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小城镇水环境污染综合防治路线的探讨
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摘要
近十几年来,我国小城镇发展迅速,已成为推动具有我国特色城镇化道路的一项重要力量。但是,小城镇在经济迅速发展的同时,向环境排放了大量的废水,造成严重的水环境污染。然而,我国小城镇在污水水质水量、资金来源、基础设施、技术水平等方而,不仅与国外小城镇存在很大不同,而且与我国大中城市也不同。因此,寻找一条适于我国小城镇的水环境污染防治技术路线,要求十分迫切。
     小城镇水环境污染源包括小城镇污水、畜禽粪便及废水、农药化肥等造成的农业面源污染。
     本文分析了小城镇的经济、社会、环境等特点,探讨了小城镇水环境在污水来源、污水水质水量、污水排放等特点。提出“生态农业”模式即“畜-沼-果”或“畜-沼-田”路线来治理畜禽粪便及废水造成的污染。对于农药、化肥等造成的农业而源污染具有量大、面广、难以集中控制的特点,提出综合防治与科学管理方法。
     结合小城镇特点,运用理论对比分析法从目前城镇污水处理技术中筛选出适于小城镇的污水处理技术,即SBR、氧化沟和人工湿地。运用层次分析法建立小城镇污水处理技术综合评价指标体系,在小城镇最典型的污水量(1×10~4m~3/d)对上述污水处理技术进行优化决策。结果表明,人工湿地是小城镇污水最优处理技术,并运行实例对此结果进行了充分的分析论证。
     本论文找出适于我国小城锁水环境污染的防治技术路线,这对于保护我国小城镇水环境、减缓小城镇水环境污染,具有一定的参考价值。
Since the past ten years, the small towns in China have been rapidly developing and have become one of the important powers, which pushes the development of the Chinese-characteristic towns.
    However, with the rapid development of economy, the small towns have been discharging a large mount of wastewater, which has polluted the water environment badly. But, according to many aspects such as sewage quality and quantity, principal source and infrastructure, the small towns of China are different not only from the foreign small towns but also from the large-medium cities of China. Thus, it is very urgent that one technical route with Chinese small towns-characteristics should be found to prevent and treat the water environment.
    The pollution sources of water environment in small towns include sewage discharged from small towns, polluted water from poultry farms, pollution resulted from pesticide and chemical fertilizer.
    At first, the thesis analyzed the characteristics of small towns such as economy, society and environment. Then, the pollution sources, sewage quality and quantity, sewage discharge and so on have been discussed. The pattern of ecological agriculture, i.e. ' livestock to firedamp to fruit tree' or ' livestock to firedamp to field,' has been put forward to treat the pollution resulted from livestock dejection and polluted water. Because the agricultural pollution made by pesticide and chemical fertilizer has large quantity and distributed widely, it is very difficulty to control this kind of pollution. So, the method of comprehensive prevention and scientific management is brought up.
    Secondly, the theoretical contrast analysis has been used in the current wastewater treatment techniques of towns and selected three techniques which are suitable to small towns. They are SBR, oxidation ditch and artificial-wetland. Finally, according to the above three
    
    
    techniques, the optimum decision-making has been made by the method of analytic hierarchy process in the most typical flow of 1 X 104m3/d found artificial wetland is the optimum choice for small towns' wastewater treatment. At the same time, a practical case has been used to demonstrate the conclusion.
    The thesis has found one technical route with Chinese small towns' characteristics to prevent and treat the water pollution, which can protect the water environment and delay the water pollution of small towns of China. Thus, the thesis has some reference value.
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