铁系混凝剂处理引黄水库水的混凝效果和絮体特性的研究
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摘要
本研究针对引黄水库水水质的季节变化特点,制备了多种铁系混凝剂,针对不同季节引黄水库水进行混凝试验。通过考察浊度、有机物和藻类的去除效果,筛选出适合不同季节引黄水库水的混凝剂。对碱化度和复合比等混凝剂合成条件对混凝效果的影响进行研究,并考察了pH和水力条件对混凝效果的影响。在小试研究的基础上,开展了混凝-沉淀-过滤和混凝-气浮-过滤的中试研究。并对不同铁盐混凝剂处理引黄水库水时生成絮体的大小、絮体生长速度、分形维数、絮体强度以及絮体的破碎再生能力等絮体性质进行了研究。主要研究内容及结果如下：
1.针对春秋季引黄水库水的特点,选择五种铁系无机高分子混凝剂进行混凝试验,考察它们对浊度和有机物的去除效果。结果发现,聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PFAC)对春秋季引黄水库水的混凝效果最佳。通过考察投药量、碱化度(B值)、铁铝摩尔比(Al/Fe)(?)口pH对混凝效果的影响,确定了两种混凝剂的最佳合成和混凝条件。对于PFC而言,B=0.5时有最佳的混凝效果,投加8-12mg/L可取得良好的有机物去除效果；对于PFAC而言,B=1.5、A1/Fe=7：1时,可在6-10mg/L的投药量范围内有较好的浊度和有机物去除效果。在pH=4-9范围内,PFC和PFAC出水浊度随pH的升高而降低,有机物去除率随pH的升高先上升后下降,最佳pH范围分别为5.00-5.50和5.50-6.50。
2.在处理夏季高藻引黄水库水时,选择两种无机-有机复合混凝剂PFC-PDMDAAC和PFAC-PDMDAAC,研究投药量、无机有机复合质量比、pH和投加方式对浊度、有机物和藻类的去除效果。结果表明,与无机混凝剂相比,无机-有机复合混凝剂具有较好的混凝效果,且对pH的适应性更强(最佳pH范围5.0-8.0)。复合混凝剂可以发挥两种组分的协同作用,与两种组分复配适用相比,混凝效果更佳PFAC-PDMDAAC的最佳复合质量比为(Al+Fe)/PDMDAAC=4：1-8：1；最佳投药量为3mg/L；PFC-PDMDAAC的最佳复合质量比为Fe/PDMDAAC=4:1最佳投药量为4mg/L
3.在处理冬季低温低浊引黄水库水时,选择两种含有硅酸盐的无机复合混凝剂聚合硅酸氯化铝铁(PFASiC)和聚合硅酸硫酸铁(PFSiS),研究投药量、硅酸盐含量和pH对浊度和有机物去除效果的影响。结果表明：与无机混凝剂相比,两种复合混凝剂均能取得较好的浊度和有机物去除效果。PFSiS的最佳投药量范围为10-12mg/L,最佳pH范围为5.50-6.00。与PFSiS相比,PFASiC混凝效果更好,最佳投药量范围为5-6mg/L。当Si/(Fe+A1)摩尔比为0.05时,PFASiC混凝效果最好,最佳pH范围为5.00-6.25。
4.通过正交试验研究水力条件对引黄水库水处理混凝效果的影响,结果发现PFC、PFAC、PFAC-PDMDAAC和PFASiC四种混凝剂的最佳水力条件如下：PFC和PFAC:快搅速度200rpm,快搅时间：30s,慢搅速度40rpm,慢搅时间15min；PFASiC:快搅速度150rpm,快搅时间：30s,慢搅速度40rpm,慢搅时间25min；PFAC-PDMDAAC快搅速度300rpm,快搅时间：60s,慢搅速度40rpm,慢搅时间15min。
5.在小试研究的基础上,进行混凝-沉淀-过滤和混凝-气浮-过滤的中试研究。结果表明：采用混凝-沉淀-砂滤工艺处理高藻引黄水库水时,PFAC和PFAC-PDMDAAC的最佳投药量范围分别为4-6mg/L和2-5mg/L；两种混凝剂相比,PFAC-PDMDAAC混凝沉淀效果更好,并能提高砂滤出水水质；在处理低温低浊引黄水库水时,气浮法的固液分离效果优于沉淀法,在气浮过滤工艺中,PFASiC较水厂使用的PFAC混凝效果好,最佳投药量范围为1-5mg/L。对三种混凝剂进行原料成本和投药成本核算,发现在各自最佳投药量下PFAC-PDMDAAC与PFASiC的投药成本较PFAC分别降低了29.9%和15.9%。
6.在铁系混凝剂处理引黄水库水的过程中,通过激光散射法在线监测混凝过程中絮体的粒径变化,研究絮体的生长过程；并对形成的絮体施加一定的剪切力,研究絮体在外加剪切力下的破碎与再生情况;根据散射光强度和散射矢量之间的关系,计算絮体的分形维数。结果发现：
(])PFC和PFAC生成絮体的特性受投药量、pH和合成条件的影响。投药量越大,生成絮体的体积越大,絮体生长速度越快；PFC在pH=7.00时生成絮体速度快、体积大,pH越小,PFC生成絮体的强度越大；PFAC则在pH=9.00时生成絮体速度快、体积大；B=0.5的PFC生成的絮体速度快、体积大,B值越小PFC生成絮体的强度越大；PFAC在B=1.5、A1/Fe=7：1时生成絮体速度快、体积大,PFAC在B=1.5、A1/Fe=5：1时生成的絮体强度最大；絮体的破碎再生能力与B值、Al/Fe摩尔比、pH和剪切强度等因素有关：两种混凝剂相比,PFC的再生能力更强。
(2)在处理低温低浊引黄水库水时,含有硅酸盐的混凝剂较无机混凝剂生成的絮体体积更大,絮体生长速度更快,絮体强度更大；对于PFASiC而言,Si/(Fe+A1)=0.05时絮体生长最快、絮体体积最大,硅含量越高,絮体强度越大；pH对PFSiS生成絮体的速度影响较大,对生成絮体的大小影响不大,当pH≥5.50时,PFSiS生成的絮体强度大,絮体不易破碎,而破碎后絮体的恢复能力较差;对于PFASiC而言,不同pH下生成絮体大小顺序为：pH=5.50>pH=9.00>pH=7.00>pH=4.00,在pH=4.00时生成絮体的恢复能力最强,pH=7.00时恢复能力最差,相同条件下,PFASiC生成絮体的恢复能力比PFAC差：在PFASiC的生长过程中,快速搅拌的转速和时间对生成絮体的大小影响较大,慢速搅拌对生成絮体的大小影响不大。
(3)在使用无机-有机复合混凝剂处理夏季高藻引黄水库水时,有机物含量、pH和投加方式对絮体特性有较大的影响。有机物含量对絮体生长过程影响较大,向无机混凝剂中加入PDMDAAC,絮体生长速度减慢,但可以增加生成絮体的体积；与无机混凝剂相比,无机-有机复合混凝剂的抗剪切能力较强,破碎后絮体的恢复能力较强；两种复合混凝剂在四个pH条件下生成絮体的体积相差不大但絮体的生长速度均随pH的升高而增加；先投加无机混凝剂再投加PDMDAAC的复配方式生成絮体的体积最大,絮体抗剪切能力和恢复能力均最强；先投加PDMDAAC再投加无机混凝剂的复配方式生成絮体的体积最小,絮体抗剪切能力和恢复能力均较差；无机-有机复合混凝剂生成絮体的性质居中。
(4)通过对絮体分形维数的研究,发现在混凝过程中,絮体的分形维数先升高后下降。分形维数升高,说明形成了结构比较密实的微絮体,而分形维数的下降表示吸附架桥和网捕作用开始占主导地位,导致絮体的结构变得松散；破碎后的絮体分形维数升高,说明破碎过程中絮体结构发生改变,絮体变得更加密实;一般来说,絮体的粒径越大,其分形维数越小
The quality of the Yellow River reservoir water is considered to be seasonal vaired. A series of ferric based coagulants were prepared to treat the Yellow River reservoir under different conditions:reservoir water in spring and fall, high algae-laden water in summer and low-temperture low turbidity in winter. Coagulation tests were carried out to determine the suitable coagulants for each water quality conditions. The influence of coagulants prepare conditions (B value and molar ration), pH and hydraulic conditions on coagulation effects was investigated. Pilot scale tests were carried out to study the coagulation effect on coagulation-sedimentation-filtration process and coagulation-flotation-filtration process. The floc properties, such as floc size, floc growth rate, fractal dimension, floc strength and floc recovery capability, were investigaged. Main research contents and the results are as follows:
1. In the treatment of spring and fall reservoir water, five coauglantswere assessed by their turbidity and organic matter removal. The results showed that, polyferric chloride (PFC) and polyferric aluminum chloride (PFAC) obtained better organic matter removal effects than other coagulants. The influence of dosage, B value, Al/Fe molar ratio and pH on coagulation was investigated. For PFC, when B=0.5, the best coagulation effects were obtained, and the optimum dosage range was8-12mg/L. For PFAC, when B=1.5and Al/Fe=7:1, the removal of turbidity and organic matter were better in the dosage range of6-10mg/L. In the experimental pH conditions, the residual turbidity decreased with the pH increased, and the organic matter removal efficiency increased first and then decreased, with the optimum pH range of5.00-5.50and5.50-6.50, respectively.
2. Two organic-inorganic composite coagulants, PFC-PDMDAAC and PFAC-PDMDAAC were used to treat the high algae-laden water. The influence of dosage, composite ratio, pH and dosage method on turbidity, organic matter and algae removal were investigated. The results showed that, compared with inorganic coagulants, the orgainic-inorganic composite coagulants gave better coagulation effects. The composite coagulants performed well in a wider pH range of5.0-8.0. In the composite coagulants, the organic components and the inorganic components work cooperative and give better coagulation effects than use them together. The composite ratio of PFAC-PDMDAAC were optimized to be (A+Fe)/PDMDAAC 4:1-8:1, and the Fe/PDMDAAC for PFC-PDMDAAC was4:1. The optimum dosages of PFC-PDMDAAC were4mg/L. and for PFAC-PDMDAAC is3mg/L.
3. In the treatment of low-temperture low-turbidity water, two inorganic composite coagulants PFASiC and PFSiS were used. and the influence of dosage, Si content and pH on turbidity and organic matter removal were investigated. The results showed that, the silicate composite coagulants gave better effects than inorganic coagulants. The optimum dosage range of PFSiS was10-12mg/L, and the optimum pH range is5.50-6.00. For PFASiC， when Si/(Fe+Al) molar ratio was0.05, best coagulation effects were obtained, and the optimum pH range was5.00-6.25.
4. The influence of hydraulic conditions on the Yellow River water treatment was assessed by a series of orthogonal tests. The results showed that, the optimum hydraulic conditions of each coagulants were as follows. PFC and PFAC:rapid mixture speed200rpm. rapid mixture time30s. slow stirring speed40rpm. slow stirring time15min:PFASiC:150rpm,30s,40rpm.25min:PFAC-PDMDAAC:300rpm,60s,40rpm,15min.
5. The pilot scale results showed that, in the treatment of high algae-laden water on coagulation-sedimentation-flitration process, the optimum dosages of PFAC and PFAC-PDMDAAC were4-6mg/L and2-5mg/L respectively. Compared with PFAC. PFAC-PDMDAAC gave better sedimentation effect and could improve the quality of sand-filtration effluent. In the treatment of low-temperature low-turbidity water, floatation gave better separation effect than sedimentation. In the floatation process. PFASiC performed better than PFAC, with the optimum dosage of1-5mg/L. The dosing costs of PFAC-PDMDAAC and PFASiC decreased29.9%and15.9%, compared with PFAC.
6. During the coagulation of the Yellow River water, the variation of floc size was determined by a laser fraction instrument to investigate the floc growth. A series of shear forces were applied on the flocs, and the breakage and regrowth of floes were studied. The fractal dimension of flocs was calculated by the relationship between the scattered light intensity and the scattering vector. The results showed that:
(1) The properties of flocs formed by PFC and PFAC were influenced by dosage, pH and coagulant prepared conditions. At larger dosage, the size of flocs was larger and the floe growth rate is faster. Under the pH=7.00condition, the PFC flocs grow faster and the formed flocs were bigger. The strength of PFC flocs increased with the pH decreased. PFAC flocs gave faster growth rate and larger floc size at pH=9.00. When B=0.5, the PFC flocs gave faster growth rate, larger floc size and the flocs were much stronger. When B=1.5and Al/Fe=7:1, PFAC flocs gave faster growth rate and larger floc size. The strongest flocs appeared at B=1.5and Al/Fe=5:1. The recovery capability of floes was related to the B value, Al/Fe molar ratio, pH and the applied shear force. Compared with PFAC flocs, PFC flocs gave better recovery capability.
(2) In the treatment of low-temperature low-turbidity water, floes formed by silicate inorganic composite coagulants were much bigger and stronger than those formed by inorganic coagulants. For PFASiC, when Si/(Fe+Al)=0.05, flocs gave faster grow rate and larger size. Floc strength increased with the increase of Si content. For PFSiS flocs, the pH condition gave larger influence to growth rate, but litter influence to floc size. When pH is bigger than5.50, PFSiS flocs is much stronger and hard be broken, but the broken flocs recovered badly. For PFASiC, flocs formed at pH=5.50were the largest. The flocs formed at pH=4.00gave best recovery capability, while worst recovery capability was observed at pH=7.00. In the formation of PFASiC, the rapid mixture speed and rapid mixture time affected the floc size significantly, and the slow stirring gave litter influence.
(3) In the treatment of high algae-laden water, the organic content in composite coagulants, pH and dosage method influence the floc properties. The growth of flocs slowed down when PDMDAAC was added, but the floc sizes were increased. Compaered with flocs formed by inorganic coagualnts, those formed by organic-inorganic coagulants were much stronger and gave better recovery capabilities. Flocs growth rates increased with the increase of pH, but the floc sizes were similar at experimental pH conditions. PFAC+PDMDAAC gave largest floc size, stronger flocs and better recovery capability.
(4) During the coagulation, floc fractal dimension increased in the first mintues, and then decreased. The increase of fractal dimension indicated the formation of compact structures, and the decrease of fractal dimension indicated that the bridging and swept dominate the formation of flocs, resulting incompact flocs. The fractal dimension increased after breakage, which means the change in structure during. Generally, biger flocs had smaller fractal dimensions.
1.针对春秋季引黄水库水的特点,选择五种铁系无机高分子混凝剂进行混凝试验,考察它们对浊度和有机物的去除效果。结果发现,聚合氯化铁(PFC)和聚合氯化铝铁(PFAC)对春秋季引黄水库水的混凝效果最佳。通过考察投药量、碱化度(B值)、铁铝摩尔比(Al/Fe)(?)口pH对混凝效果的影响,确定了两种混凝剂的最佳合成和混凝条件。对于PFC而言,B=0.5时有最佳的混凝效果,投加8-12mg/L可取得良好的有机物去除效果；对于PFAC而言,B=1.5、A1/Fe=7：1时,可在6-10mg/L的投药量范围内有较好的浊度和有机物去除效果。在pH=4-9范围内,PFC和PFAC出水浊度随pH的升高而降低,有机物去除率随pH的升高先上升后下降,最佳pH范围分别为5.00-5.50和5.50-6.50。
2.在处理夏季高藻引黄水库水时,选择两种无机-有机复合混凝剂PFC-PDMDAAC和PFAC-PDMDAAC,研究投药量、无机有机复合质量比、pH和投加方式对浊度、有机物和藻类的去除效果。结果表明,与无机混凝剂相比,无机-有机复合混凝剂具有较好的混凝效果,且对pH的适应性更强(最佳pH范围5.0-8.0)。复合混凝剂可以发挥两种组分的协同作用,与两种组分复配适用相比,混凝效果更佳PFAC-PDMDAAC的最佳复合质量比为(Al+Fe)/PDMDAAC=4：1-8：1；最佳投药量为3mg/L；PFC-PDMDAAC的最佳复合质量比为Fe/PDMDAAC=4:1最佳投药量为4mg/L
3.在处理冬季低温低浊引黄水库水时,选择两种含有硅酸盐的无机复合混凝剂聚合硅酸氯化铝铁(PFASiC)和聚合硅酸硫酸铁(PFSiS),研究投药量、硅酸盐含量和pH对浊度和有机物去除效果的影响。结果表明：与无机混凝剂相比,两种复合混凝剂均能取得较好的浊度和有机物去除效果。PFSiS的最佳投药量范围为10-12mg/L,最佳pH范围为5.50-6.00。与PFSiS相比,PFASiC混凝效果更好,最佳投药量范围为5-6mg/L。当Si/(Fe+A1)摩尔比为0.05时,PFASiC混凝效果最好,最佳pH范围为5.00-6.25。
4.通过正交试验研究水力条件对引黄水库水处理混凝效果的影响,结果发现PFC、PFAC、PFAC-PDMDAAC和PFASiC四种混凝剂的最佳水力条件如下：PFC和PFAC:快搅速度200rpm,快搅时间：30s,慢搅速度40rpm,慢搅时间15min；PFASiC:快搅速度150rpm,快搅时间：30s,慢搅速度40rpm,慢搅时间25min；PFAC-PDMDAAC快搅速度300rpm,快搅时间：60s,慢搅速度40rpm,慢搅时间15min。
5.在小试研究的基础上,进行混凝-沉淀-过滤和混凝-气浮-过滤的中试研究。结果表明：采用混凝-沉淀-砂滤工艺处理高藻引黄水库水时,PFAC和PFAC-PDMDAAC的最佳投药量范围分别为4-6mg/L和2-5mg/L；两种混凝剂相比,PFAC-PDMDAAC混凝沉淀效果更好,并能提高砂滤出水水质；在处理低温低浊引黄水库水时,气浮法的固液分离效果优于沉淀法,在气浮过滤工艺中,PFASiC较水厂使用的PFAC混凝效果好,最佳投药量范围为1-5mg/L。对三种混凝剂进行原料成本和投药成本核算,发现在各自最佳投药量下PFAC-PDMDAAC与PFASiC的投药成本较PFAC分别降低了29.9%和15.9%。
6.在铁系混凝剂处理引黄水库水的过程中,通过激光散射法在线监测混凝过程中絮体的粒径变化,研究絮体的生长过程；并对形成的絮体施加一定的剪切力,研究絮体在外加剪切力下的破碎与再生情况;根据散射光强度和散射矢量之间的关系,计算絮体的分形维数。结果发现：
(])PFC和PFAC生成絮体的特性受投药量、pH和合成条件的影响。投药量越大,生成絮体的体积越大,絮体生长速度越快；PFC在pH=7.00时生成絮体速度快、体积大,pH越小,PFC生成絮体的强度越大；PFAC则在pH=9.00时生成絮体速度快、体积大；B=0.5的PFC生成的絮体速度快、体积大,B值越小PFC生成絮体的强度越大；PFAC在B=1.5、A1/Fe=7：1时生成絮体速度快、体积大,PFAC在B=1.5、A1/Fe=5：1时生成的絮体强度最大；絮体的破碎再生能力与B值、Al/Fe摩尔比、pH和剪切强度等因素有关：两种混凝剂相比,PFC的再生能力更强。
(2)在处理低温低浊引黄水库水时,含有硅酸盐的混凝剂较无机混凝剂生成的絮体体积更大,絮体生长速度更快,絮体强度更大；对于PFASiC而言,Si/(Fe+A1)=0.05时絮体生长最快、絮体体积最大,硅含量越高,絮体强度越大；pH对PFSiS生成絮体的速度影响较大,对生成絮体的大小影响不大,当pH≥5.50时,PFSiS生成的絮体强度大,絮体不易破碎,而破碎后絮体的恢复能力较差;对于PFASiC而言,不同pH下生成絮体大小顺序为：pH=5.50>pH=9.00>pH=7.00>pH=4.00,在pH=4.00时生成絮体的恢复能力最强,pH=7.00时恢复能力最差,相同条件下,PFASiC生成絮体的恢复能力比PFAC差：在PFASiC的生长过程中,快速搅拌的转速和时间对生成絮体的大小影响较大,慢速搅拌对生成絮体的大小影响不大。
(3)在使用无机-有机复合混凝剂处理夏季高藻引黄水库水时,有机物含量、pH和投加方式对絮体特性有较大的影响。有机物含量对絮体生长过程影响较大,向无机混凝剂中加入PDMDAAC,絮体生长速度减慢,但可以增加生成絮体的体积；与无机混凝剂相比,无机-有机复合混凝剂的抗剪切能力较强,破碎后絮体的恢复能力较强；两种复合混凝剂在四个pH条件下生成絮体的体积相差不大但絮体的生长速度均随pH的升高而增加；先投加无机混凝剂再投加PDMDAAC的复配方式生成絮体的体积最大,絮体抗剪切能力和恢复能力均最强；先投加PDMDAAC再投加无机混凝剂的复配方式生成絮体的体积最小,絮体抗剪切能力和恢复能力均较差；无机-有机复合混凝剂生成絮体的性质居中。
(4)通过对絮体分形维数的研究,发现在混凝过程中,絮体的分形维数先升高后下降。分形维数升高,说明形成了结构比较密实的微絮体,而分形维数的下降表示吸附架桥和网捕作用开始占主导地位,导致絮体的结构变得松散；破碎后的絮体分形维数升高,说明破碎过程中絮体结构发生改变,絮体变得更加密实;一般来说,絮体的粒径越大,其分形维数越小
The quality of the Yellow River reservoir water is considered to be seasonal vaired. A series of ferric based coagulants were prepared to treat the Yellow River reservoir under different conditions:reservoir water in spring and fall, high algae-laden water in summer and low-temperture low turbidity in winter. Coagulation tests were carried out to determine the suitable coagulants for each water quality conditions. The influence of coagulants prepare conditions (B value and molar ration), pH and hydraulic conditions on coagulation effects was investigated. Pilot scale tests were carried out to study the coagulation effect on coagulation-sedimentation-filtration process and coagulation-flotation-filtration process. The floc properties, such as floc size, floc growth rate, fractal dimension, floc strength and floc recovery capability, were investigaged. Main research contents and the results are as follows:
1. In the treatment of spring and fall reservoir water, five coauglantswere assessed by their turbidity and organic matter removal. The results showed that, polyferric chloride (PFC) and polyferric aluminum chloride (PFAC) obtained better organic matter removal effects than other coagulants. The influence of dosage, B value, Al/Fe molar ratio and pH on coagulation was investigated. For PFC, when B=0.5, the best coagulation effects were obtained, and the optimum dosage range was8-12mg/L. For PFAC, when B=1.5and Al/Fe=7:1, the removal of turbidity and organic matter were better in the dosage range of6-10mg/L. In the experimental pH conditions, the residual turbidity decreased with the pH increased, and the organic matter removal efficiency increased first and then decreased, with the optimum pH range of5.00-5.50and5.50-6.50, respectively.
2. Two organic-inorganic composite coagulants, PFC-PDMDAAC and PFAC-PDMDAAC were used to treat the high algae-laden water. The influence of dosage, composite ratio, pH and dosage method on turbidity, organic matter and algae removal were investigated. The results showed that, compared with inorganic coagulants, the orgainic-inorganic composite coagulants gave better coagulation effects. The composite coagulants performed well in a wider pH range of5.0-8.0. In the composite coagulants, the organic components and the inorganic components work cooperative and give better coagulation effects than use them together. The composite ratio of PFAC-PDMDAAC were optimized to be (A+Fe)/PDMDAAC 4:1-8:1, and the Fe/PDMDAAC for PFC-PDMDAAC was4:1. The optimum dosages of PFC-PDMDAAC were4mg/L. and for PFAC-PDMDAAC is3mg/L.
3. In the treatment of low-temperture low-turbidity water, two inorganic composite coagulants PFASiC and PFSiS were used. and the influence of dosage, Si content and pH on turbidity and organic matter removal were investigated. The results showed that, the silicate composite coagulants gave better effects than inorganic coagulants. The optimum dosage range of PFSiS was10-12mg/L, and the optimum pH range is5.50-6.00. For PFASiC， when Si/(Fe+Al) molar ratio was0.05, best coagulation effects were obtained, and the optimum pH range was5.00-6.25.
4. The influence of hydraulic conditions on the Yellow River water treatment was assessed by a series of orthogonal tests. The results showed that, the optimum hydraulic conditions of each coagulants were as follows. PFC and PFAC:rapid mixture speed200rpm. rapid mixture time30s. slow stirring speed40rpm. slow stirring time15min:PFASiC:150rpm,30s,40rpm.25min:PFAC-PDMDAAC:300rpm,60s,40rpm,15min.
5. The pilot scale results showed that, in the treatment of high algae-laden water on coagulation-sedimentation-flitration process, the optimum dosages of PFAC and PFAC-PDMDAAC were4-6mg/L and2-5mg/L respectively. Compared with PFAC. PFAC-PDMDAAC gave better sedimentation effect and could improve the quality of sand-filtration effluent. In the treatment of low-temperature low-turbidity water, floatation gave better separation effect than sedimentation. In the floatation process. PFASiC performed better than PFAC, with the optimum dosage of1-5mg/L. The dosing costs of PFAC-PDMDAAC and PFASiC decreased29.9%and15.9%, compared with PFAC.
6. During the coagulation of the Yellow River water, the variation of floc size was determined by a laser fraction instrument to investigate the floc growth. A series of shear forces were applied on the flocs, and the breakage and regrowth of floes were studied. The fractal dimension of flocs was calculated by the relationship between the scattered light intensity and the scattering vector. The results showed that:
(1) The properties of flocs formed by PFC and PFAC were influenced by dosage, pH and coagulant prepared conditions. At larger dosage, the size of flocs was larger and the floe growth rate is faster. Under the pH=7.00condition, the PFC flocs grow faster and the formed flocs were bigger. The strength of PFC flocs increased with the pH decreased. PFAC flocs gave faster growth rate and larger floc size at pH=9.00. When B=0.5, the PFC flocs gave faster growth rate, larger floc size and the flocs were much stronger. When B=1.5and Al/Fe=7:1, PFAC flocs gave faster growth rate and larger floc size. The strongest flocs appeared at B=1.5and Al/Fe=5:1. The recovery capability of floes was related to the B value, Al/Fe molar ratio, pH and the applied shear force. Compared with PFAC flocs, PFC flocs gave better recovery capability.
(2) In the treatment of low-temperature low-turbidity water, floes formed by silicate inorganic composite coagulants were much bigger and stronger than those formed by inorganic coagulants. For PFASiC, when Si/(Fe+Al)=0.05, flocs gave faster grow rate and larger size. Floc strength increased with the increase of Si content. For PFSiS flocs, the pH condition gave larger influence to growth rate, but litter influence to floc size. When pH is bigger than5.50, PFSiS flocs is much stronger and hard be broken, but the broken flocs recovered badly. For PFASiC, flocs formed at pH=5.50were the largest. The flocs formed at pH=4.00gave best recovery capability, while worst recovery capability was observed at pH=7.00. In the formation of PFASiC, the rapid mixture speed and rapid mixture time affected the floc size significantly, and the slow stirring gave litter influence.
(3) In the treatment of high algae-laden water, the organic content in composite coagulants, pH and dosage method influence the floc properties. The growth of flocs slowed down when PDMDAAC was added, but the floc sizes were increased. Compaered with flocs formed by inorganic coagualnts, those formed by organic-inorganic coagulants were much stronger and gave better recovery capabilities. Flocs growth rates increased with the increase of pH, but the floc sizes were similar at experimental pH conditions. PFAC+PDMDAAC gave largest floc size, stronger flocs and better recovery capability.
(4) During the coagulation, floc fractal dimension increased in the first mintues, and then decreased. The increase of fractal dimension indicated the formation of compact structures, and the decrease of fractal dimension indicated that the bridging and swept dominate the formation of flocs, resulting incompact flocs. The fractal dimension increased after breakage, which means the change in structure during. Generally, biger flocs had smaller fractal dimensions.
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