牦牛、犏牛及黄牛肉脂肪酸和风味物质测定及生产性能的比较分析
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摘要
随机选取青海省果洛州1.5岁左右牦牛(♂)33头和犏牛(♂)13头,测定其体重和体尺性状。然后从中选取同一放牧群体的牦牛(♂)和犏牛(♂)各3头,与随机选自青海省湟中县的3头黄牛进行以下分析:利用高效液相色谱法对其肉中的肌苷、肌苷酸和硫胺素进行测定,采用高氯酸滴定法测定其肉中谷氨酸钠的含量,利用气质联用仪对其肉中的脂肪酸组成及含量进行分析,并对牦牛、犏牛和黄牛的屠宰性能进行比较分析。
对数据统计分析的结果表明:①牦牛、犏牛和黄牛肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的含量无显著差异(P>0.05),都在50%左右,以棕榈酸(C16:0)和硬脂酸(C18:0)的含量居多,三种牛C16:0和C18:0的含量无显著差异(P>0.05);牦牛肉十七烷酸(C17:0)的含量显著高于黄牛肉(P<0.05),并且与犏牛肉具有极显著差异(P<0.01);犏牛花生酸(C20:0)的含量与牦牛具有极显著差异(P<0.01),黄牛肉中未检测出C20:0。牦牛、犏牛和黄牛肉中单不饱和脂肪酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05),以油酸(C18:1)的含量居多,油酸(C18:1)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)和十七碳烯酸(C17:1)在三种牛的含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。多不饱和脂肪酸在犏牛肉中含量最高,明显高于牦牛肉和黄牛肉(P<0.05),犏牛肉亚油酸(C18:2 n-6)含量明显高于同龄牦牛和黄牛(P<0.05);犏牛肉α-亚麻酸(α-C18:3)的含量明显高于黄牛(P<0.05);γ-亚麻酸(γ-C18:3)只在黄牛肉中检出;二十碳烯酸(EPA)只在犏牛肉中检出。②犏牛肉肌苷的含量与牦牛、黄牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),牦牛肉肌苷的含量明显高于同龄黄牛(P<0.05);三种牛肌苷酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05);犏牛肉硫胺素的含量最高,牦牛次之,牦牛肉硫胺素的含量与犏牛、黄牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),犏牛肉硫胺素的含量明显高于同龄黄牛(P<0.05);犏牛肉谷氨酸钠的含量与黄牛无显著差异(P>0.05),但都显著高于同龄牦牛(P<0.05)。③犏牛的体重、体高、体长、胸围与管围都与牦牛具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。④犏牛的头重、皮重、前二蹄重、后二蹄重、胴体重和胴体肉重明显优于同龄牦牛(P<0.05),尤其是头重,犏牛与牦牛具有极显著差异(P<0.01);瘤胃脂肪重、前胸腔脂肪重和眼肌面积在三个种牛间无显著差异(P>0.05);犏牛的胴体骨重最大,与黄牛无显著差异(P>0.05),但都与同龄牦牛具有显著差异(P<0.05);三个种牛的屠宰率、净肉率和胴体产肉率无显著差异(P>0.05);牦牛的骨肉比与犏牛、黄牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),黄牛的骨肉比明显高于同龄犏牛(P<0.05)。
The yak(♂,33) and pianniu(♂,13) were selected in Guoluo State,Qinghai Province,each one was about 1.5 years. The weight of body of them were measured. From the same drove,3 yaks and 3 pianniu were selected,and 3 cattles were selected in Huangzhong State, Qinghai Province.The content of inosine,inosine acid and vitamin B1 in the muscle of yaks,pianniu and cattles were analysed by HPLC (high performance liquid chroma tography),and the content of Sodium Glutamate was analysed by perchloric acid titration.The composition and content of fatty acids in the muscle of yaks,pianniu and cattles were analysed by GC-MS(gas chromatography - Mass Spectrometer),The slaughtering performance of yaks,pianniu and cattles were compared .The results were shown as follows:
①There is no significant difference in the content of saturated fatty acid(SFA) between the muscle o yak,of pianniu and cattle (P>0.05). The most abundant of SFA is C16:0 and C18:0,and there are no significant difference in C16:0 and C18:0.The C17:0 in the muscle of yak is significantly higher than that of pianniu(P<0.01). There is significant difference in the content of C20:0 between yak and pianniu(P<0.01), and the C20:0 wasn,t detected in the muscle of cattle. There is no significant difference in the content of monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) between the muscle of yak,pianniu and cattle (P>0.05), The most abundant of MUFA is C18:1. There are no significant difference in the C18:1, C16:1 and C17:1 between the muscle of yak,pianniu and cattle (P>0.05).The content of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak and cattle(P<0.05). The C18:2 in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak and cattle(P<0.05). The content ofα-C18:3 in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak and cattle(P<0.05). Theγ-C18:3 was only detected in the muscle of cattle,and the EPA was only detected in the muscle of pianniu.②The content of inosine in the muscle of yak is significantly higher than that in the muscle of cattle(P<0.05).There is no significant difference in the content of inosine acid in the muscle between pianniu, cattle and yak(P>0.05). The vitamin B1 in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of cattle(P<0.05).The Sodium Glutamate in the muscle of cattle and pianniu are significantly higher than that of yak(P<0.05).③The weight , height and length of body of pianniu are significantly higher than those of yak(P<0.01), The circumference of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak(P < 0.01).④The weight of head ,skin,hooves,body and flesh of pianniu are significantly higher than those of yak(P<0.05),especially the weight of head(P<0.01).There are no significant difference in weight of the fat in rumen and in frontal thorax between pianniu, cattle and yak(P>0.05),and there is no significant difference in rib-eye area between them(P>0.05).The bone of body of pianniu and cattle are significantly higher than that of yak(P<0.05).There are no significant difference in the dressing percentage,the percentage of flesh in live body and flesh in body between pianniu, cattle and yak(P>0.05). The radio of bone to flesh of cattle is significantly higher than that of pianniu(P<0.05).
对数据统计分析的结果表明:①牦牛、犏牛和黄牛肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的含量无显著差异(P>0.05),都在50%左右,以棕榈酸(C16:0)和硬脂酸(C18:0)的含量居多,三种牛C16:0和C18:0的含量无显著差异(P>0.05);牦牛肉十七烷酸(C17:0)的含量显著高于黄牛肉(P<0.05),并且与犏牛肉具有极显著差异(P<0.01);犏牛花生酸(C20:0)的含量与牦牛具有极显著差异(P<0.01),黄牛肉中未检测出C20:0。牦牛、犏牛和黄牛肉中单不饱和脂肪酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05),以油酸(C18:1)的含量居多,油酸(C18:1)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)和十七碳烯酸(C17:1)在三种牛的含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。多不饱和脂肪酸在犏牛肉中含量最高,明显高于牦牛肉和黄牛肉(P<0.05),犏牛肉亚油酸(C18:2 n-6)含量明显高于同龄牦牛和黄牛(P<0.05);犏牛肉α-亚麻酸(α-C18:3)的含量明显高于黄牛(P<0.05);γ-亚麻酸(γ-C18:3)只在黄牛肉中检出;二十碳烯酸(EPA)只在犏牛肉中检出。②犏牛肉肌苷的含量与牦牛、黄牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),牦牛肉肌苷的含量明显高于同龄黄牛(P<0.05);三种牛肌苷酸的含量无显著差异(P>0.05);犏牛肉硫胺素的含量最高,牦牛次之,牦牛肉硫胺素的含量与犏牛、黄牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),犏牛肉硫胺素的含量明显高于同龄黄牛(P<0.05);犏牛肉谷氨酸钠的含量与黄牛无显著差异(P>0.05),但都显著高于同龄牦牛(P<0.05)。③犏牛的体重、体高、体长、胸围与管围都与牦牛具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。④犏牛的头重、皮重、前二蹄重、后二蹄重、胴体重和胴体肉重明显优于同龄牦牛(P<0.05),尤其是头重,犏牛与牦牛具有极显著差异(P<0.01);瘤胃脂肪重、前胸腔脂肪重和眼肌面积在三个种牛间无显著差异(P>0.05);犏牛的胴体骨重最大,与黄牛无显著差异(P>0.05),但都与同龄牦牛具有显著差异(P<0.05);三个种牛的屠宰率、净肉率和胴体产肉率无显著差异(P>0.05);牦牛的骨肉比与犏牛、黄牛均无显著差异(P>0.05),黄牛的骨肉比明显高于同龄犏牛(P<0.05)。
The yak(♂,33) and pianniu(♂,13) were selected in Guoluo State,Qinghai Province,each one was about 1.5 years. The weight of body of them were measured. From the same drove,3 yaks and 3 pianniu were selected,and 3 cattles were selected in Huangzhong State, Qinghai Province.The content of inosine,inosine acid and vitamin B1 in the muscle of yaks,pianniu and cattles were analysed by HPLC (high performance liquid chroma tography),and the content of Sodium Glutamate was analysed by perchloric acid titration.The composition and content of fatty acids in the muscle of yaks,pianniu and cattles were analysed by GC-MS(gas chromatography - Mass Spectrometer),The slaughtering performance of yaks,pianniu and cattles were compared .The results were shown as follows:
①There is no significant difference in the content of saturated fatty acid(SFA) between the muscle o yak,of pianniu and cattle (P>0.05). The most abundant of SFA is C16:0 and C18:0,and there are no significant difference in C16:0 and C18:0.The C17:0 in the muscle of yak is significantly higher than that of pianniu(P<0.01). There is significant difference in the content of C20:0 between yak and pianniu(P<0.01), and the C20:0 wasn,t detected in the muscle of cattle. There is no significant difference in the content of monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) between the muscle of yak,pianniu and cattle (P>0.05), The most abundant of MUFA is C18:1. There are no significant difference in the C18:1, C16:1 and C17:1 between the muscle of yak,pianniu and cattle (P>0.05).The content of polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak and cattle(P<0.05). The C18:2 in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak and cattle(P<0.05). The content ofα-C18:3 in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak and cattle(P<0.05). Theγ-C18:3 was only detected in the muscle of cattle,and the EPA was only detected in the muscle of pianniu.②The content of inosine in the muscle of yak is significantly higher than that in the muscle of cattle(P<0.05).There is no significant difference in the content of inosine acid in the muscle between pianniu, cattle and yak(P>0.05). The vitamin B1 in the muscle of pianniu is significantly higher than that of cattle(P<0.05).The Sodium Glutamate in the muscle of cattle and pianniu are significantly higher than that of yak(P<0.05).③The weight , height and length of body of pianniu are significantly higher than those of yak(P<0.01), The circumference of pianniu is significantly higher than that of yak(P < 0.01).④The weight of head ,skin,hooves,body and flesh of pianniu are significantly higher than those of yak(P<0.05),especially the weight of head(P<0.01).There are no significant difference in weight of the fat in rumen and in frontal thorax between pianniu, cattle and yak(P>0.05),and there is no significant difference in rib-eye area between them(P>0.05).The bone of body of pianniu and cattle are significantly higher than that of yak(P<0.05).There are no significant difference in the dressing percentage,the percentage of flesh in live body and flesh in body between pianniu, cattle and yak(P>0.05). The radio of bone to flesh of cattle is significantly higher than that of pianniu(P<0.05).
引文
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