Townhouse的沿革与发展
摘要
在Townhouse住宅建设的高潮中，我们有必要以冷静的头脑，客观而全面的解析Townhouse。论文以开放的体系从社会学、心理学、规划学、建筑学等多视角探讨Townhouse的本质与特征。Townhouse做为一种居住文化的载体，显现出人文情怀与自然倾向。作者通过对其历史本源的追溯，发掘其文化属性，引伸出对Townhouse现实意义的探讨。论文从人居环境城市形态、生态环保等角度阐述了Townhouse的价值。为了更清晰的反映Townhouse的沿革与发展，对其特征演化进行了分类解析，其中包括Townhouse区位变化、功能构成、空间形态、庭院特征界面及开发模式，从中总结出有普遍意义的规律，以推测Townhouse演化的方向。Townhouse对于中国住宅与城市建设的意义体现在它打破了多层与高层公寓构成的单一居住模式和城市形态，提供了与自然亲密接触的居住环境，改善了冷漠的社区氛围，促进了人际交往，能较理想的满足人的自然与社会属性需求。体现了私密性个性化生存空间需求和土地资源紧缺关系的平衡。与别墅相比，它为中国人提供了一种更为现实的诗意的栖居。随着人们对居住环境的进一步认识，以及建造理念、技术、手法的更新、未来Townhouse的演化将朝生态化、个性化、人性化，高密度集聚型方向可持续发展。
今天中国的城市化建设速度之快，使得对传统居住形态的保护与研究显得尤为重要，以里弄为代表的高密度低层民居形式，是我们寻找Townhouse中国化道路的起点，在Townhouse的开发与设计中应着手恢复传统聚落空间的尺度与形态，表现城市“拥挤文化”的纷繁景致。
In the upsurge of Townhouse construction, it is important for us to parse townhouse synthetically and objectively. In this thesis, we discuss the essence and feature of Townhouse with full angle; include sociology psychology, naturalization and architecture theories we conclude. Townhouse is a carrier of dwelling culture. It indicates affection of human culture and proclivity to nature, we trace back to its fountainhead, so as to find realistic meaning. In the article we elaborate its worth in environment of dwelling, shaping the Form of City and environment protection. We analyze its character individually, including the change of site, the composing of function, the form of space, the trait of yard, the change of interface and modes of development. We discuss the factor of the transform; and conclude some universal disciplinarian. With this disciplinarian we can speculate its evolution direction. The important of townhouse to our urban construction shows in many ways. It breaks the unitary mode of living a
nd enriches the shape of city, which was framed by muti-floor and high raised apartment. Townhouse giver chance of communicat on with natural world intimately. Townhouse change the listless environment of community,- facilitate the communication, and it full fill the needs of human. Compare with single detached villa, townhouse give us more realistic poetic dwelling it balance the need of private out door space and the paucity of land. In the future, we will have a more nature, personal human scaled, high-density sustainable residence.
Now a days we construct our city so rapidly, that we ignored the destruction of traditional residence, we should research the traditional city drilling space like "shi ku men" building in shanghai. In order to representation the "congestion culture" we should recall the scale and shape of traditional assemble space.
今天中国的城市化建设速度之快，使得对传统居住形态的保护与研究显得尤为重要，以里弄为代表的高密度低层民居形式，是我们寻找Townhouse中国化道路的起点，在Townhouse的开发与设计中应着手恢复传统聚落空间的尺度与形态，表现城市“拥挤文化”的纷繁景致。
In the upsurge of Townhouse construction, it is important for us to parse townhouse synthetically and objectively. In this thesis, we discuss the essence and feature of Townhouse with full angle; include sociology psychology, naturalization and architecture theories we conclude. Townhouse is a carrier of dwelling culture. It indicates affection of human culture and proclivity to nature, we trace back to its fountainhead, so as to find realistic meaning. In the article we elaborate its worth in environment of dwelling, shaping the Form of City and environment protection. We analyze its character individually, including the change of site, the composing of function, the form of space, the trait of yard, the change of interface and modes of development. We discuss the factor of the transform; and conclude some universal disciplinarian. With this disciplinarian we can speculate its evolution direction. The important of townhouse to our urban construction shows in many ways. It breaks the unitary mode of living a
nd enriches the shape of city, which was framed by muti-floor and high raised apartment. Townhouse giver chance of communicat on with natural world intimately. Townhouse change the listless environment of community,- facilitate the communication, and it full fill the needs of human. Compare with single detached villa, townhouse give us more realistic poetic dwelling it balance the need of private out door space and the paucity of land. In the future, we will have a more nature, personal human scaled, high-density sustainable residence.
Now a days we construct our city so rapidly, that we ignored the destruction of traditional residence, we should research the traditional city drilling space like "shi ku men" building in shanghai. In order to representation the "congestion culture" we should recall the scale and shape of traditional assemble space.
引文
[1] 韦伯斯特公司．韦氏词典．世界图书出版社，1996
[2] [法]勒柯布西耶．陈志华译．走向新建筑．天津科学技术出版社，1998
[3] 聂兰生，马健．Townhouse的由来与发展．世界建筑，2002(08)：16-21
[4] John Burnett. Asocial History of Housing 1815-1985 London;NewYork;Methuen. 1986
[5] 杰姆逊著．唐小兵译．后现代主义和文化理论．北京大学出版社．1997
[6] [德]斯宾格勃著．齐世荣等译．西方的没落．商务印书馆，1963
[7] 刘先觉．现代建筑理论．中国建筑工业出版社，1999年
[8] 董卫．王建国．可持续发展的城市与建筑设计．东南大学出版社1999
[9] 刘念雄．汉堡伯拉姆费尔德生态村．世界建筑，2002(12)：40-41
[10] Marcus Binney. Town houses:Urban Houses From 1200 to the present day. Whitney Library of Design. New York, 1998
[11] Helena Barrett and John Philips. Suburb Style The British Home 1840 1960.
[12] SOM建筑师事务所．芝加哥湖滨东区规划．伊利诺斯．美国．世界建筑2002(11)：32-36
[13] 卢为民．大都市郊区住区的组织与发展—以上海为例．东南大学出版社2002
[14] 聂兰生，马健．Townhouse的由来与发展．世界建筑，2002(08)：16-21
[15] 决策资源房地产研究中心．新慨念别墅开发获利方案．暨南大学出版社．2003
[16] 勒柯布西耶．走向新建筑．中国建工出版社，1999
[17] 刘尔希．在对比中延续．南方建筑，2003(02)：20-21
[18] 文丘里著．周卜颐译．建筑的复杂性与矛盾性．北京：中国建筑工业出版社1991．
[19] Helena Barrett and John Philips. Suburb Style The British Home 1840-1960.
[20] 白德懋．居住区规划与环境设计．中国建筑工业出版社．1993
[21] 托伯特．哈姆林著．邹德侬译．建筑形式美的原则．中国建筑工业出版社
1982
[22] Elisabeth Kendall Thompson. Apartment, Townhouse, and Condominums New York: McGraw-Hill. 1975
[23] 赵巍岩著．当代建筑美学意义．东南大学出版社．2001
[24] 决策资源房地产研究中心．新慨念别墅开发获利方案．暨南大学出版社．2003
[25] Sam Davis. The Form Of Housing. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold 1977
[26] 林夏编译．法国工业化住宅设计与实践．中国建筑工业出版社．1986
[27] Friedman. Social Psychology .Martin, LR. MH. 1995
[28] Donard. J, Conway. Human Response To Tall Building. Stroudsburg, PA Hutchinson & Ross. 1976
[29] 刘延枫．肖敦余．低层居住群空间环境规划设计．天津大学出版社．2001
[30] 周燕珉．住宅复合型厨房空间研究．建筑学报，2003(03)：37-39
[31] 魏泽斌．低层住宅建筑的研究：[研究生毕业论文]．长沙：湖南大学建筑系．1965
[32] 伍江．对于建筑保护的几点思考．世界建筑，2001(06)：84-86
[33] Angleo Bugatti, Remo Doregati. Urban Renewal and Town Culture. Elinea Editrace. 1998
[34] 罗小未，伍江．上海弄堂．上海：上海人民出版社，1997
[35] [美]西蒙德．王济昌译．景园建筑学．台隆书店出版社．1971
[36] 决策资源房地产研究中心．新慨念别墅开发获利方案．暨南大学出版社．2003
[37] A. Rapoport. Human Aspects of Urban Form. NEW YORK:Pergamon. 1977
[2] [法]勒柯布西耶．陈志华译．走向新建筑．天津科学技术出版社，1998
[3] 聂兰生，马健．Townhouse的由来与发展．世界建筑，2002(08)：16-21
[4] John Burnett. Asocial History of Housing 1815-1985 London;NewYork;Methuen. 1986
[5] 杰姆逊著．唐小兵译．后现代主义和文化理论．北京大学出版社．1997
[6] [德]斯宾格勃著．齐世荣等译．西方的没落．商务印书馆，1963
[7] 刘先觉．现代建筑理论．中国建筑工业出版社，1999年
[8] 董卫．王建国．可持续发展的城市与建筑设计．东南大学出版社1999
[9] 刘念雄．汉堡伯拉姆费尔德生态村．世界建筑，2002(12)：40-41
[10] Marcus Binney. Town houses:Urban Houses From 1200 to the present day. Whitney Library of Design. New York, 1998
[11] Helena Barrett and John Philips. Suburb Style The British Home 1840 1960.
[12] SOM建筑师事务所．芝加哥湖滨东区规划．伊利诺斯．美国．世界建筑2002(11)：32-36
[13] 卢为民．大都市郊区住区的组织与发展—以上海为例．东南大学出版社2002
[14] 聂兰生，马健．Townhouse的由来与发展．世界建筑，2002(08)：16-21
[15] 决策资源房地产研究中心．新慨念别墅开发获利方案．暨南大学出版社．2003
[16] 勒柯布西耶．走向新建筑．中国建工出版社，1999
[17] 刘尔希．在对比中延续．南方建筑，2003(02)：20-21
[18] 文丘里著．周卜颐译．建筑的复杂性与矛盾性．北京：中国建筑工业出版社1991．
[19] Helena Barrett and John Philips. Suburb Style The British Home 1840-1960.
[20] 白德懋．居住区规划与环境设计．中国建筑工业出版社．1993
[21] 托伯特．哈姆林著．邹德侬译．建筑形式美的原则．中国建筑工业出版社
1982
[22] Elisabeth Kendall Thompson. Apartment, Townhouse, and Condominums New York: McGraw-Hill. 1975
[23] 赵巍岩著．当代建筑美学意义．东南大学出版社．2001
[24] 决策资源房地产研究中心．新慨念别墅开发获利方案．暨南大学出版社．2003
[25] Sam Davis. The Form Of Housing. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold 1977
[26] 林夏编译．法国工业化住宅设计与实践．中国建筑工业出版社．1986
[27] Friedman. Social Psychology .Martin, LR. MH. 1995
[28] Donard. J, Conway. Human Response To Tall Building. Stroudsburg, PA Hutchinson & Ross. 1976
[29] 刘延枫．肖敦余．低层居住群空间环境规划设计．天津大学出版社．2001
[30] 周燕珉．住宅复合型厨房空间研究．建筑学报，2003(03)：37-39
[31] 魏泽斌．低层住宅建筑的研究：[研究生毕业论文]．长沙：湖南大学建筑系．1965
[32] 伍江．对于建筑保护的几点思考．世界建筑，2001(06)：84-86
[33] Angleo Bugatti, Remo Doregati. Urban Renewal and Town Culture. Elinea Editrace. 1998
[34] 罗小未，伍江．上海弄堂．上海：上海人民出版社，1997
[35] [美]西蒙德．王济昌译．景园建筑学．台隆书店出版社．1971
[36] 决策资源房地产研究中心．新慨念别墅开发获利方案．暨南大学出版社．2003
[37] A. Rapoport. Human Aspects of Urban Form. NEW YORK:Pergamon. 1977