外源NO缓解小麦幼苗盐胁迫的效应与花后盐渍对小麦产量的影响研究
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摘要
种子萌发、幼苗生长以及灌浆期是小麦一生的重要生育阶段,对盐胁迫反应较为敏感,促进盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗建成,提高小麦花后耐盐渍能力,对于提高盐渍逆境下小麦产量形成有重要意义。本文以小麦品种扬麦12和淮麦17为材料,用0.1 mmol L-1NO供体硝普钠(SNP)进行预浸种处理20小时,研究了NO对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解效应,并在盆栽条件下,从花后7天进行渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍双重胁迫处理,处理5天,研究盐渍逆境条件对小麦籽粒产量形成的影响。主要研究结果如下：
1.外源NO对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发与线粒体抗氧化代谢的影响。在300 mmolL-1 NaCl胁迫下,外源NO显著提高了小麦种子发芽率、胚根、胚芽鞘干重,减小剩余种子的干重。外源NO还提高了种子呼吸速率,促进三磷酸腺苷(ATP)合成,进而提高种子淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉降解,促进可溶性总糖合成。同时,外源NO也显著促进蛋白质降解,加速氨基酸合成；外源NO提高种子线粒体中超氧岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,抑制超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生速率,减少H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)的积累；此外,外源NO降低Na+含量,促进K+吸收,保持较高的K+/Na+比。
2.外源NO对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗碳氮代谢及抗氧化系统的影响。在120 mmol L-1NaCl处理下,小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,可抑制可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质合成降低,从而影响小麦幼苗生长,降低物质积累。NO预处理能有效地抑制盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片O2-·释放和H2O2积累,提高SOD和CAT活性,降低MDA含量,从而减轻膜脂过氧化反应；外源NO还提高叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,加快可溶性总糖合成,促进小麦幼苗叶片碳代谢；此外,NO预处理也显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白含量,以及内肽酶和羧肽酶活性,加快氨基酸合成。因此,外源NO有利于促进盐胁迫下小麦植株生长,提高小麦幼苗株高、鲜重和干重。
3.花后盐渍对小麦旗叶光合特性及叶绿体内抗氧化系统和ATP合成的影响。花后渍水、盐胁迫、盐渍降低了小麦旗叶净光合速率,气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用率,并以盐胁迫和盐渍双重胁迫的效应更为显著。研究还发现,花后10天渍水、盐胁迫以及盐渍处理对旗叶净光合速率略有降低,这主要与气孔导度的下降有关,而花后18天时,盐胁迫与盐渍双重处理下净光合速率的降低则是由非气孔限制因素引起的。花后10天时,渍水、盐胁迫以及盐渍逆境均没有显著降低实际光化学效率((ΦPSⅡ)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学促灭系数(qP),而显著提高了非光化学猝灭(NPQ)；而花后18天时,盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP,而显著提高了NPQ,表明此时旗叶PSⅡ反应中心已受到严重破坏。单一渍水处理也明显降低了旗叶净光合速率,但主要与叶片叶绿素含量下降和吸收光能的热耗散增加(NPQ的升高)有关。盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著提高了叶绿体中H2O2、O2-·以及MDA含量,而显著降低了叶绿体中SOD、POD和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性。盐胁迫和盐渍处理还显著降低叶绿体上的Mg2+-ATP和Ca2+-ATP酶活性,从而抑制了ATP合成。渍水处理也有相近的效应,但其对叶片的伤害程度远低于盐胁迫和盐渍处理。
4.花后盐渍对小麦碳氮代谢与K+/Na+平衡的影响。盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了营养器官和籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖以及茎鞘果聚糖的含量；盐胁迫和盐渍处理提高了小麦旗叶、其余叶中游离氧基酸含量,但却降低了茎鞘、颖鞘、穗轴和籽粒中游离氨基酸含量,导致了糖/氨比(C/N)下降。花后渍水轻微地降低了营养器官和籽粒中糖、氨基酸合成,从而也导致糖/氨比(C/N)下降。盐胁迫和盐渍处理还显著提高了小麦各器官中Na+含量,而K+含量下降,导致K+/Na+比降低。
5.花后盐渍对小麦产量、品质的影响。花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低小麦花前贮藏氮素(花前贮藏干物质)运转量和花后同化氮素(花后同化物)输入籽粒量,从而导致小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质以及淀粉产量显著下降,尤以盐胁迫和盐渍处理更为严重。盐胁迫和盐渍处理能够明显降低小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量和籽粒淀粉积累量及淀粉组分含量与直／支链淀粉比。渍水处理也降低了两小麦品种籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累量。
综上所述,外源NO能显著增强高盐胁迫下萌发种子呼吸速率,促进淀粉和蛋白质降解,增强糖和氨基酸的合成；外源NO也提高了线粒体抗氧化能力,从而降低线粒体活性氧(O2-·、H2O2)积累；外源NO还有利于维持种子Na+和K+离子平衡。此外,NO预处理能显著提高低盐胁迫下幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、CAT以及蛋白水解酶活性,抑制活性氧(O2-·、H2O2)积累,维持较高的色素含量,促进可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白积累,从而维持盐胁迫下幼苗叶片碳氮代谢的正常运行,缓解了盐胁迫对小麦幼苗的伤害。渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理降低了小麦光合作用,抑制了植株碳氮代谢,增强了小麦植株Na+积累,K+/Na+平衡失调,致使植株提前衰老,灌浆期缩短,进而降低了小麦籽粒产量,改变了小麦品质。本研究中,盐害和盐渍的负效应大于渍水。
As key growth stages, wheat plants during germination, seedling formation and grain filling are very sensitive to salt stress.Then, it is of importance to improve seed germination and early seedling formation and tolerance during grain filling to increase grain yield in wheat under salt stress. In this study, seeds of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars of Yangmai 12 and Huaima 17 were pre-soaked with 0.1 mmol L-1 of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as nitric oxide donor) for 20 h just before germination. Effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the following seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress were studied. In addition, stresses of salt (ST) and waterlogging (WL), and their combination (SW) were imposed on wheat plants from 7 days after anthesis (DAA) in a pot culture experiment. The WL and SW treatments lasted for 5 days,while the ST treatment was continuously imposed during the grain filling stage.Effects of ST and WL stresses and SW on grain yield formation were then investigated. The main results included:
1.Exogenous NO effects on seed germination and mitochondrial anti-oxidative system under by 300 mmol L-1 NaCl stress.Under this stress event, exogenous NO increased germination rate and weights of coleoptile and radicle, while reduced seed weight. Exogenous NO also enhanced seed respiration rate and ATP synthesis.Activities of amylases were then enhanced to accelerate starch degradation and total soluble sugar accumulation in germinating seeds. Meantime, exogenous NO improved degradation of protein and promoted amino acid content in seeds.Exogenous NO increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which inhibited release of superoxide anions (O2-·) and reduced accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in seed mitochondria. Exogenous NO also reduced Na+ concentration while increased K+ concentration in the seeds, thereafter maintained a better balance between K+ and Na+ during germination under salt stress, as compared with the seeds not pretreated by SNP.
2.Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and antioxidation system in wheat seedling under 120 mmol L-1 NaCl stress. Salt stress significantly reduced contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, total soluble sugars and soluble protein in wheat seedlings, which resulted in a decrease of dry matter accumulation. Exogenous NO significantly reduced O2-·release rate and H2O2 content, while increased activities of SOD and CAT, which resulted in an obvious decrease in MDA content in leaves of seedlings growth under salt stress.Meanwhile, exogenous NO increased contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and total soluble sugars in wheat seedlings. Compared to the salt stress treatment, NO pre-treatment significantly increased soluble protein content and enhanced activities of endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase in leaves. Thus, NO effectively maintained a balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in seedling growing under salt stress, and consequently resulted in a better seedling growth, and increase in plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings, compared with the non NO-pretreatment.
3.Effects of salt and waterlogging and their combination on flag leaf photosynthesis, chloroplast ATP synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in wheat. In this study, rapid reductions in net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration rate (Tr) and instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE) in response to ST and SW treatments were observed in both cultivars, and ST and SW showed more severe adverse effects than WL. The slight decrease of PN in the WL, ST and SW treated plants was attributed mainly to the decreases of GS at 10 DAA, whereas at 18 DAA, non-stomatal limitation over PN could occur for the SW and ST treated plants. At 10 DAA, Fv/Fm,ΦpsⅡand qP did not decrease significantly, while NPQ dramatically increased under all stresses. Therefore, although the PSII was not essentially damaged under the stresses, great portion of the harvested energy by PSII was dispersed via the non-photochemical approach under stresses than under control at 10 DAA. However, at 18 DAA,ΦpsⅡ, Fv/Fm and qP were significantly lowered while NPQ was significantly increased in the ST and SW plants in relation to the CT and the WL plants, indicating ST and SW treatments led to clear damage to the PSII. It was notable that a single WL stress also obviously reduced leaf PN compared with the CT. However, this decrease of PN was seemingly not due to damage of the PSII function but to the lowered chlorophyll content and increased NPQ. In the present study, significant increases in H2O2 content and release rate of O2-·as well as MDA content in chloroplasts were observed under the ST and SW treatments. Reduction in ATP synthesis owed to depress activities of Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in chloroplast under ST and SW. The adverse effects of WL was much less than that of ST and SW.
4.Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and balance between Na+ and K+. ST and SW treatments significantly reduced contents of soluble sugars, sucrose in the vegetative organs and grains and fructan in stem and sheath. However, ST and SW treatments increased free amino acid contents in flag leaf and others leaves, while reduced free amino acid contents in the vegetative organs and grains, which led to reduction of C/N. Contents of soluble sugar and sucrose and free amino acid in the vegetative organs and grains were slightly depressed under WL stress, which resulted in less ratio of C/N in all organs of both cultivars. ST and SW also enhanced accumulation of Na+while depressed accumulation of K+, thus resulted in a reduced K+/Na+ in wheat plants.
5.Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on wheat yield and quality. It was found that WL, ST and SW treatments significantly reduced redistribution of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen (remobilization of assimilates stored pre-anthesis), amounts of post-anthsis accumulated nitrogen (transportation of post-anthesis assimilates) transferred into grain, resulting in obviously decreasing grain yield, protein and starch yields, especially for the ST and SW treatments. Both ST and SW treatments significantly decreased grain protein accumulation and starch components.Accumulations of both cultivars grain protein and starch were significantly reduced under WL stress.
In summary, exogenesis NO increased seed respiration rate and activities of amylase and consequently promoted the conversion from starch and protein into sugars and free amino acid contents. NO also increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and thus reduced oxidants (reduction in H2O2 content and O2-·release rate) in mitochondria, and facilitated a better ion balance between Na+ and K+ in seed during germination under high salinity. In addition, exogenous NO significantly reduced O2-·release rate and H2O2 content, while increased activities of SOD, CAT and endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase, which resulted in an obvious decrease of MDA content in leaves of seedlings growing under salt stress. Meanwhile, exogenous NO maintained higher contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and total soluble sugars in wheat seedlings. Thereby, NO effectively maintained a balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in seeding growing under salt stress, and consequently resulted in a better seedling growth.
Salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination reduced photosynthesis of both cultivars, depressed carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and led to an imbalance between K+ and Na+ in wheat plants.Plant senescence was then predated and duration of grain filling was shortened. Finally, both grain yield and quality were affected by these stresses.The adversary effects on yield and quality in wheat were severer under salt and combination of salt and waterloging than the single waterlogging in this study.
1.外源NO对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发与线粒体抗氧化代谢的影响。在300 mmolL-1 NaCl胁迫下,外源NO显著提高了小麦种子发芽率、胚根、胚芽鞘干重,减小剩余种子的干重。外源NO还提高了种子呼吸速率,促进三磷酸腺苷(ATP)合成,进而提高种子淀粉酶活性,加速淀粉降解,促进可溶性总糖合成。同时,外源NO也显著促进蛋白质降解,加速氨基酸合成；外源NO提高种子线粒体中超氧岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,抑制超氧阴离子(O2-·)产生速率,减少H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)的积累；此外,外源NO降低Na+含量,促进K+吸收,保持较高的K+/Na+比。
2.外源NO对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗碳氮代谢及抗氧化系统的影响。在120 mmol L-1NaCl处理下,小麦幼苗叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著降低,可抑制可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质合成降低,从而影响小麦幼苗生长,降低物质积累。NO预处理能有效地抑制盐胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片O2-·释放和H2O2积累,提高SOD和CAT活性,降低MDA含量,从而减轻膜脂过氧化反应；外源NO还提高叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,加快可溶性总糖合成,促进小麦幼苗叶片碳代谢；此外,NO预处理也显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白含量,以及内肽酶和羧肽酶活性,加快氨基酸合成。因此,外源NO有利于促进盐胁迫下小麦植株生长,提高小麦幼苗株高、鲜重和干重。
3.花后盐渍对小麦旗叶光合特性及叶绿体内抗氧化系统和ATP合成的影响。花后渍水、盐胁迫、盐渍降低了小麦旗叶净光合速率,气孔导度、蒸腾速率和瞬时水分利用率,并以盐胁迫和盐渍双重胁迫的效应更为显著。研究还发现,花后10天渍水、盐胁迫以及盐渍处理对旗叶净光合速率略有降低,这主要与气孔导度的下降有关,而花后18天时,盐胁迫与盐渍双重处理下净光合速率的降低则是由非气孔限制因素引起的。花后10天时,渍水、盐胁迫以及盐渍逆境均没有显著降低实际光化学效率((ΦPSⅡ)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学促灭系数(qP),而显著提高了非光化学猝灭(NPQ)；而花后18天时,盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qP,而显著提高了NPQ,表明此时旗叶PSⅡ反应中心已受到严重破坏。单一渍水处理也明显降低了旗叶净光合速率,但主要与叶片叶绿素含量下降和吸收光能的热耗散增加(NPQ的升高)有关。盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著提高了叶绿体中H2O2、O2-·以及MDA含量,而显著降低了叶绿体中SOD、POD和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性。盐胁迫和盐渍处理还显著降低叶绿体上的Mg2+-ATP和Ca2+-ATP酶活性,从而抑制了ATP合成。渍水处理也有相近的效应,但其对叶片的伤害程度远低于盐胁迫和盐渍处理。
4.花后盐渍对小麦碳氮代谢与K+/Na+平衡的影响。盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低了营养器官和籽粒可溶性糖、蔗糖以及茎鞘果聚糖的含量；盐胁迫和盐渍处理提高了小麦旗叶、其余叶中游离氧基酸含量,但却降低了茎鞘、颖鞘、穗轴和籽粒中游离氨基酸含量,导致了糖/氨比(C/N)下降。花后渍水轻微地降低了营养器官和籽粒中糖、氨基酸合成,从而也导致糖/氨比(C/N)下降。盐胁迫和盐渍处理还显著提高了小麦各器官中Na+含量,而K+含量下降,导致K+/Na+比降低。
5.花后盐渍对小麦产量、品质的影响。花后渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理显著降低小麦花前贮藏氮素(花前贮藏干物质)运转量和花后同化氮素(花后同化物)输入籽粒量,从而导致小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质以及淀粉产量显著下降,尤以盐胁迫和盐渍处理更为严重。盐胁迫和盐渍处理能够明显降低小麦籽粒蛋白质积累量和籽粒淀粉积累量及淀粉组分含量与直／支链淀粉比。渍水处理也降低了两小麦品种籽粒蛋白质和淀粉积累量。
综上所述,外源NO能显著增强高盐胁迫下萌发种子呼吸速率,促进淀粉和蛋白质降解,增强糖和氨基酸的合成；外源NO也提高了线粒体抗氧化能力,从而降低线粒体活性氧(O2-·、H2O2)积累；外源NO还有利于维持种子Na+和K+离子平衡。此外,NO预处理能显著提高低盐胁迫下幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、CAT以及蛋白水解酶活性,抑制活性氧(O2-·、H2O2)积累,维持较高的色素含量,促进可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白积累,从而维持盐胁迫下幼苗叶片碳氮代谢的正常运行,缓解了盐胁迫对小麦幼苗的伤害。渍水、盐胁迫和盐渍处理降低了小麦光合作用,抑制了植株碳氮代谢,增强了小麦植株Na+积累,K+/Na+平衡失调,致使植株提前衰老,灌浆期缩短,进而降低了小麦籽粒产量,改变了小麦品质。本研究中,盐害和盐渍的负效应大于渍水。
As key growth stages, wheat plants during germination, seedling formation and grain filling are very sensitive to salt stress.Then, it is of importance to improve seed germination and early seedling formation and tolerance during grain filling to increase grain yield in wheat under salt stress. In this study, seeds of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars of Yangmai 12 and Huaima 17 were pre-soaked with 0.1 mmol L-1 of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, as nitric oxide donor) for 20 h just before germination. Effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on the following seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress were studied. In addition, stresses of salt (ST) and waterlogging (WL), and their combination (SW) were imposed on wheat plants from 7 days after anthesis (DAA) in a pot culture experiment. The WL and SW treatments lasted for 5 days,while the ST treatment was continuously imposed during the grain filling stage.Effects of ST and WL stresses and SW on grain yield formation were then investigated. The main results included:
1.Exogenous NO effects on seed germination and mitochondrial anti-oxidative system under by 300 mmol L-1 NaCl stress.Under this stress event, exogenous NO increased germination rate and weights of coleoptile and radicle, while reduced seed weight. Exogenous NO also enhanced seed respiration rate and ATP synthesis.Activities of amylases were then enhanced to accelerate starch degradation and total soluble sugar accumulation in germinating seeds. Meantime, exogenous NO improved degradation of protein and promoted amino acid content in seeds.Exogenous NO increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), which inhibited release of superoxide anions (O2-·) and reduced accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in seed mitochondria. Exogenous NO also reduced Na+ concentration while increased K+ concentration in the seeds, thereafter maintained a better balance between K+ and Na+ during germination under salt stress, as compared with the seeds not pretreated by SNP.
2.Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and antioxidation system in wheat seedling under 120 mmol L-1 NaCl stress. Salt stress significantly reduced contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, total soluble sugars and soluble protein in wheat seedlings, which resulted in a decrease of dry matter accumulation. Exogenous NO significantly reduced O2-·release rate and H2O2 content, while increased activities of SOD and CAT, which resulted in an obvious decrease in MDA content in leaves of seedlings growth under salt stress.Meanwhile, exogenous NO increased contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and total soluble sugars in wheat seedlings. Compared to the salt stress treatment, NO pre-treatment significantly increased soluble protein content and enhanced activities of endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase in leaves. Thus, NO effectively maintained a balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in seedling growing under salt stress, and consequently resulted in a better seedling growth, and increase in plant height, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings, compared with the non NO-pretreatment.
3.Effects of salt and waterlogging and their combination on flag leaf photosynthesis, chloroplast ATP synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in wheat. In this study, rapid reductions in net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (GS), transpiration rate (Tr) and instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE) in response to ST and SW treatments were observed in both cultivars, and ST and SW showed more severe adverse effects than WL. The slight decrease of PN in the WL, ST and SW treated plants was attributed mainly to the decreases of GS at 10 DAA, whereas at 18 DAA, non-stomatal limitation over PN could occur for the SW and ST treated plants. At 10 DAA, Fv/Fm,ΦpsⅡand qP did not decrease significantly, while NPQ dramatically increased under all stresses. Therefore, although the PSII was not essentially damaged under the stresses, great portion of the harvested energy by PSII was dispersed via the non-photochemical approach under stresses than under control at 10 DAA. However, at 18 DAA,ΦpsⅡ, Fv/Fm and qP were significantly lowered while NPQ was significantly increased in the ST and SW plants in relation to the CT and the WL plants, indicating ST and SW treatments led to clear damage to the PSII. It was notable that a single WL stress also obviously reduced leaf PN compared with the CT. However, this decrease of PN was seemingly not due to damage of the PSII function but to the lowered chlorophyll content and increased NPQ. In the present study, significant increases in H2O2 content and release rate of O2-·as well as MDA content in chloroplasts were observed under the ST and SW treatments. Reduction in ATP synthesis owed to depress activities of Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase in chloroplast under ST and SW. The adverse effects of WL was much less than that of ST and SW.
4.Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on carbon and nitrogen metabolism and balance between Na+ and K+. ST and SW treatments significantly reduced contents of soluble sugars, sucrose in the vegetative organs and grains and fructan in stem and sheath. However, ST and SW treatments increased free amino acid contents in flag leaf and others leaves, while reduced free amino acid contents in the vegetative organs and grains, which led to reduction of C/N. Contents of soluble sugar and sucrose and free amino acid in the vegetative organs and grains were slightly depressed under WL stress, which resulted in less ratio of C/N in all organs of both cultivars. ST and SW also enhanced accumulation of Na+while depressed accumulation of K+, thus resulted in a reduced K+/Na+ in wheat plants.
5.Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on wheat yield and quality. It was found that WL, ST and SW treatments significantly reduced redistribution of pre-anthesis stored nitrogen (remobilization of assimilates stored pre-anthesis), amounts of post-anthsis accumulated nitrogen (transportation of post-anthesis assimilates) transferred into grain, resulting in obviously decreasing grain yield, protein and starch yields, especially for the ST and SW treatments. Both ST and SW treatments significantly decreased grain protein accumulation and starch components.Accumulations of both cultivars grain protein and starch were significantly reduced under WL stress.
In summary, exogenesis NO increased seed respiration rate and activities of amylase and consequently promoted the conversion from starch and protein into sugars and free amino acid contents. NO also increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and thus reduced oxidants (reduction in H2O2 content and O2-·release rate) in mitochondria, and facilitated a better ion balance between Na+ and K+ in seed during germination under high salinity. In addition, exogenous NO significantly reduced O2-·release rate and H2O2 content, while increased activities of SOD, CAT and endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase, which resulted in an obvious decrease of MDA content in leaves of seedlings growing under salt stress. Meanwhile, exogenous NO maintained higher contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and total soluble sugars in wheat seedlings. Thereby, NO effectively maintained a balance between carbon and nitrogen metabolisms in seeding growing under salt stress, and consequently resulted in a better seedling growth.
Salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination reduced photosynthesis of both cultivars, depressed carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and led to an imbalance between K+ and Na+ in wheat plants.Plant senescence was then predated and duration of grain filling was shortened. Finally, both grain yield and quality were affected by these stresses.The adversary effects on yield and quality in wheat were severer under salt and combination of salt and waterloging than the single waterlogging in this study.
引文
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