易腐品的库存控制研究
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摘要
研究库存控制方法的根本目的是减少资源浪费,合理利用有限资源,降低物流的总成本,使企业在经营过程中获得更多的利润,而目前我国的易腐品在流通中的损耗占销售额的比重非常大。因此,研究易腐品库存控制的相关理论与方法对企业的经营具有重要的实际意义。
近几十年来,传统库存控制理论的扩展研究取得了较大的进展,这些扩展性研究的理论成果与复杂的实际应用需要还有相当大的差距。本文针对已有易腐品的库存控制理论在进行实际的库存决策时存在的不足入手,从多个方面对这些库存理论进行了进一步的扩展性研究,具体的研究内容如下：
1.经典EOQ公式的推广。本文将经典的EOQ公式首先推广到了有限计划期的情形,考虑允许缺货且缺货部分拖后供给(即是经销商在库存降低至零以后,再过一段时间进行订购,可以降低库存成本和变质损耗费用；而期间有一部分顾客由于不愿意等待而离去,造成销售机会的损失,只一部分顾客会愿意等到下一次有货物时再购买),需求的拖后供给率与顾客的实际等待时间有关,放松了等周期补货的假设,研究了零售商的订货策略和定价策略,给出了求最优订货次数的简便算法,分析了库存影响需求率因子和变质率的变化对零售商的利润、订货策略和定价策略的影响,为不同种类处于同样市场环境的易腐品库存系统确定订货及定价策略提供了理论依据。
2.将可替代品的库存控制模型扩展到可替代易腐品的库存控制研究。针对同一市场‘环境有多种属性相近的易腐品,它们之间可以一定程度的相互替代,并考虑易腐品的需求还受到鲜度质量的影响(即产品库存时间的影响)。首次在竞争环境和合作环境下分别建立了基于价格需求替代的可替代易腐品库存控制模型,研究了经销商的订货和定价策略,并分析了需求弹性和需求的交叉弹性变化以及库存时间敏感因子变化对经销商在合作和竞争时利润及定价的影响。
3.针对允许缺货的生产库存模型的扩展性研究。针对缺货期的货物短缺量一般会出现部分拖后供给,即会形成销量损失,但当企业重新开始生产还没有形成现货储备,销量损失事态得到明显缓解,研究允许缺货且缺货部分拖后供给的易腐品生产库存策略。本文建立了时变需求拖后供给的生产库存模型,从以下几个方面研究了生产库存策略：(1)将变质率时变和时变需求拖后供给引入到生产库存模型,寻求最优生产策略。(2)将货架上产品的展示量影响产品销量这一因素引入到时变拖后供给的生产库存模型,建立了寻求最优生产策略的模型。(3)产品的价格变化影响消费者的实际收入水平,从而影响产品的需求,将价格和库存水平共同影响需求引入到生产库存模型中,建立了寻求最优生产策略和定价策略的模型。(4)新上市产品都要经历市场扩张或增长期,在这一时期单位时间内的需求随时间而增加,经过一段时间增长之后进入成熟期产品的需求相对稳定。本文考虑了新上市易腐品的生产库存策略,弥补了现有库存模型对新上市易腐品库存控制研究的不足。
4.多级供应链的易腐品库存策略的研究。研究了易腐品的两级供应链整合库存模型及协调策略。考虑生产商以固定生产率进行一次生产,多个零售商从生产商处多次订货的运行模式,产品的变质率为常数,顾客的需求率受到零售商当前库存水平的影响,在整合环境下与非整合环境下分别建立了库存模型,证明了在整合情形下供应链所获得的利润高于非整合情形下所获得的利润,也证明了存在合作利润的再分配方案可以实现帕累托最优,并给出求解最优生产时间和订货时间的算法以及在整合情形下基于夏普利值的合作利润再分配方法。最后,根据文中提出的方法进行算例分析,得到的整合供应链的收益高于非整合供应链的收益,表明利润再分配的方法是可行的和有效的,并以都江堰日异奇异果合作社为例进行分析。
以上扩展研究不仅丰富了库存控制理论的内容,也拓宽了传统库存控制模型的实际应用范围,为经营者进行实际的库存决策提供了更充分的科学理论依据。
The fundamental purpose to study of inventory control methods is to reduce the waste of resources and use of limited resources in a reasonable way and reduce total cost of logistics,so that enterprises in the course of business can get more profits.At present,the loss of deteriorating goods is in a very large proportion of total sales in China.Therefore,the study of perishable inventory control theory and method of operation of the business has important practical significance.
In recent decades,although the expansion research of the traditional inventory control theory has made great progress, there are a considerable gap between the results of theoretical studies shortcoming and the needs of the practical applications.In this paper,the existing inventory of deteriorating goods were further expanded research from the many aspects of the theory of these stocks because of the inventory control theory during the practical shortcomings in decision-making.Specific studies are as follows:
1.Classical EOQ formula.At first,the classic EOQ formula is extended to a finite planning period with price-dependent and stock-dependent demand and the backlogging impact factor is a decreasing function of the actual waiting time.We release the replenishment interval is constant and present a inventory model to find the right order strategies and pricing strategies. A sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to parameters of the system is carried out. The evidence is provided for the enterprises.
2.Substitution for inventory control model extended to the inventory control of deteriorating goods.There are a variety of deteriorating goods in the same market,where one may be to some extent substitutes for one another.At first,We present a inventory model for deteriorating goods under demand with substitution and the storage-time-dependent demand. The strategies of the best order quantity and the optimal price of the two perishabe goods with priced-driven substitutable demand under the cooperative and competitive situations are drived.The effects of system parameters on the optimal strategy and the optimal profit with substitutable demand are also discussed.
3.The expansion of production inventory model studies as partial backlogging phenomenon. When a stock out situation occurs, only a fraction of demand occurring at a given time is backordered. The fraction, moreover, is a decreasing function of the waiting time.In this paper,we present the production-inventory model with time-dependent partial backlogging.The expansion of research was studied as follow:First,the factor of time-dependent partial backlogging introduced into the production-inventory model for finding the optimal production strategies.Second,the factor of stock-dependent demand introduced into the production inventory model for finding the optimal production strategies.Third,we think the real income of consumers will be changed if the product prices changes.So it will affect demand of the products.We present the production-inventory model with price-dependent and stock-dependent.Last, the ramp type demand rate is very commonly seen when some new brand of consumer goods comes to the market. In the case of ramp type demand rate, the demand increases linearly at the beginning and then the market grows into a stable stage such that the demand becomes a constant until the end of the inventory cycle.The production inventory strategy of the new brand of consumer goods we studied make up the inventory control deficiencies of the existing inventory model with deteriorating goods.
4.Integrated Production-Inventory Model for Deteriorating Goods under a Multi-Echelon Supply Chain Environment.We have studied the supply chain coordination under a Two-Echelon Supply Chain Environment.In this paper,we develop a multi-lot-size production and inventory model of deteriorating goods with constant production and stock-dependent demand rate.This inventory system consisted of a manufacturer and multi-retailers.Single continuous production at a given production rate and multiple batch ordering were considered.Inventory models for the manufacturer and the retailers were developed when deteriorating rate were constant,and demand rate of customer depended on retailer's current inventory level.An algorithm to calculate the manufacturer's optimal production time and the ordering time was derived.The distribution of cooperation profits based on Shapely-value was put forward.Finally,a numerical example was given to illustrate the results of the model.Results showed that the revenue of integrated supply chain is higher than that of non-integrated supply chain.The distribution of cooperation profits is feasible and efficient.
The study enriches the content of the theory of inventory and extends the scope of practical applications.The evidence shows that we provided a more adequate scientific theory for the enterprises to carry out the actual inventory decision-making.
近几十年来,传统库存控制理论的扩展研究取得了较大的进展,这些扩展性研究的理论成果与复杂的实际应用需要还有相当大的差距。本文针对已有易腐品的库存控制理论在进行实际的库存决策时存在的不足入手,从多个方面对这些库存理论进行了进一步的扩展性研究,具体的研究内容如下：
1.经典EOQ公式的推广。本文将经典的EOQ公式首先推广到了有限计划期的情形,考虑允许缺货且缺货部分拖后供给(即是经销商在库存降低至零以后,再过一段时间进行订购,可以降低库存成本和变质损耗费用；而期间有一部分顾客由于不愿意等待而离去,造成销售机会的损失,只一部分顾客会愿意等到下一次有货物时再购买),需求的拖后供给率与顾客的实际等待时间有关,放松了等周期补货的假设,研究了零售商的订货策略和定价策略,给出了求最优订货次数的简便算法,分析了库存影响需求率因子和变质率的变化对零售商的利润、订货策略和定价策略的影响,为不同种类处于同样市场环境的易腐品库存系统确定订货及定价策略提供了理论依据。
2.将可替代品的库存控制模型扩展到可替代易腐品的库存控制研究。针对同一市场‘环境有多种属性相近的易腐品,它们之间可以一定程度的相互替代,并考虑易腐品的需求还受到鲜度质量的影响(即产品库存时间的影响)。首次在竞争环境和合作环境下分别建立了基于价格需求替代的可替代易腐品库存控制模型,研究了经销商的订货和定价策略,并分析了需求弹性和需求的交叉弹性变化以及库存时间敏感因子变化对经销商在合作和竞争时利润及定价的影响。
3.针对允许缺货的生产库存模型的扩展性研究。针对缺货期的货物短缺量一般会出现部分拖后供给,即会形成销量损失,但当企业重新开始生产还没有形成现货储备,销量损失事态得到明显缓解,研究允许缺货且缺货部分拖后供给的易腐品生产库存策略。本文建立了时变需求拖后供给的生产库存模型,从以下几个方面研究了生产库存策略：(1)将变质率时变和时变需求拖后供给引入到生产库存模型,寻求最优生产策略。(2)将货架上产品的展示量影响产品销量这一因素引入到时变拖后供给的生产库存模型,建立了寻求最优生产策略的模型。(3)产品的价格变化影响消费者的实际收入水平,从而影响产品的需求,将价格和库存水平共同影响需求引入到生产库存模型中,建立了寻求最优生产策略和定价策略的模型。(4)新上市产品都要经历市场扩张或增长期,在这一时期单位时间内的需求随时间而增加,经过一段时间增长之后进入成熟期产品的需求相对稳定。本文考虑了新上市易腐品的生产库存策略,弥补了现有库存模型对新上市易腐品库存控制研究的不足。
4.多级供应链的易腐品库存策略的研究。研究了易腐品的两级供应链整合库存模型及协调策略。考虑生产商以固定生产率进行一次生产,多个零售商从生产商处多次订货的运行模式,产品的变质率为常数,顾客的需求率受到零售商当前库存水平的影响,在整合环境下与非整合环境下分别建立了库存模型,证明了在整合情形下供应链所获得的利润高于非整合情形下所获得的利润,也证明了存在合作利润的再分配方案可以实现帕累托最优,并给出求解最优生产时间和订货时间的算法以及在整合情形下基于夏普利值的合作利润再分配方法。最后,根据文中提出的方法进行算例分析,得到的整合供应链的收益高于非整合供应链的收益,表明利润再分配的方法是可行的和有效的,并以都江堰日异奇异果合作社为例进行分析。
以上扩展研究不仅丰富了库存控制理论的内容,也拓宽了传统库存控制模型的实际应用范围,为经营者进行实际的库存决策提供了更充分的科学理论依据。
The fundamental purpose to study of inventory control methods is to reduce the waste of resources and use of limited resources in a reasonable way and reduce total cost of logistics,so that enterprises in the course of business can get more profits.At present,the loss of deteriorating goods is in a very large proportion of total sales in China.Therefore,the study of perishable inventory control theory and method of operation of the business has important practical significance.
In recent decades,although the expansion research of the traditional inventory control theory has made great progress, there are a considerable gap between the results of theoretical studies shortcoming and the needs of the practical applications.In this paper,the existing inventory of deteriorating goods were further expanded research from the many aspects of the theory of these stocks because of the inventory control theory during the practical shortcomings in decision-making.Specific studies are as follows:
1.Classical EOQ formula.At first,the classic EOQ formula is extended to a finite planning period with price-dependent and stock-dependent demand and the backlogging impact factor is a decreasing function of the actual waiting time.We release the replenishment interval is constant and present a inventory model to find the right order strategies and pricing strategies. A sensitivity analysis of the optimal solution with respect to parameters of the system is carried out. The evidence is provided for the enterprises.
2.Substitution for inventory control model extended to the inventory control of deteriorating goods.There are a variety of deteriorating goods in the same market,where one may be to some extent substitutes for one another.At first,We present a inventory model for deteriorating goods under demand with substitution and the storage-time-dependent demand. The strategies of the best order quantity and the optimal price of the two perishabe goods with priced-driven substitutable demand under the cooperative and competitive situations are drived.The effects of system parameters on the optimal strategy and the optimal profit with substitutable demand are also discussed.
3.The expansion of production inventory model studies as partial backlogging phenomenon. When a stock out situation occurs, only a fraction of demand occurring at a given time is backordered. The fraction, moreover, is a decreasing function of the waiting time.In this paper,we present the production-inventory model with time-dependent partial backlogging.The expansion of research was studied as follow:First,the factor of time-dependent partial backlogging introduced into the production-inventory model for finding the optimal production strategies.Second,the factor of stock-dependent demand introduced into the production inventory model for finding the optimal production strategies.Third,we think the real income of consumers will be changed if the product prices changes.So it will affect demand of the products.We present the production-inventory model with price-dependent and stock-dependent.Last, the ramp type demand rate is very commonly seen when some new brand of consumer goods comes to the market. In the case of ramp type demand rate, the demand increases linearly at the beginning and then the market grows into a stable stage such that the demand becomes a constant until the end of the inventory cycle.The production inventory strategy of the new brand of consumer goods we studied make up the inventory control deficiencies of the existing inventory model with deteriorating goods.
4.Integrated Production-Inventory Model for Deteriorating Goods under a Multi-Echelon Supply Chain Environment.We have studied the supply chain coordination under a Two-Echelon Supply Chain Environment.In this paper,we develop a multi-lot-size production and inventory model of deteriorating goods with constant production and stock-dependent demand rate.This inventory system consisted of a manufacturer and multi-retailers.Single continuous production at a given production rate and multiple batch ordering were considered.Inventory models for the manufacturer and the retailers were developed when deteriorating rate were constant,and demand rate of customer depended on retailer's current inventory level.An algorithm to calculate the manufacturer's optimal production time and the ordering time was derived.The distribution of cooperation profits based on Shapely-value was put forward.Finally,a numerical example was given to illustrate the results of the model.Results showed that the revenue of integrated supply chain is higher than that of non-integrated supply chain.The distribution of cooperation profits is feasible and efficient.
The study enriches the content of the theory of inventory and extends the scope of practical applications.The evidence shows that we provided a more adequate scientific theory for the enterprises to carry out the actual inventory decision-making.
引文
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