直升机载旋转式SAR与双基SAR大斜视成像算法研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)成像是一种全天时、全天候的微波遥感技术；在地球观测、环境监测、军事侦察及飞行器安全飞行和降落等方面具有重要意义。为提高SAR系统性能，扩展其应用平台，国内外开展了新型SAR技术研究。直升机载旋转式SAR利用雷达天线的旋转来合成方位向孔径，从而得到高分辨二维SAR图像。它具有高时空分辨率、短重访周期、前视成像能力、结构简单硬件成本低等优点，且二维成像时不需要直升机平台做任何运动。另外，结合直升机平台运动和天线旋转可合成虚拟二维面阵天线，同时融合距离脉冲压缩技术可实现对观测区域的三维成像。双基SAR是指发射机和接收机位于不同平台上的新型SAR模式。与单基SAR相比，双基SAR具有可获得目标非后向散射特征、系统设计灵活及便于接收机隐身设计等优点。特别地，大斜视双基SAR可以不需要飞越某一地区而能对该区域的目标进行探测；即也具有对前方目标成像能力。因此，作为对具有前方目标成像能力的新型SAR模式，直升机载旋转式SAR和双基SAR具有广泛的军事和民用前景。
本文在国家自然科学基金和国家973项目支撑下，围绕直升机载旋转式SAR和双基SAR原理和成像算法展开研究，主要创新点如下：
1、针对直升机载旋转式SAR方位分辨率依赖于方位重构角的大小，传统的划分子孔径的方法使得方位分辨率低的问题。在详细分析其成像几何模型基础上，使用高阶逼近原理近似构造直升机载旋转式SAR的回波信号模型，然后借助级数反演法求得其精确的二维频谱表达式。在此基础上，提出了一种高分辨直升机载旋转式SAR成像算法，给出算法的完整推导过程和各补偿因子的表达式；并详细分析了系统参数选择对直升机载旋转式SAR分辨率的影响。
2、针对直升机载旋转式SAR雷达天线旋转成像时平台存在运动的问题。提出一种融合直升机平台运动补偿的改进Chirp Scaling算法。该算法首先建立了存在平台运动时直升机载旋转式SAR成像的几何模型。在此基础上，详细分析平台运动引起的目标斜距误差在单个孔径时间内随目标位置的变化关系，得到了平台运动误差的空变性大小并给出误差补偿方法。然后，分析了直升机载旋转式SAR几何构型带来的速度随目标位置变化特性对成像质量的影响，并把其影响补偿融入到Chirp Scaling算法的距离徙动空变性校正和方位压缩中。整个算法只包含快速傅立叶变换和复数乘操作，不涉及插值，易于工程实现。最后，计算机仿真结果表明，该算法能够对直升机平台运动时大场景进行成像并具有良好的成像效果。
3、提出了一种基于调频连续波(Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave, FMCW)的直升机载旋转式SAR新的成像模式并给出了相应的成像算法。该方法首先利用等效相位中心原理，将收发分置天线系统的回波信号等效为“自发自收”单基系统。在此基础上，求得了其精确的二维频谱同时分析了雷达天线连续运动的影响--产生多普勒频移，并给出补偿方法；然后运用高效的逆Chirp-Z变换校正了距离徙动空变性。详细分析了速度近似误差对成像区域大小的影响，并把其影响补偿融合到成像算法中。整个算法只包含快速傅立叶变换和复乘操作，不涉及插值，易于工程实现。最后，仿真结果验证了分析结论的正确性和算法的有效性。
4、结合直升机平台的运动和安装在旋翼末端的雷达天线的旋转，直升机旋转式SAR能实现对载机前方目标的三维成像。本文根据直升机载旋转式SAR几何构型和回波信号特性，提出一种新的直升机载旋转式SAR前视三维成像算法。该算法首先将雷达天线旋转得到回波数据采用改进Chirp Scaling算法处理获得单幅SAR图像；然后把沿每个方位向对应的斜距-沿航向平面的切片数据看成前下视成像模式的回波数据，利用融合子场景划分技术的Omega-k成像算法沿方位依次进行成像处理，最后获得直升机平台前方目标的三维图像。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性和正确性。该模式仅仅利用了一根天线就能获得载机平台前方目标的三维SAR图像，具有结构简单、成本低等优势。
5、在大斜视方位时变双基SAR模式下，一方面，距离走动校正引入的距离偏移外，方位时变的几何构型也引入一个距离偏移。尤其是在接收和发射平台航线夹角较大时，几何构型引入的空变性变得更剧烈。另一方面，随着斜视角的增大，方位调频率高次项和三次相位的空变性已经不能忽略。针对该问题，提出一种改进的方位非线性调频变标算法。该方法首先在距离频率-方位时域完成距离走动和多普勒中心校正，然后在二维频域通过一致二次距离压缩校正剩余的距离单元徙动和距离-方位高次耦合。在分析方位时变双基SAR几何构型引入的方位空变性、方位调频率高次项和三次相位空变特性的基础上，推导出变标函数的系数。相比传统的非线性调频变标算法，该算法没有增加任何多余处理步骤。该算法可以有效的提高双基SAR成像性能，极大的扩展方位向聚焦深度。
With the ability of day&night and all weather condition imaging on observing areas,synthetic aperture radar (SAR) plays an important role in earth observation,environment monitoring, military reconnaissance and safety fighting and landing foraircrafts. To improve its system capability and extend its application platform,researches on the novel SAR systems have been carried out in the SAR community.Azimuth synthetic aperture can be obtained based on the the radar antenna rotating.Thus, helicopter-borne rotating synthetic aperture radar (ROSAR) can achieve twodimensional imaging. It has more advantages such as high spatial and temporalresolution, short revisit period, forward-looking imaging capacity, simple structure andlow cost, and two dimensional images can be obtained without the necessity of anymovement of the helicopter platform. The observation scene’s three dimensional imagescan be acquired by combining the forward movement of the helicopter platform and therange pulse compression technique. Bistatic SAR is a kind of synthetic aperture radarwhose transmitter and receiver are mounted on difference platforms. Compared withmonostatic SAR, bistatic SAR can obtain the targets’ non-backscattering features,making the design of the transmitter and receiver more flexible and beneficial for thereceiver platform’s stealth design. Specifically, highly squinted bistatic SAR canobserve the targets of.certain areas without flying through it. That is, highly squintedbistatic SAR has the capability of imaging on the front target. Therefore, as a newimaging configureation for the front targets, helicopter-borne ROSAR and bistatic SARcould be widely used in both military and civilian fields.
Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China’s BasicScientific Research Project (973), this dissertation researches the principles and imagingalgorithms of the helicopter-borne ROSAR and bistatic SAR. The key innovations inthis thesis are as follows:
1. Considering the dependence of the azimuth resolution of the helicopter-borneROSAR on the azimuth reconstruction angle, and trational subaperture processingazimuth resolution suffers from low resolution problem, a novel echo signal model isestablished using a higher order range model by analyzing in detail the helicopter-borneROSAR geometric configuration. Then the accurate two-dimensional spectrum isderived by series reversion. Based on which, a new high-resolution imaging algorithmis proposed for Helicopter-borne ROSAR, detailed imaging procedure and the expression of the compensation factor are also presented. Moreover, the impacts ofsystem parameters selection on azimuth resolution are also analyzed.
2. An improved Chirp Scaling algorithm incorporating motion compensation forhelicopter-borne ROSAR is proposed to accommodate the helicopter platformmovement during radar antenna rotating imaging. Firstly, the geometric model ofhelicopter-borne ROSAR with platform movement is established. Based on which, therelationship of the slant range error introduced by platform movement variation with thetarget position within the synthetic aperture time is analyzed in detail. Then, the slantrange error’s range spatial characteristics can be obtained and correspondingcompensation method is given. Next, the impact of the range-dependent velocity causedby the helicopter-borne ROSAR inherent geometric configuration on imaging quality isanalyzed and the compensation methods are incorporated into the range cell migrationspatial variance correction and azimuth compression. With only FFT and complexmultiplication and no interpolations, the proposed method can be efficientlyimplemented. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that well-focused SAR image canbe obtained for wide swath scenarios and existing platform movements using theproposed method.
3. A novel helicopter-borne ROSAR imaging model and algorithm based onfrequency modulated continue wave (FMCW) are proposed. Firstly, using the principleof equivalent phase center, the separated transmitting and receiving system is turned tobe a monostatic one. Based on which, precise two-dimensional spectrum is deduced,besides Doppler offset caused by the continuous motion of the antenna during thetransmitting and receiving is analyzed and compensated. Then efficient inverse Chirp-Ztransform scaling is applied to correct the range-dependent range cell migration, besidesthe effects of range-dependent velocity approximation errors on the imaging algorithmare analyzed and corresponding compensation method is also given. With only FFT andcomplex multiplication and no interpolations, the proposed method can be efficientlyimplemented. Finally, correctness of the analysis and effectiveness of the proposedalgorithm are demonstrated through simulation results.
4. Combining the helicopter platform movement and the radar antenna mounted onat the tip of the rotator blades rotating movement, the helicopter-borne ROSAR canachieve three dimensional images for the platform’s front objects. In this thesis, a novelforward-looking three-dimensional imaging algorithm is proposed for helicopter-borneROSAR based on the special imaging geometric configuration and the characteristics ofthe echo signal. Firstly, the azimuth and range well-focused SAR image relative to the same area can be obtained by using the improved chirp scaling algorithm, and thenevery along-track and slant-range slice data is regarded as a collection from thedownward-looking imaging mode. Based on that, an improved omega-k algorithmincorporating subscene processing technique is developed to obtain accurate along-trackand slant-range focusing images. Then, the three-dimensional SAR image can beobtained by processing all the slices with the same procedure. The validation of theproposed method is done by exploiting simulated data. Since one only antenna is usedto get the targets’ three-dimensional image, the helicopter-borne ROSAR has low costand simple structure characteristics.
5. Apart from the range shift caused by the linear range walk correction, for thehighly squinted azimuth-variant bistatic SAR, another severe range offset is introducedby the inherent azimuth-variant geometric configuration and the impacts becomesignificant with the increase of the azimuth resolution and the difference between thetwo unparalleled tracks. On the other hand, the azimuth–dependent higher orderquadratic FM rate terms and cubic phase term become important with the increase of thesquint angle. To accommodate for this problem, an extended azimuth nonlinear chirpscaling algorithm (EANLCSA) is investigated in this thesis. Firstly, range-azimuthcoupling is mitigated through a linear range walk correction operation, and then bulksecondary range compression (BSRC) is implemented to compensate the residual rangecell migration and cross coupling terms. Following which, the characteristics of theazimuth-dependent quadratic and cubic phase terms are analyzed, and modified scalingcoefficients are derived by adopting higher order approximation and incorporating theazimuth-dependent range offset caused by the inherent bistatic geometric configuration.Compared with traditional nonlinear chirp scaling method, large azimuth depth offocusing can be realized without changing the overall procedure.
本文在国家自然科学基金和国家973项目支撑下，围绕直升机载旋转式SAR和双基SAR原理和成像算法展开研究，主要创新点如下：
1、针对直升机载旋转式SAR方位分辨率依赖于方位重构角的大小，传统的划分子孔径的方法使得方位分辨率低的问题。在详细分析其成像几何模型基础上，使用高阶逼近原理近似构造直升机载旋转式SAR的回波信号模型，然后借助级数反演法求得其精确的二维频谱表达式。在此基础上，提出了一种高分辨直升机载旋转式SAR成像算法，给出算法的完整推导过程和各补偿因子的表达式；并详细分析了系统参数选择对直升机载旋转式SAR分辨率的影响。
2、针对直升机载旋转式SAR雷达天线旋转成像时平台存在运动的问题。提出一种融合直升机平台运动补偿的改进Chirp Scaling算法。该算法首先建立了存在平台运动时直升机载旋转式SAR成像的几何模型。在此基础上，详细分析平台运动引起的目标斜距误差在单个孔径时间内随目标位置的变化关系，得到了平台运动误差的空变性大小并给出误差补偿方法。然后，分析了直升机载旋转式SAR几何构型带来的速度随目标位置变化特性对成像质量的影响，并把其影响补偿融入到Chirp Scaling算法的距离徙动空变性校正和方位压缩中。整个算法只包含快速傅立叶变换和复数乘操作，不涉及插值，易于工程实现。最后，计算机仿真结果表明，该算法能够对直升机平台运动时大场景进行成像并具有良好的成像效果。
3、提出了一种基于调频连续波(Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave, FMCW)的直升机载旋转式SAR新的成像模式并给出了相应的成像算法。该方法首先利用等效相位中心原理，将收发分置天线系统的回波信号等效为“自发自收”单基系统。在此基础上，求得了其精确的二维频谱同时分析了雷达天线连续运动的影响--产生多普勒频移，并给出补偿方法；然后运用高效的逆Chirp-Z变换校正了距离徙动空变性。详细分析了速度近似误差对成像区域大小的影响，并把其影响补偿融合到成像算法中。整个算法只包含快速傅立叶变换和复乘操作，不涉及插值，易于工程实现。最后，仿真结果验证了分析结论的正确性和算法的有效性。
4、结合直升机平台的运动和安装在旋翼末端的雷达天线的旋转，直升机旋转式SAR能实现对载机前方目标的三维成像。本文根据直升机载旋转式SAR几何构型和回波信号特性，提出一种新的直升机载旋转式SAR前视三维成像算法。该算法首先将雷达天线旋转得到回波数据采用改进Chirp Scaling算法处理获得单幅SAR图像；然后把沿每个方位向对应的斜距-沿航向平面的切片数据看成前下视成像模式的回波数据，利用融合子场景划分技术的Omega-k成像算法沿方位依次进行成像处理，最后获得直升机平台前方目标的三维图像。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性和正确性。该模式仅仅利用了一根天线就能获得载机平台前方目标的三维SAR图像，具有结构简单、成本低等优势。
5、在大斜视方位时变双基SAR模式下，一方面，距离走动校正引入的距离偏移外，方位时变的几何构型也引入一个距离偏移。尤其是在接收和发射平台航线夹角较大时，几何构型引入的空变性变得更剧烈。另一方面，随着斜视角的增大，方位调频率高次项和三次相位的空变性已经不能忽略。针对该问题，提出一种改进的方位非线性调频变标算法。该方法首先在距离频率-方位时域完成距离走动和多普勒中心校正，然后在二维频域通过一致二次距离压缩校正剩余的距离单元徙动和距离-方位高次耦合。在分析方位时变双基SAR几何构型引入的方位空变性、方位调频率高次项和三次相位空变特性的基础上，推导出变标函数的系数。相比传统的非线性调频变标算法，该算法没有增加任何多余处理步骤。该算法可以有效的提高双基SAR成像性能，极大的扩展方位向聚焦深度。
With the ability of day&night and all weather condition imaging on observing areas,synthetic aperture radar (SAR) plays an important role in earth observation,environment monitoring, military reconnaissance and safety fighting and landing foraircrafts. To improve its system capability and extend its application platform,researches on the novel SAR systems have been carried out in the SAR community.Azimuth synthetic aperture can be obtained based on the the radar antenna rotating.Thus, helicopter-borne rotating synthetic aperture radar (ROSAR) can achieve twodimensional imaging. It has more advantages such as high spatial and temporalresolution, short revisit period, forward-looking imaging capacity, simple structure andlow cost, and two dimensional images can be obtained without the necessity of anymovement of the helicopter platform. The observation scene’s three dimensional imagescan be acquired by combining the forward movement of the helicopter platform and therange pulse compression technique. Bistatic SAR is a kind of synthetic aperture radarwhose transmitter and receiver are mounted on difference platforms. Compared withmonostatic SAR, bistatic SAR can obtain the targets’ non-backscattering features,making the design of the transmitter and receiver more flexible and beneficial for thereceiver platform’s stealth design. Specifically, highly squinted bistatic SAR canobserve the targets of.certain areas without flying through it. That is, highly squintedbistatic SAR has the capability of imaging on the front target. Therefore, as a newimaging configureation for the front targets, helicopter-borne ROSAR and bistatic SARcould be widely used in both military and civilian fields.
Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and China’s BasicScientific Research Project (973), this dissertation researches the principles and imagingalgorithms of the helicopter-borne ROSAR and bistatic SAR. The key innovations inthis thesis are as follows:
1. Considering the dependence of the azimuth resolution of the helicopter-borneROSAR on the azimuth reconstruction angle, and trational subaperture processingazimuth resolution suffers from low resolution problem, a novel echo signal model isestablished using a higher order range model by analyzing in detail the helicopter-borneROSAR geometric configuration. Then the accurate two-dimensional spectrum isderived by series reversion. Based on which, a new high-resolution imaging algorithmis proposed for Helicopter-borne ROSAR, detailed imaging procedure and the expression of the compensation factor are also presented. Moreover, the impacts ofsystem parameters selection on azimuth resolution are also analyzed.
2. An improved Chirp Scaling algorithm incorporating motion compensation forhelicopter-borne ROSAR is proposed to accommodate the helicopter platformmovement during radar antenna rotating imaging. Firstly, the geometric model ofhelicopter-borne ROSAR with platform movement is established. Based on which, therelationship of the slant range error introduced by platform movement variation with thetarget position within the synthetic aperture time is analyzed in detail. Then, the slantrange error’s range spatial characteristics can be obtained and correspondingcompensation method is given. Next, the impact of the range-dependent velocity causedby the helicopter-borne ROSAR inherent geometric configuration on imaging quality isanalyzed and the compensation methods are incorporated into the range cell migrationspatial variance correction and azimuth compression. With only FFT and complexmultiplication and no interpolations, the proposed method can be efficientlyimplemented. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that well-focused SAR image canbe obtained for wide swath scenarios and existing platform movements using theproposed method.
3. A novel helicopter-borne ROSAR imaging model and algorithm based onfrequency modulated continue wave (FMCW) are proposed. Firstly, using the principleof equivalent phase center, the separated transmitting and receiving system is turned tobe a monostatic one. Based on which, precise two-dimensional spectrum is deduced,besides Doppler offset caused by the continuous motion of the antenna during thetransmitting and receiving is analyzed and compensated. Then efficient inverse Chirp-Ztransform scaling is applied to correct the range-dependent range cell migration, besidesthe effects of range-dependent velocity approximation errors on the imaging algorithmare analyzed and corresponding compensation method is also given. With only FFT andcomplex multiplication and no interpolations, the proposed method can be efficientlyimplemented. Finally, correctness of the analysis and effectiveness of the proposedalgorithm are demonstrated through simulation results.
4. Combining the helicopter platform movement and the radar antenna mounted onat the tip of the rotator blades rotating movement, the helicopter-borne ROSAR canachieve three dimensional images for the platform’s front objects. In this thesis, a novelforward-looking three-dimensional imaging algorithm is proposed for helicopter-borneROSAR based on the special imaging geometric configuration and the characteristics ofthe echo signal. Firstly, the azimuth and range well-focused SAR image relative to the same area can be obtained by using the improved chirp scaling algorithm, and thenevery along-track and slant-range slice data is regarded as a collection from thedownward-looking imaging mode. Based on that, an improved omega-k algorithmincorporating subscene processing technique is developed to obtain accurate along-trackand slant-range focusing images. Then, the three-dimensional SAR image can beobtained by processing all the slices with the same procedure. The validation of theproposed method is done by exploiting simulated data. Since one only antenna is usedto get the targets’ three-dimensional image, the helicopter-borne ROSAR has low costand simple structure characteristics.
5. Apart from the range shift caused by the linear range walk correction, for thehighly squinted azimuth-variant bistatic SAR, another severe range offset is introducedby the inherent azimuth-variant geometric configuration and the impacts becomesignificant with the increase of the azimuth resolution and the difference between thetwo unparalleled tracks. On the other hand, the azimuth–dependent higher orderquadratic FM rate terms and cubic phase term become important with the increase of thesquint angle. To accommodate for this problem, an extended azimuth nonlinear chirpscaling algorithm (EANLCSA) is investigated in this thesis. Firstly, range-azimuthcoupling is mitigated through a linear range walk correction operation, and then bulksecondary range compression (BSRC) is implemented to compensate the residual rangecell migration and cross coupling terms. Following which, the characteristics of theazimuth-dependent quadratic and cubic phase terms are analyzed, and modified scalingcoefficients are derived by adopting higher order approximation and incorporating theazimuth-dependent range offset caused by the inherent bistatic geometric configuration.Compared with traditional nonlinear chirp scaling method, large azimuth depth offocusing can be realized without changing the overall procedure.
引文
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