甘蔗节间生长与相关的生理生化研究
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摘要
本研究选用8个甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum L.)基因型作试验材料，其中包括大茎甘蔗原种拔地拉(Badila,Saccharum officinarum L.)、甘蔗细茎野生种割手密种(Saccharum spontaneum L.)、三个茎径差异明显的甘蔗栽培品种(Saccharum spp.hybrid)，即粤糖86—368、新台糖16号、农林8号和从父代亲本组合为Co419×粤农73—204的F_1代中选出的种茎径差异明显的3个无性系，按茎径从小到大分别编号为无性系1号、无性系2号和无性系3号。研究共包括三个试验。试验1、试验2为主要试验，试验3为试验1的补充试验。试验1以粤糖86—368、新台糖16号、农林8号为材料。试验2以拔地拉、割手密种以及F_1代的3个无性系作材料。试验3以与试验1相同的三个甘蔗栽培品种的宿根蔗为研究材料。在甘蔗伸长期、工艺成熟期取样，测定不同节位节间及其叶片的若干生理生化性状，包括节间可溶性总糖、还原糖、可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质和共价型结合蛋白质、超氧阴离子自由基、叶绿素等的含量，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、细胞壁离子型结合Mg~(2+)-ATP酶和共价型结合Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、细胞壁离子型结合过氧化物酶和共价型结合过氧化物酶、可溶性超氧物歧化酶等酶活性以及叶绿素荧参数，并测定不同节位的节间长度、节间茎径、叶长、叶宽等形态指标。结果表明：
1．不同甘蔗基因型尽管其茎径大小有较大差异，但节间自上而下在生长过程中其生理生化性状仍表现出许多相似的变化趋势。
在伸长初期，甘蔗茎自上而下，节间可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质和共价型结合蛋白质的含量，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性、细胞壁离子型结合Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性和共价型结合Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性都表现为逐渐下降。而叶片的超氧阴离子自由基含量、超氧物歧化酶活性从+2叶到+5、+8叶逐渐提高。叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm、从+1叶到+3、+5叶表现为逐渐下降。
在伸长盛期和工艺成熟期，自上而下，各个生理生化性状在不同节间的变化既有很多相似之处也有不同的表现。从+3节间到+5节间，节间可溶性蛋白质、超氧阴离子自由基的含量，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、超氧物歧化酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、细胞壁离子型结合过氧化物酶、细胞壁共价型结合过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶等酶活性等迅速下降。而在+5节间以后，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、细胞壁离子结合过氧化物酶、细胞壁共价型结合过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶的活性继续下降，活性极低，甚至于检测不出。而可溶性蛋白质、超氧阴离子自由基的含量和超氧物歧化酶活性等逐渐提高。自上而下在相同节位的节间，可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性在工艺成熟期比在伸长盛期的大。成熟节间的可溶性过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧物歧化酶的活性在伸长盛期比在工艺成熟期大。+3节间的超氧阴离子自由基含量在
工艺成熟期比在伸长盛期高。在伸长盛期的+2、+5、+8叶中，叶绿素、类胡萝卜
素的含量均以+8叶的最高。不同基因型的叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm值在+5叶差异较
明显。甘蔗从未成熟节间到成熟节间，节间可溶性总糖含量不断提高，节间含水量不
断下降。在工艺成熟期，成熟节间的可溶性总糖含量的增加逐渐减缓，逐渐达到某一
最大值。还原糖含量也明显下降，表现出逐渐接近于O的趋势。自上而下相同节位的
节间含水量在工艺成熟期比在甘蔗伸长盛期低，而节间可溶性总糖含量在工艺成熟期
比伸长盛期高。可溶性总糖的积累速度在工艺成熟期节间比在伸长盛期快。成熟节间
的还原糖含量在工艺成熟期比在伸长盛期低，但正在伸长增粗的节间其还原糖含量在
工艺成熟期和在伸长盛期相差不大。
2.节间和叶片的生理生化性状的变化因基因型不同而表现差异。
在甘蔗伸长初期，茎径较大的基因型从+3节间到+8节间，其节间可溶性蛋白
质、细胞壁离子型结合和共价型结合蛋白含量都较高，可溶性Mg2+一ATP酶活性较低，
可溶性总糖的积累较慢。叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量较低。茎径较大、叶片较宽
的基因型叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm的值较小.而茎径较小的甘蔗基因型的表现刚好相
反。
在伸长盛期和工艺成熟期，从+3节间到+16节间，茎径较大的基因型，其节间
含水量下降较慢，可溶性总糖含量积累较慢，还原糖含量、超氧物歧化酶活性较高，
可溶性MgZ+-- ATP酶活性、细胞壁离子型和共价型结合Mg2+一ATP酶活性较低。
8个甘蔗基因型中，以割手密种和拔地拉的生理生化特性与其它基因型的差异尤
为突出。在甘蔗伸长盛期所检测的生理生化性状中，割手密种的测定值几乎都位居极
端位置，如节间含水量、可溶性总糖含量、还原糖含量最低，而叶片叶绿素、类胡萝
卜素、节间的超氧阴离子自由基、可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁
共价型结合蛋白质等的含量最高，节间的超氧物歧化酶、可溶性MgZ七 ATP酶、细胞壁
离子型结合和共价型结合MgZ气ATP酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶等酶活性都是
最高，只有细胞壁共价型结合过氧化物酶活性例外。而拔地拉的叶片叶绿素和类胡萝
卜素含量最低，叶绿素荧光参数Fo最小。节间超氧物
Eight sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes were employed in three experiments. They were Badila (Saccharum officinarum L.), Saccharum spontaneum L. , three sugarcane varieties (Saccharum spp. hybrid), i.e. middle-thin cane variety NL8, middle cane variety ROC16, middle-thick cane variety YT86-368, and three other F, clones whose parents were Co419XYN73-204 named Clone One, Clone Two and Clone Three according to their cane diameter from thin to thick. There were three experiments in our research. Experiment One and Experiment Two were main experiments. Experiment One employed NL8, ROC16 and YT86?68 as materials. Experiment Two employed Saccharum spontaneum L., Badila and three Fi clones as materials. Experimemt Three was complementary experiment which employed the ratoon plants as the plant materials whose varities were the same as those in Experiment One. Different internodes and leaves were sampled at the elongating stage and the technical maturing stage. Some physiological and biochemical chara
cters of the different internodes or leaves were assayed. Those characters included the content of the total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, soluble protein, ionically-bound protein and covalently-bound protein in the cell wall, the superoxide anion radical, chlorophyll, carotenoid , and activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, ionically-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase and covalently-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase in the cell wall, the soluble peroxidase, the ionically-bound peroxidase and covalently-bound peroxidase in the cell wall, the soluble superoxide dismutase, soluble polyphenol oxidase and some parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence. The length of internodes and leaves, the leaf width and internode diameter were determined. The results were as follows.
1. During the growth of the internodes down the stalk of sugarcane, changes of the physiological and biochemical characters in different internodes and leaves were similar in many aspects although the stalk diameter was quite different among the genotypes.
At the early elongating stage, contents of the soluble protein, the ionically-bound protein and the covalently-bound protein in the cell wall, and activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, the ionically-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase and the covalently-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase in the cell wall decreased rapidly from Internode
Three to Internode Five and then slowly from Internode Five to Internode Eight. The content of the superoxide anion radical and the activities of soluble superoxidase dismutase in leaves increased gradually from Leaf Two to Leaf Five and Eight. The parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence such as Fo, Fm decreased gradually from Leaf One to Leaf Three and Five.
At the middle elongating stage and technical maturing stage, changes of the physiological and biochemical characters in different internodes and leaves were similar, but still there were some difference in many aspects during growth of the internodes down the stalk of sugarcane. Contents of the soluble protein, superoxide anion radical, and activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, the ionically-bound peroxidase and the covalently-bound peroxidase in the cell wall decreased rapidly from Internode Three to Internode Five. Activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, the ionically-bound peroxidase and the covalently-bound peroxidase in the cell wall decreased gradually and they were very low even not available below Internode Five. But contents of the soluble protein, superoxide anion radical and activities of the superoxede dismutase showed a trend of increasing gradually below Internode Five. At the same internode from the top, contents of the soluble protein and activities
2+
of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase were higher, but the activity of the superoxide dismutase was lower at the technical maturing stage than at the middle elongating stage. Activities of the soluble peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase in maturing internodes were higher at the m
1．不同甘蔗基因型尽管其茎径大小有较大差异，但节间自上而下在生长过程中其生理生化性状仍表现出许多相似的变化趋势。
在伸长初期，甘蔗茎自上而下，节间可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质和共价型结合蛋白质的含量，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性、细胞壁离子型结合Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性和共价型结合Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性都表现为逐渐下降。而叶片的超氧阴离子自由基含量、超氧物歧化酶活性从+2叶到+5、+8叶逐渐提高。叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm、从+1叶到+3、+5叶表现为逐渐下降。
在伸长盛期和工艺成熟期，自上而下，各个生理生化性状在不同节间的变化既有很多相似之处也有不同的表现。从+3节间到+5节间，节间可溶性蛋白质、超氧阴离子自由基的含量，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、超氧物歧化酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、细胞壁离子型结合过氧化物酶、细胞壁共价型结合过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶等酶活性等迅速下降。而在+5节间以后，可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、细胞壁离子结合过氧化物酶、细胞壁共价型结合过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶的活性继续下降，活性极低，甚至于检测不出。而可溶性蛋白质、超氧阴离子自由基的含量和超氧物歧化酶活性等逐渐提高。自上而下在相同节位的节间，可溶性蛋白质含量、可溶性Mg~(2+)-ATP酶活性在工艺成熟期比在伸长盛期的大。成熟节间的可溶性过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、超氧物歧化酶的活性在伸长盛期比在工艺成熟期大。+3节间的超氧阴离子自由基含量在
工艺成熟期比在伸长盛期高。在伸长盛期的+2、+5、+8叶中，叶绿素、类胡萝卜
素的含量均以+8叶的最高。不同基因型的叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm值在+5叶差异较
明显。甘蔗从未成熟节间到成熟节间，节间可溶性总糖含量不断提高，节间含水量不
断下降。在工艺成熟期，成熟节间的可溶性总糖含量的增加逐渐减缓，逐渐达到某一
最大值。还原糖含量也明显下降，表现出逐渐接近于O的趋势。自上而下相同节位的
节间含水量在工艺成熟期比在甘蔗伸长盛期低，而节间可溶性总糖含量在工艺成熟期
比伸长盛期高。可溶性总糖的积累速度在工艺成熟期节间比在伸长盛期快。成熟节间
的还原糖含量在工艺成熟期比在伸长盛期低，但正在伸长增粗的节间其还原糖含量在
工艺成熟期和在伸长盛期相差不大。
2.节间和叶片的生理生化性状的变化因基因型不同而表现差异。
在甘蔗伸长初期，茎径较大的基因型从+3节间到+8节间，其节间可溶性蛋白
质、细胞壁离子型结合和共价型结合蛋白含量都较高，可溶性Mg2+一ATP酶活性较低，
可溶性总糖的积累较慢。叶片的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量较低。茎径较大、叶片较宽
的基因型叶绿素荧光参数Fo、Fm的值较小.而茎径较小的甘蔗基因型的表现刚好相
反。
在伸长盛期和工艺成熟期，从+3节间到+16节间，茎径较大的基因型，其节间
含水量下降较慢，可溶性总糖含量积累较慢，还原糖含量、超氧物歧化酶活性较高，
可溶性MgZ+-- ATP酶活性、细胞壁离子型和共价型结合Mg2+一ATP酶活性较低。
8个甘蔗基因型中，以割手密种和拔地拉的生理生化特性与其它基因型的差异尤
为突出。在甘蔗伸长盛期所检测的生理生化性状中，割手密种的测定值几乎都位居极
端位置，如节间含水量、可溶性总糖含量、还原糖含量最低，而叶片叶绿素、类胡萝
卜素、节间的超氧阴离子自由基、可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁
共价型结合蛋白质等的含量最高，节间的超氧物歧化酶、可溶性MgZ七 ATP酶、细胞壁
离子型结合和共价型结合MgZ气ATP酶、可溶性过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶等酶活性都是
最高，只有细胞壁共价型结合过氧化物酶活性例外。而拔地拉的叶片叶绿素和类胡萝
卜素含量最低，叶绿素荧光参数Fo最小。节间超氧物
Eight sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes were employed in three experiments. They were Badila (Saccharum officinarum L.), Saccharum spontaneum L. , three sugarcane varieties (Saccharum spp. hybrid), i.e. middle-thin cane variety NL8, middle cane variety ROC16, middle-thick cane variety YT86-368, and three other F, clones whose parents were Co419XYN73-204 named Clone One, Clone Two and Clone Three according to their cane diameter from thin to thick. There were three experiments in our research. Experiment One and Experiment Two were main experiments. Experiment One employed NL8, ROC16 and YT86?68 as materials. Experiment Two employed Saccharum spontaneum L., Badila and three Fi clones as materials. Experimemt Three was complementary experiment which employed the ratoon plants as the plant materials whose varities were the same as those in Experiment One. Different internodes and leaves were sampled at the elongating stage and the technical maturing stage. Some physiological and biochemical chara
cters of the different internodes or leaves were assayed. Those characters included the content of the total soluble sugar, reducing sugar, soluble protein, ionically-bound protein and covalently-bound protein in the cell wall, the superoxide anion radical, chlorophyll, carotenoid , and activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, ionically-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase and covalently-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase in the cell wall, the soluble peroxidase, the ionically-bound peroxidase and covalently-bound peroxidase in the cell wall, the soluble superoxide dismutase, soluble polyphenol oxidase and some parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence. The length of internodes and leaves, the leaf width and internode diameter were determined. The results were as follows.
1. During the growth of the internodes down the stalk of sugarcane, changes of the physiological and biochemical characters in different internodes and leaves were similar in many aspects although the stalk diameter was quite different among the genotypes.
At the early elongating stage, contents of the soluble protein, the ionically-bound protein and the covalently-bound protein in the cell wall, and activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, the ionically-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase and the covalently-bound Mg~(2+)-ATPase in the cell wall decreased rapidly from Internode
Three to Internode Five and then slowly from Internode Five to Internode Eight. The content of the superoxide anion radical and the activities of soluble superoxidase dismutase in leaves increased gradually from Leaf Two to Leaf Five and Eight. The parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence such as Fo, Fm decreased gradually from Leaf One to Leaf Three and Five.
At the middle elongating stage and technical maturing stage, changes of the physiological and biochemical characters in different internodes and leaves were similar, but still there were some difference in many aspects during growth of the internodes down the stalk of sugarcane. Contents of the soluble protein, superoxide anion radical, and activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, the ionically-bound peroxidase and the covalently-bound peroxidase in the cell wall decreased rapidly from Internode Three to Internode Five. Activities of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, the ionically-bound peroxidase and the covalently-bound peroxidase in the cell wall decreased gradually and they were very low even not available below Internode Five. But contents of the soluble protein, superoxide anion radical and activities of the superoxede dismutase showed a trend of increasing gradually below Internode Five. At the same internode from the top, contents of the soluble protein and activities
2+
of the soluble Mg~(2+)-ATPase were higher, but the activity of the superoxide dismutase was lower at the technical maturing stage than at the middle elongating stage. Activities of the soluble peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase in maturing internodes were higher at the m
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