系统理论的企业战略管理分析[J]经济经纬,2005(2)
[109]黄谦明.论商业模式创新与企业家精神[J]改革与战略,2009(8)：163-165
[110]卡麦兹.建构扎根理论：质性研究实践指南[M]重庆：重庆大学出版社,2009
[111]寇卫东.SOA：加速行业落地[N]中国计算机报,2009-09-14
[112]孔翰宁,张维迎,奥赫贝.2010商业模式：企业竞争优势的创新驱动力[M]北京机械工业出版社,2007：181-240
[113]梁晓雅,陆雄文.中国民营企业的商业模式创新[J].市场营销导刊,2009(3)：67-73
[114]刘洪,周玲.公司成长的复杂性分析[J]国软科学,2004(11)
[115]李必强.论现代企业系统及其组织管理的复杂性[J]中国管理科学,2000(11)：332-334
[116]李椿，高莉莉.商业模式创新基本路径分析[J]当代经济,2010(6)：46-47
[117]李垣.企业技术创新机制论[M].西安：西安交通大学出版社,1994
[118]李东,王翔构与创新路径基于Meta方法的商业模式结构与创新路径[J]大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2006(9)：7-12
[119]李建英,冯勤.商业银行服务创新的动力因素一基于调查的实证分析[R].金融论坛,2007(6)：19-24
[120]李时椿.商业模式创新企业把握市场机会的金钥匙[J]北京工商大学学报社会科学版,2008(11)：24-27
[121]李响亮,李响亮,彭灿.中小软件企业技术-组织-市场协同创新的影响因素实证研究[J]价值工程,2009(11)：36-38
[122]刘源,黄燕.软件外包告别模式之争[R].互联网周刊,2003(34)：22-30
[123]卢琳生.从多角度看软件系统需求[R].程序员,2006(8)
[124]罗珉,组织管理学.[M].成都：西南财经大学出版社,2003.
[125]罗珉,曾涛,周思伟,企业商业模式创新：基于租金理论的解释.[J].中国工业经济,2005(7).
[126]弭元英,张楚婕.软件企业技术创新模式研究[J]情报科学,2008(5)：688-692
[127]马晓杰.软件作为服务模式的创新研究——中国软件业发展的新契机[D]对外经济贸易大学,2006
[128]倪宁,蒋勤峰.商业模式的内涵与应用价值小议[J]现代管理科学,2010(7)：43-44
[129]彭敏.开源模式等待成熟[J]软件与世界,2006(6)：41-42
[130]乔为国.商业模式创新[M]上海：上海远东出版社，,2009
[131]邱洁威.国外商业模式理论研究综述(1929-1999年)[J]福建论坛,2010(8)：49-53
[132]饶元,张瑞君,范玉顺.面向重用的软件开发价值链[J]小型微型计算机系统,2008(1)：45-51
[133]阮小华.我国软件外包企业商务模式创新[D]厦门大学,2009
[134]Ralph Rodriguez,Stephen Walker.软件开发与创新：加速产品面市[R].2008
[135]孙冰,李柏洲.企业技术创新动力综合评价研究[J]哈尔滨工程大学学报,2005(12)：827-831
[136]孙冰,王为.企业自主创新动力仿真分析[J]商业经济与管理,2010(8)：28-33
[137]孙东生,吕庆.基于复杂系统视角的企业组织设计研究[J]山西财经大学学报,2008(12)：53-58
[138]孙阿楠.软件服务创新模式演化及实证研究[D]浙江大学,2006
[139]童蕾.高新技术企业的商业模式对价值获取的影响研究[D]东南大学,2010
[140]史伟,申俊龙.结构、模式与创新一基于长尾理论的中国医药商业发展研究[J]预测,2010(3)：60-64
[141]王辉.软件产业商业生态系统实证研究及SWARM模拟[D]中国农业大学,2007
[142]王伟毅,李乾文.创业视角下的商业模式研究[J]外国经济与管理,2005(11)：32-48
[143]王新宇.软件企业技术创新战略研究[D]北京交通大学,2009
[144]王惠芬,赖旭辉,郑江波.产业融合机制下商业模式发展的新趋势分析[J]科技管理研究,2010(14)
[145]王晓明,谭杨,李仕明等.基于“要素-结构-功能”的企业商业模式研究管[J]管理学报,2010(7)：977-981
[146]王晓东.动态环境下的企业战略更新研究[D]复旦大学,2004
[147]王锡秋.基于商业模式创新的企业能力发展研究[J]商业研究,2010(7)：193-196
[148]王炳成,许长宇.破坏性创新商业模式的成长路径研究[J]科技进步与对策,2010(16)：1-8
[149]王鑫鑫,王宗军.国外商业模式创新研究综述[J].外国经济与管理,2009(12)：33-38
[150]王鑫鑫,王宗军,涂静.基于系统视角的软件企业商业模式创新研究[J].2010(6)：203-207
[151]魏绍和.袁仲雪：打造百年软控[N].青岛科技大学报,2010-8-30
[152]翁君奕.介观商务模式：管理领域的“纳米”研究[J]中国经济问题,2004(1)：34-40
[153]翁君奕.商务模式创新：企业经营“魔方”的旋启[M]北京：经济管理出版社,2004
[154]吴明隆编著.SPSS统计应用实务[M]北京：科学出版社,2003.
[155]吴道友.组织变革多阶段协同行为策略及其影响机制研究：国际创业的视角[D]浙江大学,2009
[156]武德昆,柴丽俊,高俊山.企业技术创新动力的形成过程[J]北京科技大学学报,2004(6)337-240
[157]向刚,汪应洛.企业持续创新动力机制研究[J]科研管理,2004(11)：108-114
[158]项国鹏,韩思源.资源环境约束下“浙商”企业商业模式创新一CESS价值创造模型及典型案例[J]商业经济与管理,2008(6)：3-8
[159]谢桂兰.开放原代码平台型初创公司演进中经营模式结构之探索性研究[D]台湾国立中央大学,2008
[160]约瑟夫.熊彼特.资本主义、社会主义与民主[M].北京：商务印书馆出版,1999
[161]约瑟夫.熊彼特.经济发展理论[M],北京：商务印书馆,1999
[162]徐杨,梁正.开放标准：企业创新的机遇与挑战——以长风开放标准平台软件联盟为例[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2010(10)：84-86
[163]杨涛,任凤铃,彭启山.企业系统复杂性的辨识与探索[J]系统科学学报,2006(1)：73-76
[164]杨林,张敏.国外企业战略变革理论与经验研究综述[J]外国经济与管理,2008(5)：56-65
[165]原磊.商业模式体系重构[J]中国工业经济,2007(6)：70-79
[166]原磊.零售企业商业模式创新[J]经济管理,2009(3)：75-78
[167]原磊.国外商业模式理论研究评介[J]外国经济与管理,2007(10)：17-25
[168]原磊.商业模式分类问题研究[J]科技与经济,2008(5)：35-43
[169]张双文.高科技初创企业商务模式设计的理念和逻辑[J]科技进步与对策,2008(2)：65-67
[170]朱冰.软件创新应突出技术与商业模式创新[N]中国高新技术产业导报,2007-1-15
[171]张敬伟,王迎军.基于价值三角形逻辑的商业模式概念模型研究[R]外国经济与管理,2010(6)：1-8
[172]张雪超.安全软件商业模式演变[J].互联网天地,2010(5)：32-34
[173]张源.开源商业模式介绍[J].程序员,2008(6)：63
[174]张玉利,田新,王晓文.有限资源的创造性利用——基于冗余资源的商业模式创新：以麦乐送为例[J]经济管理,2009(3)：119-125
[175]郑湘娟.心智模式与民营企业家自主创新[J]宁波大学学报：人文科学版,2007(1)
[176]周宏仁.两化融合促进软件产业调整升级[J]信息系统工程,2008(7)：4-7
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |