帽儿山森林可燃物热分析的研究
摘要
森林可燃物是森林火灾发生的物质基础,是火传播的主要因素,是森林防火灭火的理论依据。将热分析技术应用到森林可燃物的研究中,可以更直接、更准确地揭示森林可燃物的热解过程,更深入的探讨其热解机理。通过热分析技术所得到的参数(频率因子A、活化能E)为可燃物模型及林火模型的研究提供更加准确的基础数据。它对林火预报、可燃物管理、灭火指挥、营林用火、生物防火等方面有重要的指导意义。
本文通过采用热重分析和差热分析技术,对帽儿山20种森林可燃物的叶子进行测定,以从TG-DTA曲线上得到的热解动力学参数E为依据,对可燃物的叶子燃烧性进行了分析。根据可燃物叶子热解过程的不同,将其分成两类进行比较,并得到以下结论:
1 叶子热解过程经历干燥、预炭化、炭化、燃烧四个阶段的树种中山杨、香杨、黄榆、黄波罗、蒙古栎、蓝靛果忍冬的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性差,易燃烧;水曲柳、白桦、紫椴、珍珠梅、金银忍冬的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性好,不易燃烧。在此类可燃物中叶子易燃乔木:红皮云杉、红松、樟子松、五角槭、茶条槭;叶子不易燃乔木:黄榆、紫椴。叶子易燃灌木:东北山梅花、刺五加。
2 叶子热解过程经历干燥、炭化、燃烧三个阶段的树种中红皮云杉、红松、樟子松、五角槭的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性差,易燃烧:檬椴、东北山梅花、家榆、刺五加、茶条槭的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性好,不易燃烧。在此类可燃物中叶子易燃乔木:山杨、香杨、家榆、黄波罗、蒙古栎;叶子不易燃乔木:白桦、糠椴、水曲柳。叶子易燃灌木:蓝靛果忍冬;叶子不易燃灌木;珍珠梅、金银忍冬。
Forest fuel is the material basis of forest fire, the major factor of fire diffusion, and is also the theory foundation of forest fireproofmg. The introducing of thermal analysis into the forest fuel research can help discover the thermal decomposition process more directly and accurately, at the same time, can help discuss the thermal decomposition principle deeply. The parameters concluded by the thermal analysis technology (frequency factor A, Activation energy E) can be used as basic data that are more accurate for building forest fuel model and forest fire model and also some other kind of scientific researches. It is of a guiding significance for forest fire forecast, fire fighting direction, use of fire, biological fireproofing and some other aspects.This article use the Thermobalance technology and the differential thermal analysis technology, mensurate 20 kinds of forest fuel in Maoer Mountain, in order to achieve thermal decomposition kinetics parameter E from the TG-DTA curve as a basis for analysis of the fuel combustibility. As for the difference between fuel thermal decomposition processes, we separate them into two kinds for compare. The results are as below:1. This kind of trees their thermal decomposition process includes desiccation, pre carbon, carbon, and burning four periods. During this process Populus davidiana, Populus koreana, Ulmus macrocarpa, Phellodendror, Quercus mongolica, Lonicera turczaniniwii are of low thermal stability, and likely to bum; while Fraximu mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Sorbaria sobifolia, Lonicera maackii have high thermal stability, are unlikely to burn. In this kind of fuel, Picea koraiensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvesstris, Acer mono, Acer ginnala are combustible arbors; and Ulmus macrocarpa, Tilia amurensis are apyrous arbors. Philadelphus schrenkii and Acanthopanax senticosus are combustible shrubbery.2. The second kind their thermal decomposition process includes three different periods: desiccation, carbon and burning. Picea koraiensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvesstis, Acer mono are of low thermal stability, and are likely to burn; while Tilia mandshurica, Philadelphus schrenkii, Ulmus pumila, Acanthopanax senticosus, Acer ginnala in the whole process have high thermal stability, and are unlikely to burn. In this kind of fuel Populus davidiana, Populus koreana, Ulmus pumila, Phellodendror, Quercus mongolica are combustible arbors; while Betula platyphylla, Tilia mandshurica, Fraximu mandsshurica are apyrous arbors. Lonicera turczaninowii is combustible shrubbery; while Sorbaria Sobnifolia and Lonicera maackii are apyrous shrubbery.
本文通过采用热重分析和差热分析技术,对帽儿山20种森林可燃物的叶子进行测定,以从TG-DTA曲线上得到的热解动力学参数E为依据,对可燃物的叶子燃烧性进行了分析。根据可燃物叶子热解过程的不同,将其分成两类进行比较,并得到以下结论:
1 叶子热解过程经历干燥、预炭化、炭化、燃烧四个阶段的树种中山杨、香杨、黄榆、黄波罗、蒙古栎、蓝靛果忍冬的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性差,易燃烧;水曲柳、白桦、紫椴、珍珠梅、金银忍冬的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性好,不易燃烧。在此类可燃物中叶子易燃乔木:红皮云杉、红松、樟子松、五角槭、茶条槭;叶子不易燃乔木:黄榆、紫椴。叶子易燃灌木:东北山梅花、刺五加。
2 叶子热解过程经历干燥、炭化、燃烧三个阶段的树种中红皮云杉、红松、樟子松、五角槭的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性差,易燃烧:檬椴、东北山梅花、家榆、刺五加、茶条槭的叶子在整个热解过程中,叶子热稳定性好,不易燃烧。在此类可燃物中叶子易燃乔木:山杨、香杨、家榆、黄波罗、蒙古栎;叶子不易燃乔木:白桦、糠椴、水曲柳。叶子易燃灌木:蓝靛果忍冬;叶子不易燃灌木;珍珠梅、金银忍冬。
Forest fuel is the material basis of forest fire, the major factor of fire diffusion, and is also the theory foundation of forest fireproofmg. The introducing of thermal analysis into the forest fuel research can help discover the thermal decomposition process more directly and accurately, at the same time, can help discuss the thermal decomposition principle deeply. The parameters concluded by the thermal analysis technology (frequency factor A, Activation energy E) can be used as basic data that are more accurate for building forest fuel model and forest fire model and also some other kind of scientific researches. It is of a guiding significance for forest fire forecast, fire fighting direction, use of fire, biological fireproofing and some other aspects.This article use the Thermobalance technology and the differential thermal analysis technology, mensurate 20 kinds of forest fuel in Maoer Mountain, in order to achieve thermal decomposition kinetics parameter E from the TG-DTA curve as a basis for analysis of the fuel combustibility. As for the difference between fuel thermal decomposition processes, we separate them into two kinds for compare. The results are as below:1. This kind of trees their thermal decomposition process includes desiccation, pre carbon, carbon, and burning four periods. During this process Populus davidiana, Populus koreana, Ulmus macrocarpa, Phellodendror, Quercus mongolica, Lonicera turczaniniwii are of low thermal stability, and likely to bum; while Fraximu mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Tilia amurensis, Sorbaria sobifolia, Lonicera maackii have high thermal stability, are unlikely to burn. In this kind of fuel, Picea koraiensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvesstris, Acer mono, Acer ginnala are combustible arbors; and Ulmus macrocarpa, Tilia amurensis are apyrous arbors. Philadelphus schrenkii and Acanthopanax senticosus are combustible shrubbery.2. The second kind their thermal decomposition process includes three different periods: desiccation, carbon and burning. Picea koraiensis, Pinus koraiensis, Pinus sylvesstis, Acer mono are of low thermal stability, and are likely to burn; while Tilia mandshurica, Philadelphus schrenkii, Ulmus pumila, Acanthopanax senticosus, Acer ginnala in the whole process have high thermal stability, and are unlikely to burn. In this kind of fuel Populus davidiana, Populus koreana, Ulmus pumila, Phellodendror, Quercus mongolica are combustible arbors; while Betula platyphylla, Tilia mandshurica, Fraximu mandsshurica are apyrous arbors. Lonicera turczaninowii is combustible shrubbery; while Sorbaria Sobnifolia and Lonicera maackii are apyrous shrubbery.
引文
[1] 郑焕能等编著.森林防火.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1994:12
[2] Carmen, E. P. kent' s menchznical engineer handbooks. Power Volume, Sec. Z, Combustion and fuels, 12thed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.New York. 1950: 39～41
[3] Luke. R.H and A.G. McArthur. Heat yield and power out put in Bush fire in Australia.Australia Government publ. Serv. 1978: 26
[4] Van Dyne, G.M., G. F. Payne and O.O.Thomas. Chemical Compostion of individual range plants from the U.S. range staion. Miles City. Montana. From 1955-1960.U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.ORNL-TM-1279.1965: 24
[5] Hough, W. A. Fuel and weather influence wildfires in sand pine forests.USDA. For.SE-106,1973: 11
[6] Philpot, C. W. Seasonal change in heat content and other extractive content of Chamise. USDA. For. Serv. Res. Pap.INT-61,1969: 10
[7] Philpot, C. W. Diurnal fluctuation in moisture content of Ponderosa Pine and Whiteleafm Manzantua leaves. USDA. For. Serv. Res.Note Paw-67,1965: 7
[8] Jamison, D.A. Diurnal and seasonal flutuation in moisture content of pinyon pine and Juniperrr. USDA. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-67: 7
[9] Blackmarr, W. H. and W.B.Flanner.Seasonal and diurnal variation in moisture content of six species of Pocosin Shrubs. USDA. For. Serv. Res. Pap.Se-33,1968: 11
[10] Chandle, C. et al. Fire in Foreestry I. Jonhn Wiloy & Sens Inc. 1983: 35
[11] 舒立福,田晓瑞,李红等.我国亚热带若干树种的抗活性研究[J].火灾科学,2000,9(2)
[12] 刘自强,王丽俊,王剑辉,范成海.大兴安岭森林可燃物含水率、燃点、灰分的测定及其对易燃性明烧性的影响.森林防火,1993,(4):9～15
[13] 王刚,毕湘虹,骆介禹,陈英海,金花.大兴安岭几种主要可燃物化学组成与燃烧性.森林防火,1996,(1):22～24
[14] 谢玉敏,李军伟.树种燃烧性的研究.森林防火,1999,(3):38～39
[15] 单延龙,李华,其其格.黑龙江大兴安岭主要树种燃烧性及理化性质的实验分析.火灾科学,2003,12(2):74～78
[16] 骆介禹,陈英海,张秀成,王云君.森林可燃物的燃烧性与化学组成.东北林业大学学报,1992,20(6):35～42
[17] 胡海清.大兴安岭主要森林可燃物理化性质测定与分析.森林防火,1995,(1):15～20
[18] 云丽丽,张元宏,高国平.森林地被可燃物燃烧性的研究.辽宁林业科技,2001;(5):15、16、21
[19] 高国平,王月.辽宁东部地区森林地被可燃物及其燃烧性的研究.沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(1):24～28
[20] 何存及,何宗明,陈东华等.37种针阔树种抗火性能及其综合评价的研究.林业科学,1995,31(2):135～143
[21] 张景群,康永祥,徐钊.秦岭松科场绿树种叶燃烧性排序.东北林业大学学报,2001,29(4):16～17
[22] 骆介禹编著.森林燃烧能量学.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1992
[23] 北京大学生物系.生物化学实验指导.北京:人民教育出版社,1979
[24] Undel P W.Structural and chemical componet of flammability.Conf.on Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties, 1978, (12)
[25] Usott R A. Shafizadeh F.A quantitave thermal analysis techningue for combustible gas detection.J.Fire and Flammability, 1979, 10 (1)
[26] Susott R A.Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives.Forest Scienec, 1980; 26 (3)
[27] Rostam—Abadi M, Debarr J A, Chen W T.Combustion studies of coal derived solid fudls by thermogravimetric anslysis Ⅲ.Correlation between buruot temoerature and carbon combustion effeceincy.Thermochimica Acta, 1990, 166:1～3
[28] Orton G A.A review of the dervative thermogravimetric technique (burning profile) for fuel combustion studies.Thermochimica Acta , 1993, 214:1～3
[29] 李振问,武绍新.南方几个阔叶树中挥发分析出特性的初步研究.福建林学院学报,1991,11(2):231～235
[30] 舒立福,田晓瑞,苏开君.防火林带理论与应用.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2000:38-55
[31] 刘振海等.分析化学手册(第八分册 热分析).北京:化学工业出版社,2000
[32] 于伯龄,姜胶东编著.实用热分析.北京:纺织工业出版社,1990:13
[33] Williams F A.Mechanisms of fire spread. Sixteenth symposium(international) on combustion, Pittsburgh: The Combustio Instiute, 1976: 1281
[34] Schwenker R F, Beck L R. Study of the pyrolytic decom position of cellulose by gas chromatography. J. Polymer Sci, C2, 1963: 331.
[35] Kung H C. A mathem atical model of wood pyrolysis o Combustion and Flame, 1972,18: 185
[36] Zeriouh A, Belkbir L. Thermal decom position of a moroccan wood under a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermochimica Acta, 1995: 243-258
[37] 江淑琴.生物质燃料的燃烧与热解特性.太阳能学报,1995,16:40～48
[38] Havenh J A, Welker J R, Sliepcevich C M. Pyrolysis of wood: A therm oanalytical stydy. J. Fire & Flammability, 1971, 2: 321
[39] 陈镜泓,李传儒.热分析及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1985:120-127
[40] 余纬,吴新华.八种原料及其组成分热解研究[J].林产化学与工业,1989,9(3):132-221
[41] 胡淑宜,张忠平.木材无机硼系阻燃剂DTA/TG曲线解析[J].福建林学院学报,1998,18(2):162-166
[42] 吴玉章.木质材料阻燃耐久性研究[D].南京林业大学博士论文,1998:61
[43] 胡云楚,周培疆.木材阻燃的热动力学研究[J].木材工业,1996,10(1):142-171
[44] 陆继圣,何修善,林金国.杉木胶合木的初步研究[J].福建林学院学报,1998,18(2):972—991
[45] 杨远才,候伦灯,杨庆贤.胶合板用新型阻燃剂的研究[J].2001,21(4):336-3381
[46] 陆昌伟、奚同庚编著.热分析质谱法.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2002:56 94
[47] Levy P F, el at.Thermochimica Acta,1971,2:89
[48] Criado J M el at. Thermochimica Acta,1976,9: 3-7
[49] 荒井康夫.石膏石灰.1974,(129):22
[50] Kissinger H E.J.Res.B.S.1956,57: 217
[51] Speil S, Berklhamer L H Pask J A and Davis B.U.S.Bur.Mines, Tech.Paper, 1945, 664
[52] Johnson J F, Miler G W. Thermochimica.Acta.1970, 1: 373
[2] Carmen, E. P. kent' s menchznical engineer handbooks. Power Volume, Sec. Z, Combustion and fuels, 12thed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.New York. 1950: 39～41
[3] Luke. R.H and A.G. McArthur. Heat yield and power out put in Bush fire in Australia.Australia Government publ. Serv. 1978: 26
[4] Van Dyne, G.M., G. F. Payne and O.O.Thomas. Chemical Compostion of individual range plants from the U.S. range staion. Miles City. Montana. From 1955-1960.U.S. Atomic Energy Comm.ORNL-TM-1279.1965: 24
[5] Hough, W. A. Fuel and weather influence wildfires in sand pine forests.USDA. For.SE-106,1973: 11
[6] Philpot, C. W. Seasonal change in heat content and other extractive content of Chamise. USDA. For. Serv. Res. Pap.INT-61,1969: 10
[7] Philpot, C. W. Diurnal fluctuation in moisture content of Ponderosa Pine and Whiteleafm Manzantua leaves. USDA. For. Serv. Res.Note Paw-67,1965: 7
[8] Jamison, D.A. Diurnal and seasonal flutuation in moisture content of pinyon pine and Juniperrr. USDA. For. Serv. Res. Note RM-67: 7
[9] Blackmarr, W. H. and W.B.Flanner.Seasonal and diurnal variation in moisture content of six species of Pocosin Shrubs. USDA. For. Serv. Res. Pap.Se-33,1968: 11
[10] Chandle, C. et al. Fire in Foreestry I. Jonhn Wiloy & Sens Inc. 1983: 35
[11] 舒立福,田晓瑞,李红等.我国亚热带若干树种的抗活性研究[J].火灾科学,2000,9(2)
[12] 刘自强,王丽俊,王剑辉,范成海.大兴安岭森林可燃物含水率、燃点、灰分的测定及其对易燃性明烧性的影响.森林防火,1993,(4):9～15
[13] 王刚,毕湘虹,骆介禹,陈英海,金花.大兴安岭几种主要可燃物化学组成与燃烧性.森林防火,1996,(1):22～24
[14] 谢玉敏,李军伟.树种燃烧性的研究.森林防火,1999,(3):38～39
[15] 单延龙,李华,其其格.黑龙江大兴安岭主要树种燃烧性及理化性质的实验分析.火灾科学,2003,12(2):74～78
[16] 骆介禹,陈英海,张秀成,王云君.森林可燃物的燃烧性与化学组成.东北林业大学学报,1992,20(6):35～42
[17] 胡海清.大兴安岭主要森林可燃物理化性质测定与分析.森林防火,1995,(1):15～20
[18] 云丽丽,张元宏,高国平.森林地被可燃物燃烧性的研究.辽宁林业科技,2001;(5):15、16、21
[19] 高国平,王月.辽宁东部地区森林地被可燃物及其燃烧性的研究.沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(1):24～28
[20] 何存及,何宗明,陈东华等.37种针阔树种抗火性能及其综合评价的研究.林业科学,1995,31(2):135～143
[21] 张景群,康永祥,徐钊.秦岭松科场绿树种叶燃烧性排序.东北林业大学学报,2001,29(4):16～17
[22] 骆介禹编著.森林燃烧能量学.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,1992
[23] 北京大学生物系.生物化学实验指导.北京:人民教育出版社,1979
[24] Undel P W.Structural and chemical componet of flammability.Conf.on Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties, 1978, (12)
[25] Usott R A. Shafizadeh F.A quantitave thermal analysis techningue for combustible gas detection.J.Fire and Flammability, 1979, 10 (1)
[26] Susott R A.Thermal behavior of conifer needle extractives.Forest Scienec, 1980; 26 (3)
[27] Rostam—Abadi M, Debarr J A, Chen W T.Combustion studies of coal derived solid fudls by thermogravimetric anslysis Ⅲ.Correlation between buruot temoerature and carbon combustion effeceincy.Thermochimica Acta, 1990, 166:1～3
[28] Orton G A.A review of the dervative thermogravimetric technique (burning profile) for fuel combustion studies.Thermochimica Acta , 1993, 214:1～3
[29] 李振问,武绍新.南方几个阔叶树中挥发分析出特性的初步研究.福建林学院学报,1991,11(2):231～235
[30] 舒立福,田晓瑞,苏开君.防火林带理论与应用.哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2000:38-55
[31] 刘振海等.分析化学手册(第八分册 热分析).北京:化学工业出版社,2000
[32] 于伯龄,姜胶东编著.实用热分析.北京:纺织工业出版社,1990:13
[33] Williams F A.Mechanisms of fire spread. Sixteenth symposium(international) on combustion, Pittsburgh: The Combustio Instiute, 1976: 1281
[34] Schwenker R F, Beck L R. Study of the pyrolytic decom position of cellulose by gas chromatography. J. Polymer Sci, C2, 1963: 331.
[35] Kung H C. A mathem atical model of wood pyrolysis o Combustion and Flame, 1972,18: 185
[36] Zeriouh A, Belkbir L. Thermal decom position of a moroccan wood under a nitrogen atmosphere. Thermochimica Acta, 1995: 243-258
[37] 江淑琴.生物质燃料的燃烧与热解特性.太阳能学报,1995,16:40～48
[38] Havenh J A, Welker J R, Sliepcevich C M. Pyrolysis of wood: A therm oanalytical stydy. J. Fire & Flammability, 1971, 2: 321
[39] 陈镜泓,李传儒.热分析及其应用.北京:科学出版社,1985:120-127
[40] 余纬,吴新华.八种原料及其组成分热解研究[J].林产化学与工业,1989,9(3):132-221
[41] 胡淑宜,张忠平.木材无机硼系阻燃剂DTA/TG曲线解析[J].福建林学院学报,1998,18(2):162-166
[42] 吴玉章.木质材料阻燃耐久性研究[D].南京林业大学博士论文,1998:61
[43] 胡云楚,周培疆.木材阻燃的热动力学研究[J].木材工业,1996,10(1):142-171
[44] 陆继圣,何修善,林金国.杉木胶合木的初步研究[J].福建林学院学报,1998,18(2):972—991
[45] 杨远才,候伦灯,杨庆贤.胶合板用新型阻燃剂的研究[J].2001,21(4):336-3381
[46] 陆昌伟、奚同庚编著.热分析质谱法.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,2002:56 94
[47] Levy P F, el at.Thermochimica Acta,1971,2:89
[48] Criado J M el at. Thermochimica Acta,1976,9: 3-7
[49] 荒井康夫.石膏石灰.1974,(129):22
[50] Kissinger H E.J.Res.B.S.1956,57: 217
[51] Speil S, Berklhamer L H Pask J A and Davis B.U.S.Bur.Mines, Tech.Paper, 1945, 664
[52] Johnson J F, Miler G W. Thermochimica.Acta.1970, 1: 373