中非农业合作模式创新研究
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摘要
21世纪初是我国实现现代化第三步战略目标的关键时期,农业的结构调整和升级至关重要,实施农业“走出去”的开放战略、保障国家食物安全是新时期农业发展的基础目标。非洲大陆农业资源丰富,农业是非洲最重要的经济部门之一,各国普遍把发展农业、实现粮食自给作为国家发展和社会稳定的首要任务。中国是传统农业大国,和非洲国家相比,改革开放后中国农业发展水平取得了突破性进展,农业生产技术、农业设备和农业市场都取得了长足的进步,中国技术和非洲资源的结合形成了中国和非洲长期合作的基础。中国和非洲农业合作的历史可以追溯到上个世纪50年代,从合作的过程来看,既有经验又存在不足,中国先后帮助友好的非洲国家建设了约200个农业项目,包括农业技术实验站、农业技术推广站和一些规模较大的农场,为促进受援国农业经济的发展,农业生产技术水平和农产品产量与质量的提高,改善当地农业产品供需状况发挥了重要作用。同时,中国也从非洲学到了不少先进农业技术和经验,还积极引进试种了一些有价值的农业种质资源。但是,双方合作也存在很大的不足,其一表现为合作项目的非典型性,其二表现在合作的连续性,同时中国和非洲国家的合作机制没有正式创立起来,为双方未来的合作埋下了阴影。根据要素禀赋理论,发挥不同国家的比较优势有利于促进国际分工,实现规模经济和比较利益,本文正是基于这个思想从中国和非洲国家的合作发展的必要性、可能性入手,并通过建立相应的机制力图为中国和非洲国家提高双方合作的质量、开拓双方合作的领域提供一些有益的建议。
本文第一章是导论,本章主要介绍研究的背景、意义,论述了本文的研究方法,并介绍了本文的框架和创新点,从整体上对文章的思路进行了勾画。本文第二章主要是分析了中国和非洲农业合作的理论渊源,介绍了不同历史时期国际分工理论的详细内容,包括亚当斯密的绝对优势理论、李嘉图的比较优势理论、要素禀赋理论,并阐述了二战后世界经济形势发生变化后,国际分工理论的新发展,即因为里昂梯夫之谜使得学者们更关注动态的比较优势理论以及要素新发展对比较优势理论的影响。此外,本文认为除了因为国际分工而促成的中国和非洲国家的合作外,还应该重视国际经营理论和创新理论对中国和非洲国家的影响,本文的国际经营理论主要包括跨国公司理论、产品周期理论、技术地方化理论、技术创新产业升级理论,边际产业理论和国际生产折衷理论。创新理论包括熊彼得的创新论、技术创新论、制度创新论和国家创新论等,同时本文还分析了实施中国和非洲国家农业合作的机制保障,包括WTO组织、世界银行和政府援助等。本文第三章分析了中国和非洲国家互补性存在的基础,分析了中国农业发展现状和非洲国家农业发展状况,并认为,中国人口众多和土地资源、农业资源的矛盾能够通过和非洲农业合作得到缓解,同时,非洲的生产技术水平也能通过和中国合作得以提高,非洲单一农业生产结构也因此能够得以改善和升级。同时本章从非洲的社会环境和经济政策分析了中国和非洲合作的基础。本文第四章分析了中国和非洲国家战略合作的意义、原则和策略和战略规划,同时分析了双方合作的优势、劣势和威胁,认为在制定战略规划时要全面考虑,并提出了相应的战略目标和战略思路,和战略发展阶段。本文第五章提出了创新合作模式研究,本章首先论述了创新合作模式的理论基础,并以此提出了总体思路,认为应该建立双方信任机制、双赢共享机制、结构、技术和制度的传导机制、管理机制和风险控制机制等来实现双方长期的合作关系。本文第六章提出了相关的政策、建议,认为应该通过政府引导、企业积极参与、建立适当的项目合作并通过以农业为基础、农、工、商并重的多种经营形式实现非洲和中国经济的共同发展,此外本章还认为,必须引入竞争机制才有利于双方实现长期合作。
本文有以下的贡献,首先本文提出了新的中国和非洲的合作形式,不是以往的以援助为主而是从国家的宏观层面来深入研究中国和非洲农业的合作基础,因时因地,以市场为导向,以效益为中心,实现双方的合作共赢,具有较强的系统性和全面性。其次,本文填补了中国和非洲合作的研究空白,丰富农业合作发展理论研究。农业合作模式的创新,能为非洲农业发展提供良好的机制和持续的动力,促进非洲农业发展和经济社会进步。本文的研究不仅能为中非农业合作发展模式提供新的思路,而且对我国的整个对外援助模式也有一定的实践意义。非洲作为农业较为落后、经济发展水平不高的地区,需要他国的援助,和第三世界国家加强合作和友好往来一直是我国的主要发展战略,本文提出的创新模式为对外援助体系的完善提供了重要的参考。
The beginning of the 21 st century is critical period of the third strategic goal to modernize our country, agriculture's structural adjustment and upgrading is very important during this period. It is the fundamental goal of agricultural development in the new period to carry out the agricultural "going out" opening-up strategy and ensure national food security. In the African continent agricultural are very rich, and agriculture in Africa are the most important economic sectors. African countries in general treat food self-sufficiency and the development of agriculture as the primary task of national development and social stability. Comparing with African counties, China is a traditional large agricultural country. The China's agricultural development level, agricultural production technology, agricultural equipment and agricultural market have made considerable progress and breakthrough after the reformation. The resources combination between China and Africa has formed the base of long-term cooperation. The history of agricultural cooperation between Africa and China can be traced back to the 50s last century, China has friendly helped African countries to build about 200 agricultural projects, including agricultural experiment station, agricultural technology extension station and a number of larger farms, which has played an important role on promoting the development of the agricultural economy, improving the technological level and quality of agricultural production and improving the local supply and demand of agricultural products. At the same time, China learned advanced agricultural technology and experience from Africa, and also actively introduce a number of valuable germplasm. However, there are two deficiencies from the progress of the cooperation, namely the untypical modal and the continuity of cooperation. At the same time there is no formal creation of cooperation mechanisms between China and African countries, which may become the obstruction of future cooperation between two sides. This paper is based on the idea the Factor Endowment Theory, and start from the need and possibility of the cooperation between China and Africa in order to provide some useful suggestions on improving the quality and areas of cooperation.
The first chapter of this article is Introduction, which introduces the background and the significance, discusses the research methods, introduces the framework and innovative of this paper, and sketch the whole idea of the article. Chapter Two analyzes the theoretical origins of the agriculture cooperation between China and Africa, introduces the detail of theory of International Division of Labor in the different historical periods, including Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory, the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage, factor endowment theory. And also in this chapter it elaborated on the new development of International Division of Labor which caused by changes of the world economic situation after World WarⅡ, which are concerned more to make a dynamic theory of comparative advantage due to the mystery of Cardiff Ossetia Lyon scholars, as well as the new development on the impact of the theory of comparative advantage. In addition, this paper argues that apart from cooperation between China and Africa promoted by the international division of labor, but also should attach importance to the effects of international business theory and innovative theory to China and African countries. The impact of international business theory in this article includes transnational corporation theory, product life cycle theory, technology localization theory, technological innovation and industrial upgrading theory, marginal industries compromise theory and the theory of international production. The innovation theory includes Schumpeterian theory of innovation, the theory of technological innovation, system innovation theory and innovation on the country, while the implementation of this article also analyzes the Chinese and African countries to protect agricultural cooperative mechanisms, including the WTO, the World Bank and the government assistance.
ChapterⅢof this article analyzes the basis of the existence of complementary between China and African countries, analyzes the status quo of agricultural development and in China and African countries. And this article also thinks that China's conflict, among population, land and agricultural resources, can be alleviated by the agricultural cooperation with Africa. At the same time, the level of production technology and the single structure of agricultural production in Africa can also be increased and improved. Also this chapter did the analysis of the Chinese and African cooperation from Africa's social environment and economic policy.
Chapter IV of this article analyzes the significance, principles and planning of cooperation strategic between China and African countries, at the same time an analysis of strengths, weaknesses and threats also be taken. This paper thought all the factors should be fully taken into account on formulating strategic planning, and mentioned the corresponding strategy objectives, strategic thinking, and strategic development stage.
Chapter V of this article put forward a model of innovation and cooperation. Firstly this chapter discusses the theory basic of innovation cooperation mode, and put forward the general idea which the two sides should set up the trust mechanism, a win-win-sharing mechanisms, transmission mechanism of structure, technology and system, management mechanisms and risk control mechanisms to achieve long-term cooperation between China and Africa countries.
Chapter VI of this article put forward the policy and recommendations, which thought should set up suitable projects cooperation and variety cooperation model under the guidance of the government and participate actively of enterprises to promote the development for both Africa and China. The consideration to introduce a competition mechanism also is a key point to achieve long-term cooperation of both parties in this chapter.
This article has the following contributions, first of all, this paper suggested a new form of cooperation between Chinese and African, which is the macro-level in-depth study of Chinese and African agricultural co-operation instead of the traditional aid modal, especially focus on market-oriented and efficiency, achieve win-win cooperation between the two sides with a strong systematic and comprehensive. Secondly, this article fills the gaps in cooperation from the theory and enriches the theoretical development of agricultural cooperation between China and Africa, so that it can provide a good mechanism and sustained power to promote the African agricultural development and economic and social progress. This study can not only provide new ideas for the development of China-Africa Cooperation on Agriculture, but also have practical significance for our country's entire foreign aid model. Africa, as is lagging behind as agriculture, economic development level of the region, required the assistance from other countries. And it has been a major development strategy for China to strengthen cooperation and friendly exchanges with Third World countries. This paper aims to provide the important reference by presenting the model of the innovation for the external aid system.
本文第一章是导论,本章主要介绍研究的背景、意义,论述了本文的研究方法,并介绍了本文的框架和创新点,从整体上对文章的思路进行了勾画。本文第二章主要是分析了中国和非洲农业合作的理论渊源,介绍了不同历史时期国际分工理论的详细内容,包括亚当斯密的绝对优势理论、李嘉图的比较优势理论、要素禀赋理论,并阐述了二战后世界经济形势发生变化后,国际分工理论的新发展,即因为里昂梯夫之谜使得学者们更关注动态的比较优势理论以及要素新发展对比较优势理论的影响。此外,本文认为除了因为国际分工而促成的中国和非洲国家的合作外,还应该重视国际经营理论和创新理论对中国和非洲国家的影响,本文的国际经营理论主要包括跨国公司理论、产品周期理论、技术地方化理论、技术创新产业升级理论,边际产业理论和国际生产折衷理论。创新理论包括熊彼得的创新论、技术创新论、制度创新论和国家创新论等,同时本文还分析了实施中国和非洲国家农业合作的机制保障,包括WTO组织、世界银行和政府援助等。本文第三章分析了中国和非洲国家互补性存在的基础,分析了中国农业发展现状和非洲国家农业发展状况,并认为,中国人口众多和土地资源、农业资源的矛盾能够通过和非洲农业合作得到缓解,同时,非洲的生产技术水平也能通过和中国合作得以提高,非洲单一农业生产结构也因此能够得以改善和升级。同时本章从非洲的社会环境和经济政策分析了中国和非洲合作的基础。本文第四章分析了中国和非洲国家战略合作的意义、原则和策略和战略规划,同时分析了双方合作的优势、劣势和威胁,认为在制定战略规划时要全面考虑,并提出了相应的战略目标和战略思路,和战略发展阶段。本文第五章提出了创新合作模式研究,本章首先论述了创新合作模式的理论基础,并以此提出了总体思路,认为应该建立双方信任机制、双赢共享机制、结构、技术和制度的传导机制、管理机制和风险控制机制等来实现双方长期的合作关系。本文第六章提出了相关的政策、建议,认为应该通过政府引导、企业积极参与、建立适当的项目合作并通过以农业为基础、农、工、商并重的多种经营形式实现非洲和中国经济的共同发展,此外本章还认为,必须引入竞争机制才有利于双方实现长期合作。
本文有以下的贡献,首先本文提出了新的中国和非洲的合作形式,不是以往的以援助为主而是从国家的宏观层面来深入研究中国和非洲农业的合作基础,因时因地,以市场为导向,以效益为中心,实现双方的合作共赢,具有较强的系统性和全面性。其次,本文填补了中国和非洲合作的研究空白,丰富农业合作发展理论研究。农业合作模式的创新,能为非洲农业发展提供良好的机制和持续的动力,促进非洲农业发展和经济社会进步。本文的研究不仅能为中非农业合作发展模式提供新的思路,而且对我国的整个对外援助模式也有一定的实践意义。非洲作为农业较为落后、经济发展水平不高的地区,需要他国的援助,和第三世界国家加强合作和友好往来一直是我国的主要发展战略,本文提出的创新模式为对外援助体系的完善提供了重要的参考。
The beginning of the 21 st century is critical period of the third strategic goal to modernize our country, agriculture's structural adjustment and upgrading is very important during this period. It is the fundamental goal of agricultural development in the new period to carry out the agricultural "going out" opening-up strategy and ensure national food security. In the African continent agricultural are very rich, and agriculture in Africa are the most important economic sectors. African countries in general treat food self-sufficiency and the development of agriculture as the primary task of national development and social stability. Comparing with African counties, China is a traditional large agricultural country. The China's agricultural development level, agricultural production technology, agricultural equipment and agricultural market have made considerable progress and breakthrough after the reformation. The resources combination between China and Africa has formed the base of long-term cooperation. The history of agricultural cooperation between Africa and China can be traced back to the 50s last century, China has friendly helped African countries to build about 200 agricultural projects, including agricultural experiment station, agricultural technology extension station and a number of larger farms, which has played an important role on promoting the development of the agricultural economy, improving the technological level and quality of agricultural production and improving the local supply and demand of agricultural products. At the same time, China learned advanced agricultural technology and experience from Africa, and also actively introduce a number of valuable germplasm. However, there are two deficiencies from the progress of the cooperation, namely the untypical modal and the continuity of cooperation. At the same time there is no formal creation of cooperation mechanisms between China and African countries, which may become the obstruction of future cooperation between two sides. This paper is based on the idea the Factor Endowment Theory, and start from the need and possibility of the cooperation between China and Africa in order to provide some useful suggestions on improving the quality and areas of cooperation.
The first chapter of this article is Introduction, which introduces the background and the significance, discusses the research methods, introduces the framework and innovative of this paper, and sketch the whole idea of the article. Chapter Two analyzes the theoretical origins of the agriculture cooperation between China and Africa, introduces the detail of theory of International Division of Labor in the different historical periods, including Adam Smith's absolute advantage theory, the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage, factor endowment theory. And also in this chapter it elaborated on the new development of International Division of Labor which caused by changes of the world economic situation after World WarⅡ, which are concerned more to make a dynamic theory of comparative advantage due to the mystery of Cardiff Ossetia Lyon scholars, as well as the new development on the impact of the theory of comparative advantage. In addition, this paper argues that apart from cooperation between China and Africa promoted by the international division of labor, but also should attach importance to the effects of international business theory and innovative theory to China and African countries. The impact of international business theory in this article includes transnational corporation theory, product life cycle theory, technology localization theory, technological innovation and industrial upgrading theory, marginal industries compromise theory and the theory of international production. The innovation theory includes Schumpeterian theory of innovation, the theory of technological innovation, system innovation theory and innovation on the country, while the implementation of this article also analyzes the Chinese and African countries to protect agricultural cooperative mechanisms, including the WTO, the World Bank and the government assistance.
ChapterⅢof this article analyzes the basis of the existence of complementary between China and African countries, analyzes the status quo of agricultural development and in China and African countries. And this article also thinks that China's conflict, among population, land and agricultural resources, can be alleviated by the agricultural cooperation with Africa. At the same time, the level of production technology and the single structure of agricultural production in Africa can also be increased and improved. Also this chapter did the analysis of the Chinese and African cooperation from Africa's social environment and economic policy.
Chapter IV of this article analyzes the significance, principles and planning of cooperation strategic between China and African countries, at the same time an analysis of strengths, weaknesses and threats also be taken. This paper thought all the factors should be fully taken into account on formulating strategic planning, and mentioned the corresponding strategy objectives, strategic thinking, and strategic development stage.
Chapter V of this article put forward a model of innovation and cooperation. Firstly this chapter discusses the theory basic of innovation cooperation mode, and put forward the general idea which the two sides should set up the trust mechanism, a win-win-sharing mechanisms, transmission mechanism of structure, technology and system, management mechanisms and risk control mechanisms to achieve long-term cooperation between China and Africa countries.
Chapter VI of this article put forward the policy and recommendations, which thought should set up suitable projects cooperation and variety cooperation model under the guidance of the government and participate actively of enterprises to promote the development for both Africa and China. The consideration to introduce a competition mechanism also is a key point to achieve long-term cooperation of both parties in this chapter.
This article has the following contributions, first of all, this paper suggested a new form of cooperation between Chinese and African, which is the macro-level in-depth study of Chinese and African agricultural co-operation instead of the traditional aid modal, especially focus on market-oriented and efficiency, achieve win-win cooperation between the two sides with a strong systematic and comprehensive. Secondly, this article fills the gaps in cooperation from the theory and enriches the theoretical development of agricultural cooperation between China and Africa, so that it can provide a good mechanism and sustained power to promote the African agricultural development and economic and social progress. This study can not only provide new ideas for the development of China-Africa Cooperation on Agriculture, but also have practical significance for our country's entire foreign aid model. Africa, as is lagging behind as agriculture, economic development level of the region, required the assistance from other countries. And it has been a major development strategy for China to strengthen cooperation and friendly exchanges with Third World countries. This paper aims to provide the important reference by presenting the model of the innovation for the external aid system.
引文
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