从关联理论看英语诗歌语言的变异及其理解
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摘要
“变异”这一概念,由布拉格学派语言学家Mukarovsky首次提出。他把变异定义为“对常规的违反”。变异在诗歌语言中的应用很具代表性。通过语言变异,诗人的特殊视角和感受得以精确地表达。但是,语言变异的非常规性给读者的理解带来了一定的困难。很多学者从不同角度对语言变异进行了研究,主要涉及变异的特征,功能及文体效果,但是涉及读者对语言变异的具体理解过程方面的讨论却不多。
本文以关联理论为基础,把读者对英语诗歌中的语言变异的理解看作是通过变异现象这一明示手段通过寻找关联信息而得到合理阐释和理解的过程,重点分析与关联理论关系比较密切的词汇,语法,书写和语义四种变异形式,把它们分别与关联论的语境观,最佳关联原则,交际意图和语境效果以及明示推理交际的相关内容结合起来具体分析了英语诗歌语言变异的理解实现过程。
以关联理论分析和解释英语诗歌中的语言变异现象有助于人们更好地理解和欣赏英语诗歌,对英语诗歌的教学和翻译也将起到积极的促进作用。同时,它对人们理解和创造性地应用语言也具有一定的启示意义。
Deviation is first defined as“the violation of the norm of the standard”by prague school linguist Mukarovsky. This phenomenon is very representative in poetic language. By deviation, special perspectives and feelings of poets can be expressed with precision. However, because of the abnormality of linguistic deviation, it also brings difficulties to readers’understanding. Many scholars have made researches on linguistic deviation from different perspectives such as its features, functions and stylistic effects etc., but only few studied its specific understanding process.
Based on relevance theory, this thesis regards readers’understanding of linguistic deviation in English poems as an ostensive-inferential process in which readers try to find relevant information for reasonable interpretation by taking deviation as ostention. In the analysis, the thesis respectively correlates lexical deviation, grammatical deviation, graphic deviation, and semantic deviation with such concepts in relevance theory as context, optimal relevance, communicative intention and contextual effect, and ostensive-inferential communication to analyze the understanding process of linguistic deviation in English poems.
This thesis tries to help people understand and appreciate English poems better by analyzing and explaining linguistic deviation in English poems from the perspective of relevance theory. It also hopes that the analysis may contribute to English poem teaching and translation as well as people’s understanding and creative use of linguistic deviaiton.
本文以关联理论为基础,把读者对英语诗歌中的语言变异的理解看作是通过变异现象这一明示手段通过寻找关联信息而得到合理阐释和理解的过程,重点分析与关联理论关系比较密切的词汇,语法,书写和语义四种变异形式,把它们分别与关联论的语境观,最佳关联原则,交际意图和语境效果以及明示推理交际的相关内容结合起来具体分析了英语诗歌语言变异的理解实现过程。
以关联理论分析和解释英语诗歌中的语言变异现象有助于人们更好地理解和欣赏英语诗歌,对英语诗歌的教学和翻译也将起到积极的促进作用。同时,它对人们理解和创造性地应用语言也具有一定的启示意义。
Deviation is first defined as“the violation of the norm of the standard”by prague school linguist Mukarovsky. This phenomenon is very representative in poetic language. By deviation, special perspectives and feelings of poets can be expressed with precision. However, because of the abnormality of linguistic deviation, it also brings difficulties to readers’understanding. Many scholars have made researches on linguistic deviation from different perspectives such as its features, functions and stylistic effects etc., but only few studied its specific understanding process.
Based on relevance theory, this thesis regards readers’understanding of linguistic deviation in English poems as an ostensive-inferential process in which readers try to find relevant information for reasonable interpretation by taking deviation as ostention. In the analysis, the thesis respectively correlates lexical deviation, grammatical deviation, graphic deviation, and semantic deviation with such concepts in relevance theory as context, optimal relevance, communicative intention and contextual effect, and ostensive-inferential communication to analyze the understanding process of linguistic deviation in English poems.
This thesis tries to help people understand and appreciate English poems better by analyzing and explaining linguistic deviation in English poems from the perspective of relevance theory. It also hopes that the analysis may contribute to English poem teaching and translation as well as people’s understanding and creative use of linguistic deviaiton.
引文
1. Black,E. (2006). Pragmatic Stylistics [M]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
2. Brooks, Cleanth & Warren, Robert Penn. (2004) Understanding Poetry [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
3. Cook, Guy. Genes, memes, rhymes: conscious poetic deviation in linguistic, psychological and evolutionary theory [J]. Language and Communication, 1995, 15.n4(Oct.)
4. Collinge, N.E. Ambiguity in Litrature: some guidelines [J]. Arethusa, 1969, 2:1: 13-29
5. Cruse,A.(2004). Meaning in Language: An Instruction to Semantics and Pragmatics [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press
6. Gutt.E.A. (1992). Relevance Theory: A Guide to Successful Communication in Translation. [M] New York: Summer Institute of Linguistics and United Bible Societies
7. Heerden, E. The Language of the Poet [J]. English Studies in Africa, 1970, 13: 2: 317-336
8. Katz, Albert N. Poetic Comparison: Psychological Dimensions of Metaphoric Processing [J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1985, 14:4: 365-383
9. Kennedy, X.J. and Gioia, D. (2005). An Introduction to Poetry [M]. New York: Pearson Longman
10. Leech,G.(2001)A Linguistic guide to English Poetry[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
11. Leech,G. (1981)Semantics[M].Harmondsworth: Penguin Books
12. Levinson,S.C.(2001)Pragmatics[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press.
13. Mary G. McEDWRDS. (1968) Introduction to Style [M] Belmont: Dickson Publishing Company
14. Mukarovsky Standard and Poetic Language from D.Freeman. Linguistics and literary Style [M] (1970) New York: Holt Rinhart&Winston.
15. Niang, Sada. Linguistic deviation in African literature [J]. The Dalhousie Review, 1988, 68.1-2 (spring-summer).
16. Penzl, Herbert. Linguistic Analysis of Lyrical Poetry: Karl Krolow’s “Im Ruckspiegel” [J]. Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fur Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 1980, 54:3: 506-513
17. Rahman, Tariq. Linguistic deviation as a stylistic device in Pakistani English fiction [J]. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 1990, 25.n1(Aug).
18. Semino.E. and Culpeper.J.( 2002) Cognitive Stylistics[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
19. Shen, Yeshayahu. Foregrounding in Poetic discourse: between deviation and cognitive constraints [J]. Language and Literature, 2007, Vol.16, No.2, 169-181
20. Short, M.H. (1996) Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose [M]. London: Longman.
21. Spencer, Hazelton. (1951). British Literature: from Beowulf to Sheridan [M]. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company.
22. Sperber,D. and Wilson,D.(2002) Relevence: Communication and Cognition[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
23. Wales, K. (1989). A Dictionary of Stylistics [M]. London:Longman.
24. Widdowson,H.G. (1975).Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature[M]. London:Longman.
25. Widdowson. H.G.(1999)Pragmatical Stylistics [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press.
26. Wilson,D.(2004). Relevance, Word Meaning and Communication: The Past, Present and Future of Lexical Pragmatics [J]. Modern Foreign Languages.Vol.27 No.1
27. 陈开举. 认知语境,互明,关联,明示,意图- 关联理论基础[J]. 外语教学,2002,Vol.23 No.1
28. 陈松岑.(1999)语言变异研究[M]. 广州:广东教育出版社
29. 冯广艺(1992)变异修辞学[M]. 武汉:湖北教育出版社
30. 冯广艺.(1993)超常搭配[M]. 银川:宁夏人民出版社
31. 何自然.(2001)语用与认知:关联理论研究[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社
32. 何自然, 陈新仁(2004)当代语用学[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社
33. 何自然, 吴亚欣.关联理论是一种“因错而‘对’”的理论吗?[J]. 现代外语, 2004,Vol.27 No.1.
34. 何兆熊.(2000)新编语用学概要[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社
35. 李宜燮, 常耀信(1991)美国文学选读[M]. 天津:南开大学出版社
36. 罗益民. 诗歌语用与英语诗歌文体的本质特征[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2003,Vol.35. No.5
37. 阙明坤, 缪叶红.从诗歌语言变异看诗歌的诗性特质[J]. 探索与争鸣, 2006,No.5.
38. 盛子潮, 朱水涌. (1987) 诗歌形态美学[M]. 厦门: 大学出版社
39. 王汶成. (2002) 文学语言中介论[M]. 济南: 山东大学出版社
40. 王守元.(2000)英语文体学要略[M]. 济南:山东大学出版社
41. 王佐良.(1980)英语文体学论文集[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社
42. 王臻中, 王长俊.(1983). 文学语言[M]. 南京:江苏人民出版社
43. 熊学亮.(1999)认知语用学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社
44. 徐华.(2005)词语搭配变异:一个关联理论的视角[D]. 华东师范大学硕士论文
45. 徐庆利, 王福祥.关联理论对幽默话语及其翻译的诠释力[J]. 外语教学,2002,Vol.23. No.5
46. 徐盛桓. 关联原则与优化思维[J]. 外国语, 2002,No.3.
47. 薛媛. 言语交际中的语用关联推理[J]. 外语教学,2006,Vol.27. No.3
48. 张英. 英语诗歌中的变异与突出[J]. 外国语言文学研究, 2007,Vol.27. No.1
49. 张韵斐. (2004) 现代英语词汇学概论[M]. 北京:北京师范大学出版社
50. http://bookpuddle.blogspot.com/2005/08/ee-cummingss-la.html
2. Brooks, Cleanth & Warren, Robert Penn. (2004) Understanding Poetry [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
3. Cook, Guy. Genes, memes, rhymes: conscious poetic deviation in linguistic, psychological and evolutionary theory [J]. Language and Communication, 1995, 15.n4(Oct.)
4. Collinge, N.E. Ambiguity in Litrature: some guidelines [J]. Arethusa, 1969, 2:1: 13-29
5. Cruse,A.(2004). Meaning in Language: An Instruction to Semantics and Pragmatics [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press
6. Gutt.E.A. (1992). Relevance Theory: A Guide to Successful Communication in Translation. [M] New York: Summer Institute of Linguistics and United Bible Societies
7. Heerden, E. The Language of the Poet [J]. English Studies in Africa, 1970, 13: 2: 317-336
8. Katz, Albert N. Poetic Comparison: Psychological Dimensions of Metaphoric Processing [J]. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 1985, 14:4: 365-383
9. Kennedy, X.J. and Gioia, D. (2005). An Introduction to Poetry [M]. New York: Pearson Longman
10. Leech,G.(2001)A Linguistic guide to English Poetry[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
11. Leech,G. (1981)Semantics[M].Harmondsworth: Penguin Books
12. Levinson,S.C.(2001)Pragmatics[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press.
13. Mary G. McEDWRDS. (1968) Introduction to Style [M] Belmont: Dickson Publishing Company
14. Mukarovsky Standard and Poetic Language from D.Freeman. Linguistics and literary Style [M] (1970) New York: Holt Rinhart&Winston.
15. Niang, Sada. Linguistic deviation in African literature [J]. The Dalhousie Review, 1988, 68.1-2 (spring-summer).
16. Penzl, Herbert. Linguistic Analysis of Lyrical Poetry: Karl Krolow’s “Im Ruckspiegel” [J]. Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift fur Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte, 1980, 54:3: 506-513
17. Rahman, Tariq. Linguistic deviation as a stylistic device in Pakistani English fiction [J]. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 1990, 25.n1(Aug).
18. Semino.E. and Culpeper.J.( 2002) Cognitive Stylistics[M]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
19. Shen, Yeshayahu. Foregrounding in Poetic discourse: between deviation and cognitive constraints [J]. Language and Literature, 2007, Vol.16, No.2, 169-181
20. Short, M.H. (1996) Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays and Prose [M]. London: Longman.
21. Spencer, Hazelton. (1951). British Literature: from Beowulf to Sheridan [M]. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company.
22. Sperber,D. and Wilson,D.(2002) Relevence: Communication and Cognition[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
23. Wales, K. (1989). A Dictionary of Stylistics [M]. London:Longman.
24. Widdowson,H.G. (1975).Stylistics and the Teaching of Literature[M]. London:Longman.
25. Widdowson. H.G.(1999)Pragmatical Stylistics [M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeign Language Education Press.
26. Wilson,D.(2004). Relevance, Word Meaning and Communication: The Past, Present and Future of Lexical Pragmatics [J]. Modern Foreign Languages.Vol.27 No.1
27. 陈开举. 认知语境,互明,关联,明示,意图- 关联理论基础[J]. 外语教学,2002,Vol.23 No.1
28. 陈松岑.(1999)语言变异研究[M]. 广州:广东教育出版社
29. 冯广艺(1992)变异修辞学[M]. 武汉:湖北教育出版社
30. 冯广艺.(1993)超常搭配[M]. 银川:宁夏人民出版社
31. 何自然.(2001)语用与认知:关联理论研究[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社
32. 何自然, 陈新仁(2004)当代语用学[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社
33. 何自然, 吴亚欣.关联理论是一种“因错而‘对’”的理论吗?[J]. 现代外语, 2004,Vol.27 No.1.
34. 何兆熊.(2000)新编语用学概要[M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社
35. 李宜燮, 常耀信(1991)美国文学选读[M]. 天津:南开大学出版社
36. 罗益民. 诗歌语用与英语诗歌文体的本质特征[J]. 外语教学与研究, 2003,Vol.35. No.5
37. 阙明坤, 缪叶红.从诗歌语言变异看诗歌的诗性特质[J]. 探索与争鸣, 2006,No.5.
38. 盛子潮, 朱水涌. (1987) 诗歌形态美学[M]. 厦门: 大学出版社
39. 王汶成. (2002) 文学语言中介论[M]. 济南: 山东大学出版社
40. 王守元.(2000)英语文体学要略[M]. 济南:山东大学出版社
41. 王佐良.(1980)英语文体学论文集[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版社
42. 王臻中, 王长俊.(1983). 文学语言[M]. 南京:江苏人民出版社
43. 熊学亮.(1999)认知语用学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社
44. 徐华.(2005)词语搭配变异:一个关联理论的视角[D]. 华东师范大学硕士论文
45. 徐庆利, 王福祥.关联理论对幽默话语及其翻译的诠释力[J]. 外语教学,2002,Vol.23. No.5
46. 徐盛桓. 关联原则与优化思维[J]. 外国语, 2002,No.3.
47. 薛媛. 言语交际中的语用关联推理[J]. 外语教学,2006,Vol.27. No.3
48. 张英. 英语诗歌中的变异与突出[J]. 外国语言文学研究, 2007,Vol.27. No.1
49. 张韵斐. (2004) 现代英语词汇学概论[M]. 北京:北京师范大学出版社
50. http://bookpuddle.blogspot.com/2005/08/ee-cummingss-la.html
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