小麦产量及品质形成的环境效应与养分高效利用研究
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摘要
本试验分为两组：
第一组为：耕作方式与施氮量对冬小麦产量品质及氮肥高效利用研究。于2008～2010年在位于我国北方农牧交错区的内蒙古喀喇沁旗进行。主要比较了保护性耕作方式与常规翻耕对小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响，研究了“小麦—土壤”系统对氮素的回收利用情况。以期为保护性耕作在该地区的推广提供相应的施肥参考及相应技术。
第二组为：生态环境与栽培措施对冬小麦产量、品质以及其养分利用的研究。试验于2009～2011年在北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区北片的3个试验点（北京、河北省任丘市、河北省赵县）进行同方案同步氮肥运筹试验，以氮肥施用量、追肥时期和氮肥底追比例为调控因素，研究生态环境与氮肥运筹对不同冬小麦产量品质及对小麦吸收微量元素的调控补偿效应。供试材料为济麦20、皖麦38、京冬8号和中麦8号。
试验主要结果如下：
1、保护性耕作方式有利于促进小麦对氮素的吸收，提高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量，改善小麦加工品质。对施氮量的研究表明，当施氮量由每公顷120公斤增加到360公斤时，小麦对氮素的吸收利用由36.5%降低为26.1%，氮素损失率增加约5个百分点，相应的氮素损失量则从60公斤增加到约200公斤，对环境的污染明显增加。经过两季小麦种植后，小麦—土壤系统回收的总氮素比例约为44%~50%，其中土壤残留的氮素约为13%~18%。总体趋势为施氮量越高，小麦利用率越低，损失量相对越大。
2、生态环境对小麦籽粒产量、品质及微量元素含量均有显著影响，不同试点产量差距可以达到2000公斤/公顷，蛋白质含量相差1.5个百分点。籽粒中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn四种微量元素含量极差分别为4.04mg/kg、4.20mg/kg、0.78mg/kg和6.55mg/kg。研究表明，在土壤微量元素含量充足的条件下，小麦籽粒中微量元素含量变化规律与试验点土壤元素含量的变化规律不完全相同。不同类型品种间产量、品质以及对微量元素的吸收累积能力也存在显著差异。小麦产量、品质及微量元素含量年度间也存在较大差异。表明小麦产量和品质受到种植区域、生产年份气象条件及其交互作用的影响较大。
3、氮肥施用量对小麦产量和籽粒主要性状均有显著影响。随着施氮量的增加产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，形成时间、稳定时间则显著提高，沉降值、干湿面筋含量及面包烘焙品质均显著改善。氮肥有利于促进小麦对土壤中铁、铜和锌元素的吸收，但不利于锰元素的吸收积累。兼顾产量与品质，则以每公顷施用180公斤~270公斤纯氮为宜。追氮时期的变化对小麦产量、蛋白质含量及加工品质没有显著影响。随着追氮时期后延，籽粒中锰、铜、锌元素含量显著提高，但对铁元素的累积不利。随着氮肥底追比例的提高，小麦产量和沉降值呈先增后降的变化趋势，籽粒蛋白质含量、铜含量、形成时间、稳定时间、硬度、吸水率及面筋指数则显著提高，且利于改善面包烘焙品质。
4、通过对品种稳定性及氮肥调控效应分析表明，受生态环境影响变异较大的性状有产量、籽粒含锌量、形成时间、稳定时间，变异系数均大于10%，表明其稳定性较差。年度间变异较大的性状主要有产量、硬度、形成时间、稳定时间和沉降值，但不同品种间存在一定差异。
5、施用氮肥对不同品种小麦产量和品质差异有不同程度的调节效应。适当施用氮肥有利于缩小不同品种间的产量、铁、锰、锌含量的差异，但铜元素差异却逐渐加大；适量施氮有利于减小品种间蛋白质含量的差异，但过量施氮则可能加大其差异。氮肥在不同程度上可补偿生态环境对小麦产量和品质的影响。施用氮肥可以补偿产量、蛋白质含量在生态环境间的变异，提高其稳定性；适量施用氮肥可以补偿籽粒中铁和铜元素在试点间的差异，但过多施氮或施氮太少均不利于锰和锌元素含量的稳定。
综合而言，受施氮量影响较大的性状为产量、稳定时间、形成时间和沉降值，表明这些性状对氮肥反应敏感，具有较高的栽培可塑性。氮肥有利于弥补由于生态环境或品种差异而引起的小麦产量和品质的不稳定性，调节品种差异并补偿生态环境对小麦造成的不利影响。结果表明，以每公顷施氮180kg~270kg为最适范围。
6、追氮时期后延，有利于缩小品种间产量和主要加工品质的差异，对调节小麦品种间的差异有一定的改善作用。而早期追施氮肥更有利于缩小试点间产量和主要加工品质的差异，补偿环境对小麦生产造成的不利影响，促进小麦在不同试点间稳定性。
7、提高追氮比例有利于调节品种间产量、形成时间、稳定时间、沉降值、干面筋含量和铜元素差异；烘焙指标受其影响较小；底追比例为5:5时，品种间面筋指数差异最小。提高追氮比例有利于补偿环境变化对小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、铁元素、吸水率、形成时间、湿面筋、面包体积和面包评分的影响，提高其生态稳产性；不利于试点间铜元素、稳定时间、沉降值、干面筋和面筋指数的稳定。
This paper is composed of two parts.
The first part studied the effects of tillage practice and nitrogen rate on nitrogen use efficiency andyield, quality of wheat. In growing seasons of2008-2010, the experiment was carried out in ChifengCity, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which belongs to arid and semi-arid region, Farming-PastureZone of north China. The experiment compared the effect of tillage and nitrogen use efficiency onwinter wheat yield and quality as well as nitrogen absorption and utilization in winter “wheat-soil”system.
The second part studied the effects of different eco-environments and cultivation measures on grainFe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents and quality and yield in wheat. Experiments were carried out at threelocations (experimental station of the Institute of Crop Sciences，Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences; Yuanzhong Farm in Renqiu,Hebei Province;experimental station of Zhaoxian,HebeiProvince) in growing seasons of2009-2011. We studied the effects of the genotype, environment andcultivated measures such as nitrogen application rate, nitrogen topdressing ratio and nitrogentopdressing stage on the micronutrient concentration in grains and quality and yield in wheat.TheVarieties were Jimai20, Wanmai38, Jingdong8and Zhongmai8.
The main results are as follows:
1. The research showed that long-term implementation of conservation tillage was propitious tonitrogen absorption of winter wheat as well as increased grain yield, protein content and processingquality. With the increase of nitrogen application rate from120kilograms per hectare to360kilogramsper hectare, nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat dropped from36.5%to26.1%; with about anincrease of every5percentage point of nitrogen loss, the nitrogen loss increased from60kilograms perhectare to200kilograms per hectare accordingly, which caused more severe environmental pollution.After wheat cultivation for two seasons, the proportion of total nitrogen recycled through “wheat-soil”system was about44%-50%; the proportion of nitrogen residues in the soil was about13%-18%.Thehigher nitrogen application rate in the last season was, the lower nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheatwas and the more nitrogen loss would be.
2. The effects of environment were significant on the micronutrient concentration in grains andquality and yield in wheat. Different experimental points yield differences can reach2000kg/ha and thedifference among protein can reach1.5percentage point. The difference of grain Fe, Mn, Cu and Zncontents are respectively4.04mg/kg、4.20mg/kg、0.78mg/kg and6.55mg/kg. The results show that underthe sufficient condition of trace element content in soil, the changes of the micronutrient concentrationin grains and in various experimental points soil are different. There were significant differences ofgenotypes. The yield, quality and micronutrient content are different in different years. The results showthat the environment, meteorological condition and their interaction can affect the grain yield andquality.
3. The effects of nitrogen application rates were significant on yield and kernel traits. With theincrease of nitrogen application yield has increased first and then reduced. The nitrogen fertilizationcould significantly increased development time, stable time, sedimentation, wet gluten, dry gluten andbaking quality. The nitrogen fertilization is beneficial to promoting the absorbing ability of wheat to Fe,Cu and Zn, but it was not beneficial to the accumulation of Mn. To obtain high yield point of view,combined with wheat quality，the optimum cultivation measurement was N fertilizer180to270kg/hm2.The change of nitrogen topdressing stage has not significant effect on yield, protein and processingquality. With postponing topdressing time of N fertilizer, the contents of grain Mn, Cu and Znsignificantly increased, while the contents of Fe decreased. With the increasing of nitrogen amount fortopdressing, the yield and sedimentation enhanced first, and then decreased. With the increasing ofnitrogen amount for topdressing, the protein content, grain content of Cu development time, stable time,water absorption, gluten index, rigidity and baking quality significant improved.
4. Studies on varieties stability and application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer shows that ecologicalenvironment impacts the great variance of traits include yield, grain content of Zn, development timeand stable time. The variation coefficients are larger than10%. The yield, rigidity, development time,stable time and sedimentation variance among years, while there are some differences among varieties.
5. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has various degrees of moderating effects on grain yield and quality.Proper application of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to reducing the difference about yield, graincontents of Fe, Mn, Zn among different varieties, to increasing the grain content of Cu difference.Properapplication of nitrogen fertilizer could reduce the protein content difference among different varieties,while over-application of N fertilizer May increase their differences. Nitrogen fertilizer has differentdegrees of compensation effect to the effects of environment on grains yield and quality. Application ofnitrogen fertilizer could increase the yield and protein stability, Proper application of nitrogen fertilizecould decrease the difference of Fe and Cu contents among experimental points, while bothover-application and less-application nitrogen fertilizer go against the stability of grain contents of Mnand Zn.
In conclusion, the characters greatly influenced by nitrogen application rate are grain yield, stabletime, development time and sedimentation. Those characters are sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogenfertilizer has compensation effect to the effects of environment on grains yield and quality. Theoptimum cultivation measurement was N fertilizer180to270kg/hm2.
6. Postponing topdressing time of N fertilizer is beneficial to reduce the differences of grain yieldand processing quality among varieties. Application of nitrogen fertilizer in early stage could reduce thedifference of grain yield and processing quality among experimental points and increase the wheatstability among sites.
7. Increasing of nitrogen amount for topdressing is beneficial to decreasing the differences amongvarieties about grain yield, development time, stable time, sedimentation, dry gluten and the graincontent of Cu. It has little effect of baking quality. There are minimum differences among varietieswhen the base fertilizer to topdressing as5:5. Increasing of nitrogen amount for topdressing is beneficial to reduce the differences of grain yield, protein content, water absorption, development time, breadvolume, bread score and the grain content of Fe among experimental points. Decreasing of nitrogenamount for topdressing is beneficial to reduce the differences of the grain content of Cu, stable time, wetgluten, sedimentation, dry gluten among experimental points.
第一组为：耕作方式与施氮量对冬小麦产量品质及氮肥高效利用研究。于2008～2010年在位于我国北方农牧交错区的内蒙古喀喇沁旗进行。主要比较了保护性耕作方式与常规翻耕对小麦产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响，研究了“小麦—土壤”系统对氮素的回收利用情况。以期为保护性耕作在该地区的推广提供相应的施肥参考及相应技术。
第二组为：生态环境与栽培措施对冬小麦产量、品质以及其养分利用的研究。试验于2009～2011年在北部冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区北片的3个试验点（北京、河北省任丘市、河北省赵县）进行同方案同步氮肥运筹试验，以氮肥施用量、追肥时期和氮肥底追比例为调控因素，研究生态环境与氮肥运筹对不同冬小麦产量品质及对小麦吸收微量元素的调控补偿效应。供试材料为济麦20、皖麦38、京冬8号和中麦8号。
试验主要结果如下：
1、保护性耕作方式有利于促进小麦对氮素的吸收，提高籽粒产量和蛋白质含量，改善小麦加工品质。对施氮量的研究表明，当施氮量由每公顷120公斤增加到360公斤时，小麦对氮素的吸收利用由36.5%降低为26.1%，氮素损失率增加约5个百分点，相应的氮素损失量则从60公斤增加到约200公斤，对环境的污染明显增加。经过两季小麦种植后，小麦—土壤系统回收的总氮素比例约为44%~50%，其中土壤残留的氮素约为13%~18%。总体趋势为施氮量越高，小麦利用率越低，损失量相对越大。
2、生态环境对小麦籽粒产量、品质及微量元素含量均有显著影响，不同试点产量差距可以达到2000公斤/公顷，蛋白质含量相差1.5个百分点。籽粒中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn四种微量元素含量极差分别为4.04mg/kg、4.20mg/kg、0.78mg/kg和6.55mg/kg。研究表明，在土壤微量元素含量充足的条件下，小麦籽粒中微量元素含量变化规律与试验点土壤元素含量的变化规律不完全相同。不同类型品种间产量、品质以及对微量元素的吸收累积能力也存在显著差异。小麦产量、品质及微量元素含量年度间也存在较大差异。表明小麦产量和品质受到种植区域、生产年份气象条件及其交互作用的影响较大。
3、氮肥施用量对小麦产量和籽粒主要性状均有显著影响。随着施氮量的增加产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势，形成时间、稳定时间则显著提高，沉降值、干湿面筋含量及面包烘焙品质均显著改善。氮肥有利于促进小麦对土壤中铁、铜和锌元素的吸收，但不利于锰元素的吸收积累。兼顾产量与品质，则以每公顷施用180公斤~270公斤纯氮为宜。追氮时期的变化对小麦产量、蛋白质含量及加工品质没有显著影响。随着追氮时期后延，籽粒中锰、铜、锌元素含量显著提高，但对铁元素的累积不利。随着氮肥底追比例的提高，小麦产量和沉降值呈先增后降的变化趋势，籽粒蛋白质含量、铜含量、形成时间、稳定时间、硬度、吸水率及面筋指数则显著提高，且利于改善面包烘焙品质。
4、通过对品种稳定性及氮肥调控效应分析表明，受生态环境影响变异较大的性状有产量、籽粒含锌量、形成时间、稳定时间，变异系数均大于10%，表明其稳定性较差。年度间变异较大的性状主要有产量、硬度、形成时间、稳定时间和沉降值，但不同品种间存在一定差异。
5、施用氮肥对不同品种小麦产量和品质差异有不同程度的调节效应。适当施用氮肥有利于缩小不同品种间的产量、铁、锰、锌含量的差异，但铜元素差异却逐渐加大；适量施氮有利于减小品种间蛋白质含量的差异，但过量施氮则可能加大其差异。氮肥在不同程度上可补偿生态环境对小麦产量和品质的影响。施用氮肥可以补偿产量、蛋白质含量在生态环境间的变异，提高其稳定性；适量施用氮肥可以补偿籽粒中铁和铜元素在试点间的差异，但过多施氮或施氮太少均不利于锰和锌元素含量的稳定。
综合而言，受施氮量影响较大的性状为产量、稳定时间、形成时间和沉降值，表明这些性状对氮肥反应敏感，具有较高的栽培可塑性。氮肥有利于弥补由于生态环境或品种差异而引起的小麦产量和品质的不稳定性，调节品种差异并补偿生态环境对小麦造成的不利影响。结果表明，以每公顷施氮180kg~270kg为最适范围。
6、追氮时期后延，有利于缩小品种间产量和主要加工品质的差异，对调节小麦品种间的差异有一定的改善作用。而早期追施氮肥更有利于缩小试点间产量和主要加工品质的差异，补偿环境对小麦生产造成的不利影响，促进小麦在不同试点间稳定性。
7、提高追氮比例有利于调节品种间产量、形成时间、稳定时间、沉降值、干面筋含量和铜元素差异；烘焙指标受其影响较小；底追比例为5:5时，品种间面筋指数差异最小。提高追氮比例有利于补偿环境变化对小麦产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、铁元素、吸水率、形成时间、湿面筋、面包体积和面包评分的影响，提高其生态稳产性；不利于试点间铜元素、稳定时间、沉降值、干面筋和面筋指数的稳定。
This paper is composed of two parts.
The first part studied the effects of tillage practice and nitrogen rate on nitrogen use efficiency andyield, quality of wheat. In growing seasons of2008-2010, the experiment was carried out in ChifengCity, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which belongs to arid and semi-arid region, Farming-PastureZone of north China. The experiment compared the effect of tillage and nitrogen use efficiency onwinter wheat yield and quality as well as nitrogen absorption and utilization in winter “wheat-soil”system.
The second part studied the effects of different eco-environments and cultivation measures on grainFe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents and quality and yield in wheat. Experiments were carried out at threelocations (experimental station of the Institute of Crop Sciences，Chinese Academy of AgriculturalSciences; Yuanzhong Farm in Renqiu,Hebei Province;experimental station of Zhaoxian,HebeiProvince) in growing seasons of2009-2011. We studied the effects of the genotype, environment andcultivated measures such as nitrogen application rate, nitrogen topdressing ratio and nitrogentopdressing stage on the micronutrient concentration in grains and quality and yield in wheat.TheVarieties were Jimai20, Wanmai38, Jingdong8and Zhongmai8.
The main results are as follows:
1. The research showed that long-term implementation of conservation tillage was propitious tonitrogen absorption of winter wheat as well as increased grain yield, protein content and processingquality. With the increase of nitrogen application rate from120kilograms per hectare to360kilogramsper hectare, nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat dropped from36.5%to26.1%; with about anincrease of every5percentage point of nitrogen loss, the nitrogen loss increased from60kilograms perhectare to200kilograms per hectare accordingly, which caused more severe environmental pollution.After wheat cultivation for two seasons, the proportion of total nitrogen recycled through “wheat-soil”system was about44%-50%; the proportion of nitrogen residues in the soil was about13%-18%.Thehigher nitrogen application rate in the last season was, the lower nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheatwas and the more nitrogen loss would be.
2. The effects of environment were significant on the micronutrient concentration in grains andquality and yield in wheat. Different experimental points yield differences can reach2000kg/ha and thedifference among protein can reach1.5percentage point. The difference of grain Fe, Mn, Cu and Zncontents are respectively4.04mg/kg、4.20mg/kg、0.78mg/kg and6.55mg/kg. The results show that underthe sufficient condition of trace element content in soil, the changes of the micronutrient concentrationin grains and in various experimental points soil are different. There were significant differences ofgenotypes. The yield, quality and micronutrient content are different in different years. The results showthat the environment, meteorological condition and their interaction can affect the grain yield andquality.
3. The effects of nitrogen application rates were significant on yield and kernel traits. With theincrease of nitrogen application yield has increased first and then reduced. The nitrogen fertilizationcould significantly increased development time, stable time, sedimentation, wet gluten, dry gluten andbaking quality. The nitrogen fertilization is beneficial to promoting the absorbing ability of wheat to Fe,Cu and Zn, but it was not beneficial to the accumulation of Mn. To obtain high yield point of view,combined with wheat quality，the optimum cultivation measurement was N fertilizer180to270kg/hm2.The change of nitrogen topdressing stage has not significant effect on yield, protein and processingquality. With postponing topdressing time of N fertilizer, the contents of grain Mn, Cu and Znsignificantly increased, while the contents of Fe decreased. With the increasing of nitrogen amount fortopdressing, the yield and sedimentation enhanced first, and then decreased. With the increasing ofnitrogen amount for topdressing, the protein content, grain content of Cu development time, stable time,water absorption, gluten index, rigidity and baking quality significant improved.
4. Studies on varieties stability and application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer shows that ecologicalenvironment impacts the great variance of traits include yield, grain content of Zn, development timeand stable time. The variation coefficients are larger than10%. The yield, rigidity, development time,stable time and sedimentation variance among years, while there are some differences among varieties.
5. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has various degrees of moderating effects on grain yield and quality.Proper application of nitrogen fertilizer is beneficial to reducing the difference about yield, graincontents of Fe, Mn, Zn among different varieties, to increasing the grain content of Cu difference.Properapplication of nitrogen fertilizer could reduce the protein content difference among different varieties,while over-application of N fertilizer May increase their differences. Nitrogen fertilizer has differentdegrees of compensation effect to the effects of environment on grains yield and quality. Application ofnitrogen fertilizer could increase the yield and protein stability, Proper application of nitrogen fertilizecould decrease the difference of Fe and Cu contents among experimental points, while bothover-application and less-application nitrogen fertilizer go against the stability of grain contents of Mnand Zn.
In conclusion, the characters greatly influenced by nitrogen application rate are grain yield, stabletime, development time and sedimentation. Those characters are sensitive to nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogenfertilizer has compensation effect to the effects of environment on grains yield and quality. Theoptimum cultivation measurement was N fertilizer180to270kg/hm2.
6. Postponing topdressing time of N fertilizer is beneficial to reduce the differences of grain yieldand processing quality among varieties. Application of nitrogen fertilizer in early stage could reduce thedifference of grain yield and processing quality among experimental points and increase the wheatstability among sites.
7. Increasing of nitrogen amount for topdressing is beneficial to decreasing the differences amongvarieties about grain yield, development time, stable time, sedimentation, dry gluten and the graincontent of Cu. It has little effect of baking quality. There are minimum differences among varietieswhen the base fertilizer to topdressing as5:5. Increasing of nitrogen amount for topdressing is beneficial to reduce the differences of grain yield, protein content, water absorption, development time, breadvolume, bread score and the grain content of Fe among experimental points. Decreasing of nitrogenamount for topdressing is beneficial to reduce the differences of the grain content of Cu, stable time, wetgluten, sedimentation, dry gluten among experimental points.
引文
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