杰弗逊共情量表（JSE-HP）在护士中的应用研究
摘要
目的:共情是近年来国内外护理学者研究的热点之一,研究者认为,共情有利于护患关系,并且能够促进病人的临床结局。对于护士共情的研究,需要有稳定有效的测量工具,杰弗逊共情量表(JSE-HP,the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professionals)是由美国杰弗逊大学医学教育和健康护理研究中心的Mohammadreza Hojat博士及其研究小组成员于2001年研制,作为一种评价医务人员共情的量表,已被翻译为17种语言。根据研究需要,我们引进杰弗逊共情量表(JSE-HP),旨在进行杰弗逊共情量表(JSE-HP)中文版在护士中应用的信度和效度等心理测量学性质检验。
方法:按照心理测量学中量表的跨文化适应程序对JSE-HP量表英文进行翻译、回译和文化调试建立JSE-HP中文版。在山西省内选取8所医院的1100名临床护士为研究对象,试用JSE-HP中文版IRI-C问卷对抽取的护士进行问卷调查,获得有效样本946例,用SPSS16.0版本统计软件包对测量结果进行技术评价,检验量表的信度、效度等心理测量学性质。
结果:1.JSE-HP量表中文版的内部一致性Cronhach's a系数和分半系数分别为0.750和0.771,重测信度为0.659;条目与量表的相关系数在0.336～0.546之间;将护士的JSE-HP的总得分和IRI-C问卷得分做相关分析,r=0.652,P＜0.01;对20个条目进行因子分析,选出3个公共子,累积贡献率达37.344%;
2.本次研究表明,不同等级医院、不同学历、不同科室护士的共情得分存在差异;不同年龄、不同职称、不同职务的护士共情得分没有差异。
结论:JSE-HP量表中文版具有良好的信度、效度,并且简单易行,其良好的心理学测量性质为该量表在我国护士群体中的运用提供了一定的理论依据,为护士共情的实证性研究提供了一个较好的测量工具。
Objective:Empathy is one of the focuses studied by nurse researchers recently.Researchers agree empathy has a positive role in improving nurse-patient relationship and in clinical outcomes of patients.We need a stable and effective instrument to study nurses empathy.JSE-HP(the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-health Professionals) scale developed by Mohammadreza Hojat and his teams at the Center for research in Medical Education and Health Care at Jefferson Medical College in 2001 to measure empathy in health professionals has been translated into 17 languages.We introduce JSE-HP scale into China to study empathy in Chinese nurses.This study is to develop the Chinese version of Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professionals and test the reliability and validity of JSE-HP in nurses.
Methods:The English version of JSE-HP was translated and back-translated,as well as cross-cultural adapted by the method of psychometrics to develop the Chinese version of JSE-HP. A total of 1100 nurses was selected from 8 hospitals in Shanxi Province and surveyed by the Chinese version of JSE-HP and IRI-C.Fomal psychometric properties of the scale were tested according to the survey through SPSS.
Results:1.The internal consistency cofficient of JSE-HP was 0.750.The split-half reliability cofficient was 0.771.The test-retest reliability cofficient was 0.659.The item-scale correlation ranged from 0.336～0.546 The factor analysis of JSE-HP resulted in three factors which accounted for 37.344%of the scale's total variances.A statistically significant correlation was found between scores of the JSE-HP and IRI-C(r=0.652,P＜0.01).2.There are sigineficant differences on empathy scores between different hospitals,departments and educational backgrounds.No differences were found between ages,job titles and duties.
Conclusion:The Chinese version of JSE-HP demonstrated good reliability and validity. Sufficient discriminative and evaluative psychometric properties of the Chinese version of JSE-HP made the instrument suitable for study on empathy for Chinese nurses,and provided theoretical evidence for its future use.
方法:按照心理测量学中量表的跨文化适应程序对JSE-HP量表英文进行翻译、回译和文化调试建立JSE-HP中文版。在山西省内选取8所医院的1100名临床护士为研究对象,试用JSE-HP中文版IRI-C问卷对抽取的护士进行问卷调查,获得有效样本946例,用SPSS16.0版本统计软件包对测量结果进行技术评价,检验量表的信度、效度等心理测量学性质。
结果:1.JSE-HP量表中文版的内部一致性Cronhach's a系数和分半系数分别为0.750和0.771,重测信度为0.659;条目与量表的相关系数在0.336～0.546之间;将护士的JSE-HP的总得分和IRI-C问卷得分做相关分析,r=0.652,P＜0.01;对20个条目进行因子分析,选出3个公共子,累积贡献率达37.344%;
2.本次研究表明,不同等级医院、不同学历、不同科室护士的共情得分存在差异;不同年龄、不同职称、不同职务的护士共情得分没有差异。
结论:JSE-HP量表中文版具有良好的信度、效度,并且简单易行,其良好的心理学测量性质为该量表在我国护士群体中的运用提供了一定的理论依据,为护士共情的实证性研究提供了一个较好的测量工具。
Objective:Empathy is one of the focuses studied by nurse researchers recently.Researchers agree empathy has a positive role in improving nurse-patient relationship and in clinical outcomes of patients.We need a stable and effective instrument to study nurses empathy.JSE-HP(the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-health Professionals) scale developed by Mohammadreza Hojat and his teams at the Center for research in Medical Education and Health Care at Jefferson Medical College in 2001 to measure empathy in health professionals has been translated into 17 languages.We introduce JSE-HP scale into China to study empathy in Chinese nurses.This study is to develop the Chinese version of Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Health Professionals and test the reliability and validity of JSE-HP in nurses.
Methods:The English version of JSE-HP was translated and back-translated,as well as cross-cultural adapted by the method of psychometrics to develop the Chinese version of JSE-HP. A total of 1100 nurses was selected from 8 hospitals in Shanxi Province and surveyed by the Chinese version of JSE-HP and IRI-C.Fomal psychometric properties of the scale were tested according to the survey through SPSS.
Results:1.The internal consistency cofficient of JSE-HP was 0.750.The split-half reliability cofficient was 0.771.The test-retest reliability cofficient was 0.659.The item-scale correlation ranged from 0.336～0.546 The factor analysis of JSE-HP resulted in three factors which accounted for 37.344%of the scale's total variances.A statistically significant correlation was found between scores of the JSE-HP and IRI-C(r=0.652,P＜0.01).2.There are sigineficant differences on empathy scores between different hospitals,departments and educational backgrounds.No differences were found between ages,job titles and duties.
Conclusion:The Chinese version of JSE-HP demonstrated good reliability and validity. Sufficient discriminative and evaluative psychometric properties of the Chinese version of JSE-HP made the instrument suitable for study on empathy for Chinese nurses,and provided theoretical evidence for its future use.
引文
[1]王凤兰主编.人际交流与咨询技巧[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2006,8:17-18
[2]陈素坤主编.临床心理护理指导[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,2002,3:21
[3]Titchener E.Elementary psychology of the thought processes[M],New York:Macmill -an,1990,211-217
[4]Alligood MR.Empathy:The importance of recognizing two types[J].Journal of Psyc -hosocial Nursing,1992,30(3):14-17
[5]侯文红,高娜.同理心应用于临床护理工作的研究进展[J].护理研究,2005,19(9A):1700-1701
[6]Borke H.Issues,problems,and pitfalls in assessing sex difference:A critical review of the psychology of sex differences[J].Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,1976,22:285-308
[7]Piaget J,Inhelder B.The Psychology of the Child.London:Rout ledge and Kagan Paul,1969,341
[8]Hogan R.Development of an Empathy Scale[J].Journal of Consulting and Clinical P.Hnlnov,1969,11(33):307-310
[9]Davis Mark H.Empathy:A Social Psychological Approach[M].Boulder:West-view,1996,231
[10]Feshbach ND.Empathy training:A field study in affective education.IN S.Fwshbach &A.Fraezck,Aggression and behavior change.Biological and social processes,1979,234-249
[11]Simon Baron-Cohen,Sally Wheelwright,The Empathy Qutient:An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism,And Normal Sex Differences Journal of Autism and Development Disorder,2004,34(21):163-172
[12]Termine NT,Lzard CE.Infants'responses to their mothers's expressions of joy and sadness[J].Developmental Psychology,1988,24:223-229
[13]詹志禹.年龄、性别角色、人情取向与同理心的关系.台湾:台湾政治大学教育研究所,1987
[14]魏源.浙江某高校大学生共情特点分析[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(2):135-137
[15]刘瑞雪,谷场寿惠,横田惠子等[J].国外医学护理学分册,2003,(22):101-104
[16]Hojat M,Gonnella JS,Nasca TJ,Mangione S,et al.Physician empathy:definition,measurement and relationship to gender and specialty.Am J Psychiatry,2002,159:1563-1569
[17]Hojat M,Gonnella JS,Nasca TJ,et al.The jefferson scale of physician empathy:further psychometric data and differences by gender and specialty at item level.Acad Med(October supplement),2002,77:s57-s60
[18]Spiro HM,Mccrea Curren MG;Peschel E,St.James D:Empathy and the practice of medicine:Beyond pills and the scalpel.New Haven:Yale University Press,1993
[19]Nightingale SD,Yamold PR,Greenberg MS:Sympathy,empathy,and physician resource utilization.J Gen Inter Med.1991,6:420-423
[20]Olsen JK.Relationship between nurse-expressed empathy,patient-perceived empathy and patient stress.Image:J N Scholarship.1996,27:317-322
[21]Bennett JA."Methodlogical notes on empathy":Further considerations[J].Advances in Nursing Science.1995,18(1):36-50
[22]Alligood MR.Empathy:The importance of recognizing two types[J].Journal of Psych -osocial Nursing.1992,30(3):14-17
[23]La Monica EL.Construct validity of an empathy instrument[J].Research in Nursing and Health,1981,4:389 - 400
[24]杨辉,邱玉芳,宋丽萍.临床护理人员共情能力评价指标体系的初步研究[J].护理研究,2007,21(11):3072-3074
[25]http://www.tju.edu/jmc/crmehc/faculty_profile.cfm?key=mxh146
[26]心理卫生手册,第三版.人民卫生出版社
[27](美)Frederick TL.Leong,James T.AuXin主编;周晓林等译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2006.1
[28]宋建成,费立鹏.简明精神评定量表中各分量表的评价[J].临床精神病学杂志,2001,11(2):86-89
[29]郑日昌主编.心理测验与评估[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005,12:58-68
[30]金瑜主编.心理测量[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001,8
[31]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,10:107
[32]安胜利,陈平雁.量表的信度及其影响因素[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2001,9:21-23
[33]Bullinger M,Alonso J,Apolone G,et al.Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality:the IQ OLA project aproach[J].J Clin Epidemiol,1998,51(11):913-923
[34]David L,Streiner & Geoffrey K,Norman.Health measurement scales:a practical guide their development and use.Second Edition,oxford,New York,Tokyo,oxford university press,1995
[35]Friedenberg,lise.Psychological testing design,analysis,and use.Copyright(c)1995 by Allyn and Bacon,printed in the USA
[36]柯惠新等编著.调查研究中的统计分析法[M].北京广播学院出版社,1992
[37]Carmins EG,Zeller RA.Reliability and validity assessment new bury park:sage,1979
[38]Mohammadreza Hojat,Sylvia K,Joseph S.Empathy:An NP/MD Comparison[J].The Nurse Practitioner,2003,4(28):45-47
[39]李小寒,陈秀侠.正确认识同理心及其在临床护理实践中的应用[J].中国实用护理杂志,2006,22(2):75-76
[40]Bennett."Methodogical notes on empathy":Further considerations[J].Advances in Nursing Science,1995,18(1):36-50
[1]李佳东编著.情商主宰人生[M].北京:渤海出版社,2005:2-6
[2]Daniel C.EQ Emotional Intelligence,Taibei:China Times Publishing Company,1996:118-216
[3]Spiro HM,Mccrea Curren MG;Peschel E,St.James D:Empathy and the practice of medicine:Beyond pills and the scalpel.New Haven:Yale University Press,1993
[4]Nightingale SD,Yarnold PR,Greenberg MS:Sympathy,empathy,and physician resource utilization.J Gen Inter Med.1991,6:420-423
[5]Olsen JK.Relationship between nurse-expressed empathy,patient-perceived empathy and patient stress.Image:J N Scholarship.1996,27:317-322
[6]Titchener E.Elementary psychology of the thought processes[M],New York:Macmillan,1990,211-217
[7]吕勤,左艳艳.共情与饭店服务人员服务质量的关系[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2006.1:779-84
[8]Eisenberg N,Miller PA.The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors[Y].Psychol.Bull.1987,10(1):119
[9]Hoffman ML.The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment.In:N.Eisenberg and J.Strayer(Eds.),Empathy and Its Development[M],Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,934-946
[10]Mead GH.Mind,Self and Society[M].Chicago:University of Chicgao Press,1934,162-185
[11]WhitenA.Natural theories of mind[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1991,563-574
[12]Dennett D.The intentional stance[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press/Bradford Books,1987,656-700
[13]Martin L.Hofman.Empathy and Moral Development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Uni -versity Press,2000,4
[14]Fabes RA,Eisenberg N,Miller PA.Maternal correlates of children's vicarious emotional responses[J].Dev.Psychol.1990,11(26):639-648
[15]Grutchfield,Lori B.Journal of Humanistic Couseling Education &Development,2000,(38):162 -170
[16]Feshbach ND.Empathy in children:Some theoretical and empirical considerations[J].Cousel.Psychol,1975,11(4):25-30
[17]Gladstein G.I,Feldstein J.Using film to increase counselor empathic experiences[J].counselor Education and Supervision,1983,23(2):125-131
[18]Hojat M,Gonnella JS,Nasca TJ,Mangione S,et al.Physician empathy:definition, measurement and relationship to gender and specialty.Am J Psychiatry,2002,159:1563-1569
[19]Hojat M,Gonnella JS,Nasca TJ,et al.The jefferson scale of physician empathy:further psychometric data and differences by gender and specialty at item
[20]邱玉芳,杨辉,宋丽萍.护士共情能力的研究进展[J].护理研究,2007,21(7):1890-1892
[21]Borke H.Issues,problems,and pitfalls in assessing sex difference:A critical review of the psychology of sex differences[J].Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,1976,22:285-308
[22]Piaget J,Inhelder B.The Psychology of the Child.London:Rout ledge and Kagan Paul,1969,341
[23]Hogan R.Development of an Empathy Scale[J].Journal of Consulting and Clinical P.Hnlnov,1969,11(33):307-310
[24]Davis Mark H.Empathy:A Social Psychological Approach[M].Boulder:Westview,1996,231
[25]Feshbach ND.Empathy training:A field study in affective education.IN S.Fwshbach &A.Fraezck,Aggression and behavior change:Biological and social processes.1979,234-249
[26]Simon Baron-Cohen,Sally Wheelwright,The Empathy Qutient:An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism,And Normal Sex Differences Journal of Autism and Development Disorder,2004,34(21):163-172
[27]Termine NT.Lzard CE.Infants' responses to their mothers's expressions of joy and sadness[J].Developmental Psychology,1988,24:223-229
[28]http://www.tju.edu/jmc/crmehc/faculty_profile.cfm?key=mxh146
[29]詹志禹.年龄、性别角色、人情取向与同理心的关系.台湾:台湾政治大学教育研究所,1987
[30]魏源.浙江某高校大学生共情特点分析[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(2):135-137
[31]杨辉,邱玉芳,宋丽萍.临床护理人员共情能力评价指标体系的初步研究[J].护理研究,2007,21(11):3072-3074
[2]陈素坤主编.临床心理护理指导[M].北京:科学技术文献出版社,2002,3:21
[3]Titchener E.Elementary psychology of the thought processes[M],New York:Macmill -an,1990,211-217
[4]Alligood MR.Empathy:The importance of recognizing two types[J].Journal of Psyc -hosocial Nursing,1992,30(3):14-17
[5]侯文红,高娜.同理心应用于临床护理工作的研究进展[J].护理研究,2005,19(9A):1700-1701
[6]Borke H.Issues,problems,and pitfalls in assessing sex difference:A critical review of the psychology of sex differences[J].Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,1976,22:285-308
[7]Piaget J,Inhelder B.The Psychology of the Child.London:Rout ledge and Kagan Paul,1969,341
[8]Hogan R.Development of an Empathy Scale[J].Journal of Consulting and Clinical P.Hnlnov,1969,11(33):307-310
[9]Davis Mark H.Empathy:A Social Psychological Approach[M].Boulder:West-view,1996,231
[10]Feshbach ND.Empathy training:A field study in affective education.IN S.Fwshbach &A.Fraezck,Aggression and behavior change.Biological and social processes,1979,234-249
[11]Simon Baron-Cohen,Sally Wheelwright,The Empathy Qutient:An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism,And Normal Sex Differences Journal of Autism and Development Disorder,2004,34(21):163-172
[12]Termine NT,Lzard CE.Infants'responses to their mothers's expressions of joy and sadness[J].Developmental Psychology,1988,24:223-229
[13]詹志禹.年龄、性别角色、人情取向与同理心的关系.台湾:台湾政治大学教育研究所,1987
[14]魏源.浙江某高校大学生共情特点分析[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(2):135-137
[15]刘瑞雪,谷场寿惠,横田惠子等[J].国外医学护理学分册,2003,(22):101-104
[16]Hojat M,Gonnella JS,Nasca TJ,Mangione S,et al.Physician empathy:definition,measurement and relationship to gender and specialty.Am J Psychiatry,2002,159:1563-1569
[17]Hojat M,Gonnella JS,Nasca TJ,et al.The jefferson scale of physician empathy:further psychometric data and differences by gender and specialty at item level.Acad Med(October supplement),2002,77:s57-s60
[18]Spiro HM,Mccrea Curren MG;Peschel E,St.James D:Empathy and the practice of medicine:Beyond pills and the scalpel.New Haven:Yale University Press,1993
[19]Nightingale SD,Yamold PR,Greenberg MS:Sympathy,empathy,and physician resource utilization.J Gen Inter Med.1991,6:420-423
[20]Olsen JK.Relationship between nurse-expressed empathy,patient-perceived empathy and patient stress.Image:J N Scholarship.1996,27:317-322
[21]Bennett JA."Methodlogical notes on empathy":Further considerations[J].Advances in Nursing Science.1995,18(1):36-50
[22]Alligood MR.Empathy:The importance of recognizing two types[J].Journal of Psych -osocial Nursing.1992,30(3):14-17
[23]La Monica EL.Construct validity of an empathy instrument[J].Research in Nursing and Health,1981,4:389 - 400
[24]杨辉,邱玉芳,宋丽萍.临床护理人员共情能力评价指标体系的初步研究[J].护理研究,2007,21(11):3072-3074
[25]http://www.tju.edu/jmc/crmehc/faculty_profile.cfm?key=mxh146
[26]心理卫生手册,第三版.人民卫生出版社
[27](美)Frederick TL.Leong,James T.AuXin主编;周晓林等译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2006.1
[28]宋建成,费立鹏.简明精神评定量表中各分量表的评价[J].临床精神病学杂志,2001,11(2):86-89
[29]郑日昌主编.心理测验与评估[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005,12:58-68
[30]金瑜主编.心理测量[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001,8
[31]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,10:107
[32]安胜利,陈平雁.量表的信度及其影响因素[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2001,9:21-23
[33]Bullinger M,Alonso J,Apolone G,et al.Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality:the IQ OLA project aproach[J].J Clin Epidemiol,1998,51(11):913-923
[34]David L,Streiner & Geoffrey K,Norman.Health measurement scales:a practical guide their development and use.Second Edition,oxford,New York,Tokyo,oxford university press,1995
[35]Friedenberg,lise.Psychological testing design,analysis,and use.Copyright(c)1995 by Allyn and Bacon,printed in the USA
[36]柯惠新等编著.调查研究中的统计分析法[M].北京广播学院出版社,1992
[37]Carmins EG,Zeller RA.Reliability and validity assessment new bury park:sage,1979
[38]Mohammadreza Hojat,Sylvia K,Joseph S.Empathy:An NP/MD Comparison[J].The Nurse Practitioner,2003,4(28):45-47
[39]李小寒,陈秀侠.正确认识同理心及其在临床护理实践中的应用[J].中国实用护理杂志,2006,22(2):75-76
[40]Bennett."Methodogical notes on empathy":Further considerations[J].Advances in Nursing Science,1995,18(1):36-50
[1]李佳东编著.情商主宰人生[M].北京:渤海出版社,2005:2-6
[2]Daniel C.EQ Emotional Intelligence,Taibei:China Times Publishing Company,1996:118-216
[3]Spiro HM,Mccrea Curren MG;Peschel E,St.James D:Empathy and the practice of medicine:Beyond pills and the scalpel.New Haven:Yale University Press,1993
[4]Nightingale SD,Yarnold PR,Greenberg MS:Sympathy,empathy,and physician resource utilization.J Gen Inter Med.1991,6:420-423
[5]Olsen JK.Relationship between nurse-expressed empathy,patient-perceived empathy and patient stress.Image:J N Scholarship.1996,27:317-322
[6]Titchener E.Elementary psychology of the thought processes[M],New York:Macmillan,1990,211-217
[7]吕勤,左艳艳.共情与饭店服务人员服务质量的关系[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2006.1:779-84
[8]Eisenberg N,Miller PA.The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors[Y].Psychol.Bull.1987,10(1):119
[9]Hoffman ML.The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment.In:N.Eisenberg and J.Strayer(Eds.),Empathy and Its Development[M],Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987,934-946
[10]Mead GH.Mind,Self and Society[M].Chicago:University of Chicgao Press,1934,162-185
[11]WhitenA.Natural theories of mind[M].Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1991,563-574
[12]Dennett D.The intentional stance[M].Cambridge,MA:MIT Press/Bradford Books,1987,656-700
[13]Martin L.Hofman.Empathy and Moral Development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Uni -versity Press,2000,4
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