城轨线路三维可视化设计基础理论和方法
|
摘要
在城市轨道交通建设迅速发展的大背景下,城市轨道交通线路设计面临着极其繁重的任务。由于城市轨道交通线路多处于城市中心区,地上建筑物和地下构筑物情况复杂,潜在冲突多,传统的二维设计环境不易直观地发现各种潜在冲突,设计效率低,容易造成设计缺陷,已难以满足城市轨道交通线路设计工作的需求。因此,建立一个能够满足复杂城市环境下轨道交通选线要求的三维地理环境,实现在三维环境中进行线路方案设计与决策,提高设计效率和设计质量、减少冲突成为城市轨道交通线路设计研究领域亟待解决的课题。基于这一思想,本文以“城轨线路三维可视化设计基础理论和方法”为主题,对其中的所涉及的理论方法和关键技术进行了研究,从建模方法和算法方面提出了一整套方法并予以实现。主要研究内容及研究结果如下：
(1)实现了基于Google Earth的空间地形数据、影像数据、建筑物高度等数据的自动、快速和批量提取方法。提出了基于Google Earth和硬件GPU技术的城市场景快速三维建模方法,满足城市轨道交通线路三维设计的要求。
(2)针对大量管线类地下结构物的特点,提出了任意多边形断面沿着管线中心线纵向分段插值延伸的统一建模方法,使地下线状结构物建模统一和快速。算法能够对圆形、非圆形断面的管状实体建模,具有较好的通用性。
(3)基于参数化方法、GIS技术、透明融合技术、单元模型方法、三维图形库建模的混合建模方法,实现了城市轨道线路高架桥梁、地下隧道、路基、车站的快速、多样性景观为一体的三维快速建模方法。算法对公路、铁路等其他线路的三维建模也具有较好的参考价值。
(4)实现了地下水位分层三维建模和基于GTP体元的三维地质体建模集成的建模方法,建立了满足城轨道交通线路设计要求的三维带状地质模型。
(5)基于三维场景中的空间交互查询技术、三维跟踪球算法,直接在三维环境中生成线路中心线三维模型。建立了三维空间冲突实时判断方法,通过三维交互技术、实现在三维场景直接拖动三维线路中心线模型,达到动态可视化线位调整和冲突判断的智能提示,建立了一套可行的城市轨道交通线路三维设计方法。
(6)基于本文提出的方法建立了城市轨道交通三维线路设计原型系统,可较容易的开发实用的集遥感技术、虚拟现实技术、数字地质技术、三维建模技术、空间数据库等技术的三维可视化设计系统。本文的研究虽然是针对城市轨道交通线路设计问题进行的,但其研究成果也可直接应用于铁路、公路三维线路设计以及数字城市和数字管线的应用研究。
The urban rail transit lines design facing the extremely arduous task, In the backdrop of the rapid development of urban rail transit construction, Due to the urban rail transit lines in the city, the ground buildings and underground structures in complicated cases subject to potential conflicts, traditional2d design intuitively and environment is not easy to find all kinds of potential conflict, low design efficiency, easy to cause a design flaw, has been difficult to meet the needs of urban rail transit lines design work. Therefore, building a3d geographical environment can satisfy the complex environment of rail transit line selection requirements of three-dimensional geographical environment, implementation in the three-dimensional environment for circuit design and decision-making, improve the design efficiency and design quality, reducing conflict into urban rail transit lines need to be addressed in the field of general design research, Based on this idea, this article with "urban rail line3d visual design theory and method" as the theme, about the theoretical methods and key technologies involved in the research, from the aspects of modeling method and the algorithm puts forward a set of methods and implementation. Main research contents and research results are as follows:
(1) Implemented rapid and batch extraction method based on Google Earth space data such as terrain data, imaging data, building height of automatic,. Is proposed based on Google Earth and hardware GPU technology rapid3d urban scene modeling methods, meet the requirements of urban rail transit line3d design.
(2) Puts forward the arbitrary polygonal cross section along the center line of the pipeline unified modeling method of interpolation extension longitudinal section; make unified underground linear structure modeling and rapid. Algorithm can of circular and non-circular cross section of the tubular solid modeling has good versatility, According to the characteristics of the mass line kind of underground structures.
(3) The hybrid modeling based on parametric method and GIS technology, the element model method,3d graphics library modeling method, Implemented the elevated Bridges of urban rail lines, underground tunnels, subgrade, the station quickly, diversity of landscape for the integration of3d modeling method. Algorithm for road, railway, and other lines of3d modeling also has good reference value.
(4) Achieved the stratification of the underground water level3d modeling, and based on the GTP element made of integrated modeling method of three-dimensional geological modeling, is established to satisfy design requirements city rail transit line3d ribbon geological model.
(5) Based on3-d scene space interactive query technology,3d tracking algorithm, directly on the3d environment generated in the center line of3d model., a real-time three-dimensional space conflict judgment method is established by3d interaction techniques, implementation in the center line of the3d scene directly drag the3d model, to achieve dynamic visual line adjustment and intelligence conflict judgment, establish a set of feasible urban rail transit line3d design method.
(6) Urban rail transit is set up based on the proposed method of three-dimensional wiring design prototype system, can more easily develop practical set of remote sensing technology, virtual reality technology, digital geological spatial database technology,-three-dimensional modeling technology, technology such as3d visual design system. Although this research is aimed at urban rail transit line design problem, but the research also can be directly applied in railway, highway3d circuit design, and the application of digital city and digital pipeline.
(1)实现了基于Google Earth的空间地形数据、影像数据、建筑物高度等数据的自动、快速和批量提取方法。提出了基于Google Earth和硬件GPU技术的城市场景快速三维建模方法,满足城市轨道交通线路三维设计的要求。
(2)针对大量管线类地下结构物的特点,提出了任意多边形断面沿着管线中心线纵向分段插值延伸的统一建模方法,使地下线状结构物建模统一和快速。算法能够对圆形、非圆形断面的管状实体建模,具有较好的通用性。
(3)基于参数化方法、GIS技术、透明融合技术、单元模型方法、三维图形库建模的混合建模方法,实现了城市轨道线路高架桥梁、地下隧道、路基、车站的快速、多样性景观为一体的三维快速建模方法。算法对公路、铁路等其他线路的三维建模也具有较好的参考价值。
(4)实现了地下水位分层三维建模和基于GTP体元的三维地质体建模集成的建模方法,建立了满足城轨道交通线路设计要求的三维带状地质模型。
(5)基于三维场景中的空间交互查询技术、三维跟踪球算法,直接在三维环境中生成线路中心线三维模型。建立了三维空间冲突实时判断方法,通过三维交互技术、实现在三维场景直接拖动三维线路中心线模型,达到动态可视化线位调整和冲突判断的智能提示,建立了一套可行的城市轨道交通线路三维设计方法。
(6)基于本文提出的方法建立了城市轨道交通三维线路设计原型系统,可较容易的开发实用的集遥感技术、虚拟现实技术、数字地质技术、三维建模技术、空间数据库等技术的三维可视化设计系统。本文的研究虽然是针对城市轨道交通线路设计问题进行的,但其研究成果也可直接应用于铁路、公路三维线路设计以及数字城市和数字管线的应用研究。
The urban rail transit lines design facing the extremely arduous task, In the backdrop of the rapid development of urban rail transit construction, Due to the urban rail transit lines in the city, the ground buildings and underground structures in complicated cases subject to potential conflicts, traditional2d design intuitively and environment is not easy to find all kinds of potential conflict, low design efficiency, easy to cause a design flaw, has been difficult to meet the needs of urban rail transit lines design work. Therefore, building a3d geographical environment can satisfy the complex environment of rail transit line selection requirements of three-dimensional geographical environment, implementation in the three-dimensional environment for circuit design and decision-making, improve the design efficiency and design quality, reducing conflict into urban rail transit lines need to be addressed in the field of general design research, Based on this idea, this article with "urban rail line3d visual design theory and method" as the theme, about the theoretical methods and key technologies involved in the research, from the aspects of modeling method and the algorithm puts forward a set of methods and implementation. Main research contents and research results are as follows:
(1) Implemented rapid and batch extraction method based on Google Earth space data such as terrain data, imaging data, building height of automatic,. Is proposed based on Google Earth and hardware GPU technology rapid3d urban scene modeling methods, meet the requirements of urban rail transit line3d design.
(2) Puts forward the arbitrary polygonal cross section along the center line of the pipeline unified modeling method of interpolation extension longitudinal section; make unified underground linear structure modeling and rapid. Algorithm can of circular and non-circular cross section of the tubular solid modeling has good versatility, According to the characteristics of the mass line kind of underground structures.
(3) The hybrid modeling based on parametric method and GIS technology, the element model method,3d graphics library modeling method, Implemented the elevated Bridges of urban rail lines, underground tunnels, subgrade, the station quickly, diversity of landscape for the integration of3d modeling method. Algorithm for road, railway, and other lines of3d modeling also has good reference value.
(4) Achieved the stratification of the underground water level3d modeling, and based on the GTP element made of integrated modeling method of three-dimensional geological modeling, is established to satisfy design requirements city rail transit line3d ribbon geological model.
(5) Based on3-d scene space interactive query technology,3d tracking algorithm, directly on the3d environment generated in the center line of3d model., a real-time three-dimensional space conflict judgment method is established by3d interaction techniques, implementation in the center line of the3d scene directly drag the3d model, to achieve dynamic visual line adjustment and intelligence conflict judgment, establish a set of feasible urban rail transit line3d design method.
(6) Urban rail transit is set up based on the proposed method of three-dimensional wiring design prototype system, can more easily develop practical set of remote sensing technology, virtual reality technology, digital geological spatial database technology,-three-dimensional modeling technology, technology such as3d visual design system. Although this research is aimed at urban rail transit line design problem, but the research also can be directly applied in railway, highway3d circuit design, and the application of digital city and digital pipeline.
引文
[1]徐振廷.城市轨道交通线路选线设计[J].交通科技.2009,(S1)：96-98.
[2]吕希奎.基于遥感信息的选线系统地理环境建模方法及应用研究[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文,2008.
[3]王明生,张振平.基于GIS的铁路路基三维可视化技术研究[J].工程图学学报.2009(1)：66-69.
[4]赵宁.三维铁路工程地质建模研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2008.
[5]王继周,林宗坚,李成名等.基于UAV遥感影像的建筑物三维重建[J].遥感信息,2004(4)：11-14.
[6]LI C, IKEUCHI K, SAKAUCHI M. Building 3-D Information Acquisition from 2-D Spatio-temporal Image [A]. Proceedings of UM3'98 International Workshop on Urban Multi-Media/3D Mapping[C]. Tokyo:University of Tokyo,1998.118-124.
[7]SHIBASAKI R. Interface of Mobile 3D GIS by fusing Live Video Images [A]. Proceedings of UM3'98 International Workshop on Urban Multi-media/3D Mapping[C]. Tokyo:University of Tokyo,1998.23-30.
[8]孙敏,陈军.3维城市模型的数据获取方法评述[J].测绘通报,2000(11)：4-6.
[9]全丽娟.城市三维可视化方法初探[J].科技信息,2010(31)：30-31.
[10]朱良峰,任开蕾,潘信,何铮.地质实体模型的三维交互与分析技术研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28(9)：1959-1963.
[11]陈健.三维地层信息系统的建模与分析研究[D].武汉,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2001.2.
[12]朱大培,牛文杰,杨钦等.地质构造的三维可视化[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2001,27(4)：448-451.
[13]曹代勇，王占刚.三维地质模型特殊可视化操作的实现[J].煤炭学报,2004,29(4)：422-424.
[14]张海荣；许友志.基于TIN不连续地质体的三维构模及动态显示[J].中国矿业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,3I(2)：142-145.
[15]Wu LX. Topological relations embodied in a generalized tri-prism(GTP) model for a 3D geosciences modeling system[J].Computers an Geosciences,2004,30(4):405-418.
[16]武强,徐华.三维地质建模与可视化方法研究[J].中国科学(D辑,地球科学),2004,34(1)：54-60.
[17]REBECCA O C T,CHRISTOPHER M G. TIN meets CAD—extending the TIN concept in GIS[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems,2004,20(7):1171-1184.
[18]朱良峰,潘信,吴信才.三维地质建模及可视化系统的设计与开发[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5)：828-832.
[19]钟登华,宋洋.大型水利工程三维可视化仿真方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(1)：12I-127.
[20]刘东海,钟登华,李明超.水电工程地质信息三维可视化与分析[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(5)：65-70.
[21]贺怀建,白世伟,赵新华,等.三维地层模型中地层划分的探讨[J].岩土力学,2002,23(5)：637-639.
[22]周翠英,陈恒,黄显艺,等.重大工程地下空间信息系统开发应用及其发展趋势[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(4)：28-32.
[23]李邵军,冯夏庭,杨成祥.基于三维地理信息的滑坡监测及变形预测智能分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21)：3 673-3678.
[24]李邵军,冯夏庭,张希巍,等.边坡安全性评估的三维智能信息系统开发应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(19)：3 419-3426.
[25]叶思源,吴树仁,欧阳永龙.地质三维可视化建模与其剖面自动制图应用研究[J].地质与勘探,2001,47(3)：498-504.
[26]张耀国.济南城市轨道交通建设区三维工程地质建模与适宜性分区研究[D].中国地质大学(北京),2011,5.
[27]孟永东,徐卫亚,田斌,李明卫.基于带约束三角剖分的三维地质建模方法及应用[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(19)：5985-5989.
[28]SI MON W, HOUL DING.3D geosciences modeling computer techniques for geological characterization[M].Spring-Verlag:[s.n.],1994.
[29]王笑海.基于三维拓扑格网结构的GIS地层模型研究[D],武汉,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,1999.7.
[30]钟登华,李明朝.水利水电工程地质三维地质建模与分析理论及实践[M].水利水电出版社,北京,2006.3.
[31]刘光伟,白润才,曹兰柱,赵浩.基于多层DEM的露天矿三维地质模型构建及其应用[J].煤炭工程，2010(9)：73-75.
[32]黎华,地形与地质体三维可视化的研究与应用[D],中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2006.
[33]李亦纲,曲国胜,陈建强.城市钻孔数据地下三维地质建模软件的实现[J].地质通报,2005,24(5)：470-475.
[34]熊祖强.工程地质三维建模及可视化技术研究[D].中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所博士论文,2007.
[35]周杰文.三维城市地质信息可视化研究[D].华东师范大学,2006.
[36]王润怀,李永树,刘永和等.三维地质建模中虚拟钻孔的引入及其确定[J].地质与勘探,2007,43(3)：102-106.
[37]吴冲龙,何珍文,翁正平等.地质数据三维可视化的属性、分类和关键技术[J].地质通报,2011,30(5)：642-649.
[38]李邵军,冯夏庭,王威,周辉.岩土工程中基于栅格的三维地层建模及空间分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3)：532-537.
[39]白世伟,贺怀建,王纯祥.三维地层信息系统和岩土工程信息化[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2002,19(1)：23-26.
[40]王纯祥,白世伟,贺怀建.三维地层可视化中地质建模研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10)：1722-1726.
[41]Good Child Michael Frank.Spatial Analysis Using GIS[R].Seminar Workbook(Second Edition),NCGIA,1991
[42]韩国建,郭达志.矿体信息的八叉树存储和检索技术.测绘学报,1992,21(1)：13-17
[43]ERICSON CHRISTER. Real-time collision detection [M]. Morgan Kaufinann Publishers Inc, 2005
[44]Zeiller M. Collision detection for objects modeled by csg[J]. Visualization and intelligent design in engineering and architecture,1993:165-180
[45]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2)：121-127.
[46]R.Li.3D Data Structure and Application in Geological Subsurface Modeling:International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1994,30:124-131.
[47]李清泉,李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究[J].测绘学报,1998,27(4)：325-330.
[48]龚健雅,夏宗国.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学,1997,22(1)：7-15.
[49]曹彤,刘臻.用于建立三维GIS的八叉树编辑压缩算法[J].中国图像图形学报,2002,1,7(1)：51-55.
[50]SHI Wen-zhong.Development of a hybrid model for three-dimensional GIS[M]. Geo-Spatial Information Science,2000.
[51]刘湘南,黄方,王平等.GIS空间分析原理与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2007,5.
[52]蒲浩等.三角网数字地面模型的生成及其在路线设计中的应用[J].铁道学报,2000,22(3)：74-77.
[53]蒲浩,詹振炎,宋占峰.约束Delaunay三角化在路线设计中的应用及其生成算法研究[J].中国公路学报.2002,15(2)：22-27.
[54]蒋红斐,詹振炎.顾及地形的铁路线路模型建立方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2002.14(8)：778-780,789.00
[55][128] 蒲浩,宋占峰,詹振炎.基于约束Delaunay三角剖分的道路三维建模方法[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(6)：11 1-113.
[56]Li Qingquan,Tang Luliang,Zuo Xiaoqing,Li Hanwu.TransectBased Three-Dimensional Road Modeling and Visualization[J].Geo-Spatial Information Science(S1009-5020),2004,7(l):14-17.
[57]宋占峰,詹振炎,蒲浩.道路整体三维模型构建方法的研究[J].中国铁道科学,2003,24(4)：107一110.
[58]王福建,吴国雄,孙勇.三维实体模型在公路设计中的应用研究[J].浙江大学学报，2002,36(1)：7-11.
[59]范昭炜.实时碰撞检测技术研究[D].博士学位论文.浙江：浙江大学,2003
[60]王天柱.变形物体碰撞检测技术[D].博士学位论文.吉林：吉林大学,2006
[61]DOBKIN DP, KIRKPATRICK DG. A Linear Algorithm for Determining the Separation of Convex Polyhedra. Journal of Algorithms [J],1985,6:381-392
[62]CHAZELLE B. An Optimal Algorithm for Intersection Three-dimensional Convex Polyhedra[C]. In Proceedings of 30th annual IEEE symposium on Foundation Computer Science,1989:586-591
[63]DAVID BARAFF. Curvec Surfaces and Coherence for Non-penetrating Rigid Bodies[J]. SIGGRAPH 1990, Computer Graphics,1990:24(4)
[64]BRIAN MIRTICH. Rigid Body Contact:Collision Detection to Force Computation[R]. MERL, Techical Report,1998,98(01)
[65]BRIAN MIRTICH. Impluse-based Dynamic Simulation of Rigid Body Systems [D]. Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Berkeley,1996
[66]CANNY JF. Collision Detection for Moving Polyhedra[J]. IEEE Transactions on PAMI,1986,8(2):200-209
[67]REDONS, KHEDDAR A. COQUILLART S. CONTACT:Arbitrary in-between Motions for Continuous Collision Detection[C]. In Proc. of IEEE ROMAN,2001,9
[68]REDONS, KHEHDDAR A, COQUILLART S. Fast Continuous Collision Detection between Rigid Bodies [J]. Computer Graphics Forum,2002,21(3):279-287
[69]Lin MC, Canny J. Efficient algorithms for incremental distance computation, In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,1991:1008-1014
[70]Lin MC. Efficient Collision detection for animation and robotics[D], Ph.D., Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley,1993
[71]Mirtich B. V-Clip:Fast and robust polyhedral collision detection[J], ACM Transactions on Graphics,1998,17(3):177-208
[72]S. CAMERON. Enhancing GJK:Computing minimum and penetration distances between convex polyhedra[C]. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation,1997,3112-3117
[73]GINO VAN DEN Bergen, SOLID, a library for collision detection of three-dimension objects[C/OL],2004, http://www.win.tue.nl/-gino/solid/
[74]Su C, Lin F, Yen B. An adaptative bounding object based algorithm for efficient and precise collision detection of csg-represented virtual objects[J].In Proc. of Symposium on virtual reality in manufacturing research and education,1996
[75]Turnbull C, Cameron S. Computing distances between NURBS-defined convex objects[J]. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,1998:3685-3690
[76]刘晓东,姚兰,陶海霞，刘海龙.一种针对非均匀有理B样条曲面的碰撞检测算法[J].西安交通大学学报,2007,41(4)：389-397.
[77]Gibson, Beyond Volume Rendering:Visualization,Haptic Exploration, andPhysical Modeling of Voxel-based Objects[J]. In Visualization in Scientific Computing'95, eds. R.Scateni,J.van Wijk,P.Zanarini,Springer-Verlag,NY,1995,10-24
[78]S. SURI. Analyzing Bounding Boxes for Object Intersection[J]. ACM. Transactions on Graphics,1999,18(3):257-277.
[79]Bergen GVD. Efficient collision detection of complex deformable models using AABB trees[J]. Journal of Graphics Tools,1997,2(4):1-14.
[80]Hubbard,P.M. Collision detection for interactive graphics applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,1995,1(3):218-230.
[81]Hubbard,P.M. Approximating polyhedra with spheres for time-critical collision detection[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics(TOG),1996,15(3):179-210.
[82]Gottschalk S, Lin M, Manocha D. OBB-Tree:A Hierarchical Structure for Rapid Interference Detection[J]. The Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'96,1996:171-180.
[83]G. TURK. Interactive collision detection for molecular graphics[R]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,1990,90-014.
[84]R G. LUQUE, J. L. D. COMBA and C. M. D. S. FREITAS. Broad-phase collision detection using semi-adjusting bsp-trees [C]. In SI3D'05:Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games, New York, USA,2005,179-186.
[85]SHINAYA M, FORGUE M. Interference detection through rasterization[J]. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation,1991,2:131-134.
[86]范昭炜,万华根,高曙明.基于图像的快速碰撞检测算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(9)：805-810.
[87]赵路.三维技术在铁路新线设计中如何提高方案技术经济性[J].铁道建筑技术,2008(S)：67-69.
[88]李国柱.基于激光雷达技术的城市三维快速建模及应用研究[D].昆明理工大学硕士论文,2009.6.
[89]Xu, Linrong; Su, Zhiman; Ugai, Keizo; Cai, Fei; Yang, Qingqing. Google Earth as a tool in terrain survey of debris flow watershed [J]. Source:Advanced Materials Research, v 261-263, p 1563-1566,2011.
[90]ZHANG Kun, ZOU Zheng-rong, YU Jia-yong. Method of modeling virtual city based on Google Earth [J]. Engineering of Surveying and Spatial Information Technology,2010,33 (6):89-92.
[91]LIU Chuan, XIANG Nan-ping, YI Hui-qiong. Method of Modeling 3D City Based on Google Earth [J]. Surveying and Spatial Information Technology,2010,33 (6):89-92.
[92]Cheng, Pengfei; Wen, Hanjiang; Cheng, Yingyan; Wang, Hua. Parameters of the CGCS 2000 ellipsoid and comparisons with GRS 80 and WGS 84[J]. Source:Cehui Xuebao/Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, v 38, n 3, p 189-194, June 2009
[93]Jun-Yong. Chinese modern geodetic datum Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000 (CGCS 2000) and its frame. Chen[J], Source:Cehui Xuebao/Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, v 37, n 3, p 269-271, July 2008.
[94]安洁玉,程朋根,丁斌芬.基于Google Earth二维影像获取建筑物高度的方法[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(6)：31-33,37.
[95]刘召芹,孙成忠,孙杰等.基于无人驾驶飞行器低空遥感系统的三维城市建筑物纹理快速获取方法[J].遥感信息,2006(5)：47-49,6.
[96]Lindstrom P, Pascucci V. Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[c]//Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2001 San Diego, California:EEEEPress,2001:363-370.
[97]Rottger S, Heidrich W, Slusallek P, et al. Real-time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields [C]//Winter School in Computer Graphics (WSCG'98). Plzen:Science Press, 1998:315-322.
[98]程甜甜,陈阁,陈新,李云飞.基于GPU的大规模地形场景实时渲染[J].苏州大学学报(工科版),2008,28(3)：1-5.
[99]达来,曾亮,李思昆.基于GPU的地形遮挡剔除算法[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(11).3165-3171.
[100]李胜,黄鑫,汪国平.基于GPU的视点相关自适应细分[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2007,19(4)：409-414.
[101]] Greg Snook. Real-Time 3D Terrain Engines Using C++and DirectX 9[M].Press:Charles River Media, June 24.20007.
[102]王记坤.基于GPU的大规模地形实时绘制关键技术研究与实践[D].北京工业大学硕士论文，2009.4.
[103]孙敏,陈军.三维城市模型的研究现状评述[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2)(31)：155-160.
[104]宋能,曹菡.基于OpenGL的空间管线的拼接显示与应用[J].计算机工程与科学,2008,30(11)：144-146.
[105]柯新利.OpenGL三维管线绘制中的坐标变换研究[J].地理空间信息,2008,6(3)：53-55.
[106]Shreiner D,Woo M,Neider J. OpenGL编程指南[M].邓郑祥,译.4版.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005：1-25.
[107]王明生,张振平.GIS环境下铁路路基三维建模方法研究[J].铁道运输与经济,2008(1),：
[108]陈学工,季兴,黄伟.三维隧道矢量模型生成方法[J].2010,30(6)：1577-1580.
[109]吕希奎,周小平,张学军等.基于参数化技术的隧道三维建模方法[J].工程图学学报,2011,32(2)：26-30
[110]方昌福,胡京涛,陈罄超.城市轨道交通高架线的设计研究[J].铁道工程学报,2006(8)：91-96.
[111]何莉,易思蓉.铁路线路视景仿真中构造物三维模型库的研究[J].铁道勘察,2006,32(6)：25-28.
[112]徐志胜.轨道交通轮轨噪声预测与控制的研究[D].博士学位论文.成都：西南交通大学,2005
[113]D. J. Thompson and C. J. C. Jones. A Review of the Modeling of Wheel/rail Noise Generation [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration.2000,231(31):519-536
[114]代宝乾,汪彤,陈虹桥,孙晶晶.城市轨道交通噪声污染及防治对策[J].交通环保.2004,25(6)：43-45
[115]夏禾,曹艳梅.轨道交通引起的环境振动问题[J].铁道科学与工程学报,2004,1(1)：44-50
[116]孙晓静.地铁列车振动对环境影响的预测研究及减振措施分析[D].博士学位论文.北京：北京交通大学,2008
[117]魏鹏勃.城市轨道交通引起的环境振动预测与评估[D].博士学位论文.北京：北京交通大学,2009
[118]孟光,陈进,江伟康等.高速轨道交通减振降噪的研究及其关键技术的展望[J].机车电力传动,2003,增刊：14-18
[119]王子甲,陈峰.降低城市轨道交通征地拆迁成本的探讨[J].都市快轨交通,2008,21(5)：17-20
[120]陈峰,王子甲,李志强.城市轨道交通建设成本构成分析[J].铁道运输与经济,2008,30(9)：53-55
[121]王淑嫱,王乾坤,张勇.地铁车站综合管网三维冲突分析系统功能设计与实现[J].武汉理工大学学报,2011,33(11)：93-96
[122]Guoqing Zhou,Zenyu Tan,Minyi Cen,Chaokui Li. Customizing Visualization in Three-Dimensional Urban GIS via Web-Based Interaction[J]. JOURNAL OF URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (?) ASCE,2006,:97-99
[123]Xie, B.Wang, Y. Design of CAD software system for railway roadbed[J]. Huazhong Ligong Daxue Xuebao/Journal Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2001,29(11):76-78
[124]WANG Yi,YANG Chao. EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAIL TRANSIT NETWORK IN SHANGHAI[C]. International Conference on Transportation Engineering 2009, (ICTE 2009),:3078-3081
[125]Fu, Xin-Sha. Framework of real-time 3-D visualization system of highway[J]. Zhongguo Gonglu Xuebao/China Journal of Highway and Transport,2007,20(6):31-35,42
[126]北京市规划委员会主编.城市轨道交通岩土工程勘察规范GB 50307-2012[M].中国计划出版社,2012,8.
[127]WU Q, XU H. An effective method for 3D geological modeling with multi-source data integration[J]. Computers & Geosciences,2005,31(1):35-43.
[128]颜辉武.体视化技术及其在地下水资源研究中的应用[博士学位论文D].武汉：武汉大学,2002.
[129]柳忠杰.三维环境下路基设计模式研究[J].铁道工程学报,2009(12)：44-46,50.
[130]张瑞全.三维工程可视化系统的研究[D].2003.5,山东科技大学
[131]何健鹰,徐强华,游佳.基于OpenGL的一种三维拾取方法[J].计算机工程与科学,2006,28(1)：45-47.
[132]周杨,谭兵,徐青.基于3维地形图的空间分析算法[J].测绘学院学报,2001,18(1)：39-43.
[133]李勇.三维地理信息系统有关技术的研究与实践[D].郑州：解放军测绘学院,2002.
[134]谭兵.基于遥感影像的地形三维重建技术研究[D].郑州：解放军测绘学院,2001.
[135]解志刚.罗伊萍,辛宪会等.LOD地形中点坐标查询的研究[J].2005,25(4)：70-73.
[136]肖盛燮,钟佑明,郑义等.三维滑坡可视化演绎系统及破坏演变规律跟踪[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(S1)2618-2628.
[137]马新武,等.用虚拟球实现交互式OpneGL 3D图形的旋转[J],计算机应用,2002,21(8)：169-170.
[138]石星,蒋红斐，孙晓丽.基于单元的铁路线路平面设计及其数据管理方法[J].铁路计算机应用,2010,19(9)：49-51.
[139]WU J J, GAO Z Y, SUN H J, et al. Urban transit system as a scale-free network[J]. Modern Physics Letters B,2004,18(19-20):1043-1049.
[140]JIANG B, YIN J J, ZHAO S J. Characterizing the humanm obility pattern in a large street network[J]. Physical Review E,2009,80:021136.
[141]HAN X P, HAO Q, ZHOU T, et al. Origin of the scaling law in human mobility:hierarchy of traffic systems[J].Physical Review E,2011,83:036117.
[142]ROZENFELD H D. RYBSKID, ANDRADE J S, et al. Laws of population growth[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008, 105(48):18702-18707.
[143]JIANG B. Agent-based simulation of human movement shaped by the underlying street structure[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2011,25(1):51-64.
[144]MAKSE H A, HAVLIN S, STANLEY H E. Modelling urban growth patterns[J]. Nature, 1995,377:608-612.
[145]MARSILIM, ZHANG Y C. Interacting individuals leading to zipf s law[J]. Physical Review Letters,1998,80(12):2741-2744.
[146]BATTY M. The size, scale, and shape of cities[J]. Science,2008,319(8):769-771
[147]续爱民,金烨,鲍劲松.虚拟场景中自动漫游路径的多分辨率规划[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(8)：1912-1915.
[148]林锋,汪地.三次非均匀B样条曲线插补算法研究[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术，2012(8)：32-35.
[149]吕希奎,易思蓉,韩春华.大规模地形真三维可视化系统设计与实现[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(2)：603-609.
[150]奥勇,王来录.3DS在公路选线中的应用[J].地球科学与环境学报,2004,26(4)：63-66
[151]季兴.三维巷道矢量模型生成与动态漫游[D].中南大学硕士论,2010,06.
[152]LIUXue-jun, GONGJian-ya, ZHOU Qi-ming. A Study of Accuracy and Algorithm s for Calculating Slope and Aspect Based on Grid Digital Elevation Model (DEM) " [J]. Issues in ACTA GEODAETICA etCARTOGRAPHICA SINICA,2004,33(3):258263
[153]Y G Wang, H J Bao, Q S Peng. Accelerated walkthroughs of virtual environments based on visibility preprocessing and simplification[J]. Computer Graphics Forum,1998,17(3):187-203
[154]S E Chne.QuickTime VR. An imaged-based approach to virtual environment navigation[J]. Computer Grapihcs,1995,29(4):29-37
[155]ZHANG Jingfa,TAO Xiaxin,TIAN Yunfeng,eta. Application of remote sensing technique to exploration of active fault around urbanarea[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(1):137-145
[156]张晓东,王明生.AutoCAD环境下的铁路线路平纵横集成交互设计[J].工程图学学报,2006.10,：
[157]Cignoni P, Ganovelli F, Gobbetti E. BDAM-batched dynamic adaptive meshes for high performance terrain visualization[J]. Issues in Computer Graphics Forum,,2003,22(3):505 514
[158]李刚,刘柏秀.CARD/1在互通立交横断面设计中的开发与应用[J].中外公路,2008,28(2)：223-226
[159]于慧玲,王明生.CSG/BR方法在铁路构筑物三维建模中的应用研究[J].石家庄铁道学院学报,2006(1),：
[160]V. K. Bansal and Mahesh Pal. Generating, Evaluating, and Visualizing Construction Schedule with Geographic Information Systems[J]. JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (?) ASCE,2008,:233-238
[161]贾永刚,广红,王义.GIS和SDSS在高速公路选线之中的应用[J].地球科学一中国地质大学学报,2001,26(6)：653-656
[162]张晓东.GIS环境下铁路选线设计应用分析模型研究[J].铁道勘察,2005(4),：9-11
[163]王明生于金金.GIS空间分析与铁路线路评价指标的量化[J].铁道勘察,2005(6),：57-59
[164]刘丹萍,胡伍生,沙月进.GIS在公路地质选线中的综合运用研究[J].中外公路,2006,26(3)：15-17
[165]DALai, ZENG Liang, LI Si-kun. GPU-Based Occlusion Culling Method for Terrain Rendering[J]. Issues in Journal of System Simulation,2006,18(11):3165-3171
[166]Jiaju Qiu and Xiaomeng Bian. Intelligent Design of Power Transmission Lines Based on 3D GIS[J]. Proceedings of the 5 " World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation,June 15-19.2004, Hangzhou, P.R. China,:
[167]吕希奎,易思蓉,何丽.OpenGL环境下的模型数据库管理与复杂三维建模[J].工程图学学报,2007,2：13-17
[168]Wu Yi. Operatin efficiency of urban rail transit in China and other countries[J]. The Eighth International Conference of Chinese Logistics and Transportation Professionals,2008,:
[169]YAN yan, WEI jin-li, Liu li-xin and SUI xue-zhi. OPTIMIZATION OF STATION DISTRIBUTION PLAN IN URBAN RAIL TRANSIT[C]. International Conference on Transportation Engineering 2007, (ICTE 2007),:2259-2264.
[170]王明生,施仲衡.城市轨道线路设计三维地下结构造型算法[J].都市快轨交通,2012,25(6)：70-72.
[171]靳海亮；高井祥.三维地形可视化技术研究进展[J],测绘科学,
[172]刑永强,李金玲,李金荣等.煤层体三维建模及可视化研究[J].河南科学,2008,26(9)：1101-1104.
[173]祁向前.数字城市三维建模数据处理研究[D].太原理工大学硕士论文,2004,4.
[174]徐能雄,段庆伟,梅钢等.三维地质建模方法及程序实现[M],地质出版社,2011,2.
[175]王妍.基于DEM的地形信息提取与景观空间格局分析[M].西南大学硕士论文,2006.5
[176]汤智昀,李丹,杜毅Google Earth影像处理[J].天然气与石油,2010,28(3)：7-9.
[177]欧阳锋；周小平.三维地形中多分辨率影像模型建模方[J].计算机系统应用,2010,19(6)：33-36,194.
[178]吕希奎,周小平.三维可视化系统开发与源码精解[M].电子工业出版社,2009,6.
[179]程朋根,王承瑞,甘卫军等.基于多层DEM与QTPV的混合数据模型及其在地质建模中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(6)：806-810.
[180]卜丽静.三维矿山地质建模与空间分析的研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学硕士论文,2006,12.
[181]陈学习,吴立新,车德福等.基于钻孔数据的含断层地质体三维建模方法[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(5)：5-8.
[182]雄祖强,贺怀建,夏艳华.基于TIN的三维地层建模及可视化技术研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28(9)：1954-1958.
[183]李敏.铁路隧道三维地质建模系统研究[D].成都理工大学硕士论文,2009,5.36,43.
[184]王守中,王伟.浅谈三维协同设计[J].河北水利,2011(5)：36,43.
[185]庞明勇,卢章平.鼠标跟踪球技术的简单类实现[J].计算机工程,2004,30(17)：182-183.
[186]王明生；黄琳；闫小勇.探索城市公交客流移动模式[J].电子科技大学学报，2012,41(1)：2-6.
[2]吕希奎.基于遥感信息的选线系统地理环境建模方法及应用研究[D].西南交通大学博士学位论文,2008.
[3]王明生,张振平.基于GIS的铁路路基三维可视化技术研究[J].工程图学学报.2009(1)：66-69.
[4]赵宁.三维铁路工程地质建模研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2008.
[5]王继周,林宗坚,李成名等.基于UAV遥感影像的建筑物三维重建[J].遥感信息,2004(4)：11-14.
[6]LI C, IKEUCHI K, SAKAUCHI M. Building 3-D Information Acquisition from 2-D Spatio-temporal Image [A]. Proceedings of UM3'98 International Workshop on Urban Multi-Media/3D Mapping[C]. Tokyo:University of Tokyo,1998.118-124.
[7]SHIBASAKI R. Interface of Mobile 3D GIS by fusing Live Video Images [A]. Proceedings of UM3'98 International Workshop on Urban Multi-media/3D Mapping[C]. Tokyo:University of Tokyo,1998.23-30.
[8]孙敏,陈军.3维城市模型的数据获取方法评述[J].测绘通报,2000(11)：4-6.
[9]全丽娟.城市三维可视化方法初探[J].科技信息,2010(31)：30-31.
[10]朱良峰,任开蕾,潘信,何铮.地质实体模型的三维交互与分析技术研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28(9)：1959-1963.
[11]陈健.三维地层信息系统的建模与分析研究[D].武汉,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2001.2.
[12]朱大培,牛文杰,杨钦等.地质构造的三维可视化[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2001,27(4)：448-451.
[13]曹代勇，王占刚.三维地质模型特殊可视化操作的实现[J].煤炭学报,2004,29(4)：422-424.
[14]张海荣；许友志.基于TIN不连续地质体的三维构模及动态显示[J].中国矿业大学学报(自然科学版),2002,3I(2)：142-145.
[15]Wu LX. Topological relations embodied in a generalized tri-prism(GTP) model for a 3D geosciences modeling system[J].Computers an Geosciences,2004,30(4):405-418.
[16]武强,徐华.三维地质建模与可视化方法研究[J].中国科学(D辑,地球科学),2004,34(1)：54-60.
[17]REBECCA O C T,CHRISTOPHER M G. TIN meets CAD—extending the TIN concept in GIS[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems,2004,20(7):1171-1184.
[18]朱良峰,潘信,吴信才.三维地质建模及可视化系统的设计与开发[J].岩土力学,2006,27(5)：828-832.
[19]钟登华,宋洋.大型水利工程三维可视化仿真方法研究[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004,16(1)：12I-127.
[20]刘东海,钟登华,李明超.水电工程地质信息三维可视化与分析[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(5)：65-70.
[21]贺怀建,白世伟,赵新华,等.三维地层模型中地层划分的探讨[J].岩土力学,2002,23(5)：637-639.
[22]周翠英,陈恒,黄显艺,等.重大工程地下空间信息系统开发应用及其发展趋势[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2004,43(4)：28-32.
[23]李邵军,冯夏庭,杨成祥.基于三维地理信息的滑坡监测及变形预测智能分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21)：3 673-3678.
[24]李邵军,冯夏庭,张希巍,等.边坡安全性评估的三维智能信息系统开发应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(19)：3 419-3426.
[25]叶思源,吴树仁,欧阳永龙.地质三维可视化建模与其剖面自动制图应用研究[J].地质与勘探,2001,47(3)：498-504.
[26]张耀国.济南城市轨道交通建设区三维工程地质建模与适宜性分区研究[D].中国地质大学(北京),2011,5.
[27]孟永东,徐卫亚,田斌,李明卫.基于带约束三角剖分的三维地质建模方法及应用[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(19)：5985-5989.
[28]SI MON W, HOUL DING.3D geosciences modeling computer techniques for geological characterization[M].Spring-Verlag:[s.n.],1994.
[29]王笑海.基于三维拓扑格网结构的GIS地层模型研究[D],武汉,中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,1999.7.
[30]钟登华,李明朝.水利水电工程地质三维地质建模与分析理论及实践[M].水利水电出版社,北京,2006.3.
[31]刘光伟,白润才,曹兰柱,赵浩.基于多层DEM的露天矿三维地质模型构建及其应用[J].煤炭工程，2010(9)：73-75.
[32]黎华,地形与地质体三维可视化的研究与应用[D],中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2006.
[33]李亦纲,曲国胜,陈建强.城市钻孔数据地下三维地质建模软件的实现[J].地质通报,2005,24(5)：470-475.
[34]熊祖强.工程地质三维建模及可视化技术研究[D].中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所博士论文,2007.
[35]周杰文.三维城市地质信息可视化研究[D].华东师范大学,2006.
[36]王润怀,李永树,刘永和等.三维地质建模中虚拟钻孔的引入及其确定[J].地质与勘探,2007,43(3)：102-106.
[37]吴冲龙,何珍文,翁正平等.地质数据三维可视化的属性、分类和关键技术[J].地质通报,2011,30(5)：642-649.
[38]李邵军,冯夏庭,王威,周辉.岩土工程中基于栅格的三维地层建模及空间分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3)：532-537.
[39]白世伟,贺怀建,王纯祥.三维地层信息系统和岩土工程信息化[J].华中科技大学学报(城市科学版),2002,19(1)：23-26.
[40]王纯祥,白世伟,贺怀建.三维地层可视化中地质建模研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10)：1722-1726.
[41]Good Child Michael Frank.Spatial Analysis Using GIS[R].Seminar Workbook(Second Edition),NCGIA,1991
[42]韩国建,郭达志.矿体信息的八叉树存储和检索技术.测绘学报,1992,21(1)：13-17
[43]ERICSON CHRISTER. Real-time collision detection [M]. Morgan Kaufinann Publishers Inc, 2005
[44]Zeiller M. Collision detection for objects modeled by csg[J]. Visualization and intelligent design in engineering and architecture,1993:165-180
[45]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维GIS混合数据结构研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2)：121-127.
[46]R.Li.3D Data Structure and Application in Geological Subsurface Modeling:International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1994,30:124-131.
[47]李清泉,李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究[J].测绘学报,1998,27(4)：325-330.
[48]龚健雅,夏宗国.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型[J].武汉测绘科技大学,1997,22(1)：7-15.
[49]曹彤,刘臻.用于建立三维GIS的八叉树编辑压缩算法[J].中国图像图形学报,2002,1,7(1)：51-55.
[50]SHI Wen-zhong.Development of a hybrid model for three-dimensional GIS[M]. Geo-Spatial Information Science,2000.
[51]刘湘南,黄方,王平等.GIS空间分析原理与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2007,5.
[52]蒲浩等.三角网数字地面模型的生成及其在路线设计中的应用[J].铁道学报,2000,22(3)：74-77.
[53]蒲浩,詹振炎,宋占峰.约束Delaunay三角化在路线设计中的应用及其生成算法研究[J].中国公路学报.2002,15(2)：22-27.
[54]蒋红斐,詹振炎.顾及地形的铁路线路模型建立方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2002.14(8)：778-780,789.00
[55][128] 蒲浩,宋占峰,詹振炎.基于约束Delaunay三角剖分的道路三维建模方法[J].华中科技大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(6)：11 1-113.
[56]Li Qingquan,Tang Luliang,Zuo Xiaoqing,Li Hanwu.TransectBased Three-Dimensional Road Modeling and Visualization[J].Geo-Spatial Information Science(S1009-5020),2004,7(l):14-17.
[57]宋占峰,詹振炎,蒲浩.道路整体三维模型构建方法的研究[J].中国铁道科学,2003,24(4)：107一110.
[58]王福建,吴国雄,孙勇.三维实体模型在公路设计中的应用研究[J].浙江大学学报，2002,36(1)：7-11.
[59]范昭炜.实时碰撞检测技术研究[D].博士学位论文.浙江：浙江大学,2003
[60]王天柱.变形物体碰撞检测技术[D].博士学位论文.吉林：吉林大学,2006
[61]DOBKIN DP, KIRKPATRICK DG. A Linear Algorithm for Determining the Separation of Convex Polyhedra. Journal of Algorithms [J],1985,6:381-392
[62]CHAZELLE B. An Optimal Algorithm for Intersection Three-dimensional Convex Polyhedra[C]. In Proceedings of 30th annual IEEE symposium on Foundation Computer Science,1989:586-591
[63]DAVID BARAFF. Curvec Surfaces and Coherence for Non-penetrating Rigid Bodies[J]. SIGGRAPH 1990, Computer Graphics,1990:24(4)
[64]BRIAN MIRTICH. Rigid Body Contact:Collision Detection to Force Computation[R]. MERL, Techical Report,1998,98(01)
[65]BRIAN MIRTICH. Impluse-based Dynamic Simulation of Rigid Body Systems [D]. Ph.D.thesis, University of California, Berkeley,1996
[66]CANNY JF. Collision Detection for Moving Polyhedra[J]. IEEE Transactions on PAMI,1986,8(2):200-209
[67]REDONS, KHEDDAR A. COQUILLART S. CONTACT:Arbitrary in-between Motions for Continuous Collision Detection[C]. In Proc. of IEEE ROMAN,2001,9
[68]REDONS, KHEHDDAR A, COQUILLART S. Fast Continuous Collision Detection between Rigid Bodies [J]. Computer Graphics Forum,2002,21(3):279-287
[69]Lin MC, Canny J. Efficient algorithms for incremental distance computation, In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,1991:1008-1014
[70]Lin MC. Efficient Collision detection for animation and robotics[D], Ph.D., Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley,1993
[71]Mirtich B. V-Clip:Fast and robust polyhedral collision detection[J], ACM Transactions on Graphics,1998,17(3):177-208
[72]S. CAMERON. Enhancing GJK:Computing minimum and penetration distances between convex polyhedra[C]. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation,1997,3112-3117
[73]GINO VAN DEN Bergen, SOLID, a library for collision detection of three-dimension objects[C/OL],2004, http://www.win.tue.nl/-gino/solid/
[74]Su C, Lin F, Yen B. An adaptative bounding object based algorithm for efficient and precise collision detection of csg-represented virtual objects[J].In Proc. of Symposium on virtual reality in manufacturing research and education,1996
[75]Turnbull C, Cameron S. Computing distances between NURBS-defined convex objects[J]. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,1998:3685-3690
[76]刘晓东,姚兰,陶海霞，刘海龙.一种针对非均匀有理B样条曲面的碰撞检测算法[J].西安交通大学学报,2007,41(4)：389-397.
[77]Gibson, Beyond Volume Rendering:Visualization,Haptic Exploration, andPhysical Modeling of Voxel-based Objects[J]. In Visualization in Scientific Computing'95, eds. R.Scateni,J.van Wijk,P.Zanarini,Springer-Verlag,NY,1995,10-24
[78]S. SURI. Analyzing Bounding Boxes for Object Intersection[J]. ACM. Transactions on Graphics,1999,18(3):257-277.
[79]Bergen GVD. Efficient collision detection of complex deformable models using AABB trees[J]. Journal of Graphics Tools,1997,2(4):1-14.
[80]Hubbard,P.M. Collision detection for interactive graphics applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,1995,1(3):218-230.
[81]Hubbard,P.M. Approximating polyhedra with spheres for time-critical collision detection[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics(TOG),1996,15(3):179-210.
[82]Gottschalk S, Lin M, Manocha D. OBB-Tree:A Hierarchical Structure for Rapid Interference Detection[J]. The Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'96,1996:171-180.
[83]G. TURK. Interactive collision detection for molecular graphics[R]. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,1990,90-014.
[84]R G. LUQUE, J. L. D. COMBA and C. M. D. S. FREITAS. Broad-phase collision detection using semi-adjusting bsp-trees [C]. In SI3D'05:Proceedings of the 2005 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games, New York, USA,2005,179-186.
[85]SHINAYA M, FORGUE M. Interference detection through rasterization[J]. Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation,1991,2:131-134.
[86]范昭炜,万华根,高曙明.基于图像的快速碰撞检测算法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2002,14(9)：805-810.
[87]赵路.三维技术在铁路新线设计中如何提高方案技术经济性[J].铁道建筑技术,2008(S)：67-69.
[88]李国柱.基于激光雷达技术的城市三维快速建模及应用研究[D].昆明理工大学硕士论文,2009.6.
[89]Xu, Linrong; Su, Zhiman; Ugai, Keizo; Cai, Fei; Yang, Qingqing. Google Earth as a tool in terrain survey of debris flow watershed [J]. Source:Advanced Materials Research, v 261-263, p 1563-1566,2011.
[90]ZHANG Kun, ZOU Zheng-rong, YU Jia-yong. Method of modeling virtual city based on Google Earth [J]. Engineering of Surveying and Spatial Information Technology,2010,33 (6):89-92.
[91]LIU Chuan, XIANG Nan-ping, YI Hui-qiong. Method of Modeling 3D City Based on Google Earth [J]. Surveying and Spatial Information Technology,2010,33 (6):89-92.
[92]Cheng, Pengfei; Wen, Hanjiang; Cheng, Yingyan; Wang, Hua. Parameters of the CGCS 2000 ellipsoid and comparisons with GRS 80 and WGS 84[J]. Source:Cehui Xuebao/Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, v 38, n 3, p 189-194, June 2009
[93]Jun-Yong. Chinese modern geodetic datum Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000 (CGCS 2000) and its frame. Chen[J], Source:Cehui Xuebao/Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, v 37, n 3, p 269-271, July 2008.
[94]安洁玉,程朋根,丁斌芬.基于Google Earth二维影像获取建筑物高度的方法[J].地理与地理信息科学,2010,26(6)：31-33,37.
[95]刘召芹,孙成忠,孙杰等.基于无人驾驶飞行器低空遥感系统的三维城市建筑物纹理快速获取方法[J].遥感信息,2006(5)：47-49,6.
[96]Lindstrom P, Pascucci V. Visualization of Large Terrains Made Easy[c]//Proceedings of IEEE Visualization 2001 San Diego, California:EEEEPress,2001:363-370.
[97]Rottger S, Heidrich W, Slusallek P, et al. Real-time Generation of Continuous Levels of Detail for Height Fields [C]//Winter School in Computer Graphics (WSCG'98). Plzen:Science Press, 1998:315-322.
[98]程甜甜,陈阁,陈新,李云飞.基于GPU的大规模地形场景实时渲染[J].苏州大学学报(工科版),2008,28(3)：1-5.
[99]达来,曾亮,李思昆.基于GPU的地形遮挡剔除算法[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(11).3165-3171.
[100]李胜,黄鑫,汪国平.基于GPU的视点相关自适应细分[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2007,19(4)：409-414.
[101]] Greg Snook. Real-Time 3D Terrain Engines Using C++and DirectX 9[M].Press:Charles River Media, June 24.20007.
[102]王记坤.基于GPU的大规模地形实时绘制关键技术研究与实践[D].北京工业大学硕士论文，2009.4.
[103]孙敏,陈军.三维城市模型的研究现状评述[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2)(31)：155-160.
[104]宋能,曹菡.基于OpenGL的空间管线的拼接显示与应用[J].计算机工程与科学,2008,30(11)：144-146.
[105]柯新利.OpenGL三维管线绘制中的坐标变换研究[J].地理空间信息,2008,6(3)：53-55.
[106]Shreiner D,Woo M,Neider J. OpenGL编程指南[M].邓郑祥,译.4版.北京：人民邮电出版社,2005：1-25.
[107]王明生,张振平.GIS环境下铁路路基三维建模方法研究[J].铁道运输与经济,2008(1),：
[108]陈学工,季兴,黄伟.三维隧道矢量模型生成方法[J].2010,30(6)：1577-1580.
[109]吕希奎,周小平,张学军等.基于参数化技术的隧道三维建模方法[J].工程图学学报,2011,32(2)：26-30
[110]方昌福,胡京涛,陈罄超.城市轨道交通高架线的设计研究[J].铁道工程学报,2006(8)：91-96.
[111]何莉,易思蓉.铁路线路视景仿真中构造物三维模型库的研究[J].铁道勘察,2006,32(6)：25-28.
[112]徐志胜.轨道交通轮轨噪声预测与控制的研究[D].博士学位论文.成都：西南交通大学,2005
[113]D. J. Thompson and C. J. C. Jones. A Review of the Modeling of Wheel/rail Noise Generation [J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration.2000,231(31):519-536
[114]代宝乾,汪彤,陈虹桥,孙晶晶.城市轨道交通噪声污染及防治对策[J].交通环保.2004,25(6)：43-45
[115]夏禾,曹艳梅.轨道交通引起的环境振动问题[J].铁道科学与工程学报,2004,1(1)：44-50
[116]孙晓静.地铁列车振动对环境影响的预测研究及减振措施分析[D].博士学位论文.北京：北京交通大学,2008
[117]魏鹏勃.城市轨道交通引起的环境振动预测与评估[D].博士学位论文.北京：北京交通大学,2009
[118]孟光,陈进,江伟康等.高速轨道交通减振降噪的研究及其关键技术的展望[J].机车电力传动,2003,增刊：14-18
[119]王子甲,陈峰.降低城市轨道交通征地拆迁成本的探讨[J].都市快轨交通,2008,21(5)：17-20
[120]陈峰,王子甲,李志强.城市轨道交通建设成本构成分析[J].铁道运输与经济,2008,30(9)：53-55
[121]王淑嫱,王乾坤,张勇.地铁车站综合管网三维冲突分析系统功能设计与实现[J].武汉理工大学学报,2011,33(11)：93-96
[122]Guoqing Zhou,Zenyu Tan,Minyi Cen,Chaokui Li. Customizing Visualization in Three-Dimensional Urban GIS via Web-Based Interaction[J]. JOURNAL OF URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (?) ASCE,2006,:97-99
[123]Xie, B.Wang, Y. Design of CAD software system for railway roadbed[J]. Huazhong Ligong Daxue Xuebao/Journal Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2001,29(11):76-78
[124]WANG Yi,YANG Chao. EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAIL TRANSIT NETWORK IN SHANGHAI[C]. International Conference on Transportation Engineering 2009, (ICTE 2009),:3078-3081
[125]Fu, Xin-Sha. Framework of real-time 3-D visualization system of highway[J]. Zhongguo Gonglu Xuebao/China Journal of Highway and Transport,2007,20(6):31-35,42
[126]北京市规划委员会主编.城市轨道交通岩土工程勘察规范GB 50307-2012[M].中国计划出版社,2012,8.
[127]WU Q, XU H. An effective method for 3D geological modeling with multi-source data integration[J]. Computers & Geosciences,2005,31(1):35-43.
[128]颜辉武.体视化技术及其在地下水资源研究中的应用[博士学位论文D].武汉：武汉大学,2002.
[129]柳忠杰.三维环境下路基设计模式研究[J].铁道工程学报,2009(12)：44-46,50.
[130]张瑞全.三维工程可视化系统的研究[D].2003.5,山东科技大学
[131]何健鹰,徐强华,游佳.基于OpenGL的一种三维拾取方法[J].计算机工程与科学,2006,28(1)：45-47.
[132]周杨,谭兵,徐青.基于3维地形图的空间分析算法[J].测绘学院学报,2001,18(1)：39-43.
[133]李勇.三维地理信息系统有关技术的研究与实践[D].郑州：解放军测绘学院,2002.
[134]谭兵.基于遥感影像的地形三维重建技术研究[D].郑州：解放军测绘学院,2001.
[135]解志刚.罗伊萍,辛宪会等.LOD地形中点坐标查询的研究[J].2005,25(4)：70-73.
[136]肖盛燮,钟佑明,郑义等.三维滑坡可视化演绎系统及破坏演变规律跟踪[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(S1)2618-2628.
[137]马新武,等.用虚拟球实现交互式OpneGL 3D图形的旋转[J],计算机应用,2002,21(8)：169-170.
[138]石星,蒋红斐，孙晓丽.基于单元的铁路线路平面设计及其数据管理方法[J].铁路计算机应用,2010,19(9)：49-51.
[139]WU J J, GAO Z Y, SUN H J, et al. Urban transit system as a scale-free network[J]. Modern Physics Letters B,2004,18(19-20):1043-1049.
[140]JIANG B, YIN J J, ZHAO S J. Characterizing the humanm obility pattern in a large street network[J]. Physical Review E,2009,80:021136.
[141]HAN X P, HAO Q, ZHOU T, et al. Origin of the scaling law in human mobility:hierarchy of traffic systems[J].Physical Review E,2011,83:036117.
[142]ROZENFELD H D. RYBSKID, ANDRADE J S, et al. Laws of population growth[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2008, 105(48):18702-18707.
[143]JIANG B. Agent-based simulation of human movement shaped by the underlying street structure[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2011,25(1):51-64.
[144]MAKSE H A, HAVLIN S, STANLEY H E. Modelling urban growth patterns[J]. Nature, 1995,377:608-612.
[145]MARSILIM, ZHANG Y C. Interacting individuals leading to zipf s law[J]. Physical Review Letters,1998,80(12):2741-2744.
[146]BATTY M. The size, scale, and shape of cities[J]. Science,2008,319(8):769-771
[147]续爱民,金烨,鲍劲松.虚拟场景中自动漫游路径的多分辨率规划[J].系统仿真学报,2005,17(8)：1912-1915.
[148]林锋,汪地.三次非均匀B样条曲线插补算法研究[J].组合机床与自动化加工技术，2012(8)：32-35.
[149]吕希奎,易思蓉,韩春华.大规模地形真三维可视化系统设计与实现[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(2)：603-609.
[150]奥勇,王来录.3DS在公路选线中的应用[J].地球科学与环境学报,2004,26(4)：63-66
[151]季兴.三维巷道矢量模型生成与动态漫游[D].中南大学硕士论,2010,06.
[152]LIUXue-jun, GONGJian-ya, ZHOU Qi-ming. A Study of Accuracy and Algorithm s for Calculating Slope and Aspect Based on Grid Digital Elevation Model (DEM) " [J]. Issues in ACTA GEODAETICA etCARTOGRAPHICA SINICA,2004,33(3):258263
[153]Y G Wang, H J Bao, Q S Peng. Accelerated walkthroughs of virtual environments based on visibility preprocessing and simplification[J]. Computer Graphics Forum,1998,17(3):187-203
[154]S E Chne.QuickTime VR. An imaged-based approach to virtual environment navigation[J]. Computer Grapihcs,1995,29(4):29-37
[155]ZHANG Jingfa,TAO Xiaxin,TIAN Yunfeng,eta. Application of remote sensing technique to exploration of active fault around urbanarea[J]. Journal of Natural Disasters,2004,13(1):137-145
[156]张晓东,王明生.AutoCAD环境下的铁路线路平纵横集成交互设计[J].工程图学学报,2006.10,：
[157]Cignoni P, Ganovelli F, Gobbetti E. BDAM-batched dynamic adaptive meshes for high performance terrain visualization[J]. Issues in Computer Graphics Forum,,2003,22(3):505 514
[158]李刚,刘柏秀.CARD/1在互通立交横断面设计中的开发与应用[J].中外公路,2008,28(2)：223-226
[159]于慧玲,王明生.CSG/BR方法在铁路构筑物三维建模中的应用研究[J].石家庄铁道学院学报,2006(1),：
[160]V. K. Bansal and Mahesh Pal. Generating, Evaluating, and Visualizing Construction Schedule with Geographic Information Systems[J]. JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (?) ASCE,2008,:233-238
[161]贾永刚,广红,王义.GIS和SDSS在高速公路选线之中的应用[J].地球科学一中国地质大学学报,2001,26(6)：653-656
[162]张晓东.GIS环境下铁路选线设计应用分析模型研究[J].铁道勘察,2005(4),：9-11
[163]王明生于金金.GIS空间分析与铁路线路评价指标的量化[J].铁道勘察,2005(6),：57-59
[164]刘丹萍,胡伍生,沙月进.GIS在公路地质选线中的综合运用研究[J].中外公路,2006,26(3)：15-17
[165]DALai, ZENG Liang, LI Si-kun. GPU-Based Occlusion Culling Method for Terrain Rendering[J]. Issues in Journal of System Simulation,2006,18(11):3165-3171
[166]Jiaju Qiu and Xiaomeng Bian. Intelligent Design of Power Transmission Lines Based on 3D GIS[J]. Proceedings of the 5 " World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation,June 15-19.2004, Hangzhou, P.R. China,:
[167]吕希奎,易思蓉,何丽.OpenGL环境下的模型数据库管理与复杂三维建模[J].工程图学学报,2007,2：13-17
[168]Wu Yi. Operatin efficiency of urban rail transit in China and other countries[J]. The Eighth International Conference of Chinese Logistics and Transportation Professionals,2008,:
[169]YAN yan, WEI jin-li, Liu li-xin and SUI xue-zhi. OPTIMIZATION OF STATION DISTRIBUTION PLAN IN URBAN RAIL TRANSIT[C]. International Conference on Transportation Engineering 2007, (ICTE 2007),:2259-2264.
[170]王明生,施仲衡.城市轨道线路设计三维地下结构造型算法[J].都市快轨交通,2012,25(6)：70-72.
[171]靳海亮；高井祥.三维地形可视化技术研究进展[J],测绘科学,
[172]刑永强,李金玲,李金荣等.煤层体三维建模及可视化研究[J].河南科学,2008,26(9)：1101-1104.
[173]祁向前.数字城市三维建模数据处理研究[D].太原理工大学硕士论文,2004,4.
[174]徐能雄,段庆伟,梅钢等.三维地质建模方法及程序实现[M],地质出版社,2011,2.
[175]王妍.基于DEM的地形信息提取与景观空间格局分析[M].西南大学硕士论文,2006.5
[176]汤智昀,李丹,杜毅Google Earth影像处理[J].天然气与石油,2010,28(3)：7-9.
[177]欧阳锋；周小平.三维地形中多分辨率影像模型建模方[J].计算机系统应用,2010,19(6)：33-36,194.
[178]吕希奎,周小平.三维可视化系统开发与源码精解[M].电子工业出版社,2009,6.
[179]程朋根,王承瑞,甘卫军等.基于多层DEM与QTPV的混合数据模型及其在地质建模中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(6)：806-810.
[180]卜丽静.三维矿山地质建模与空间分析的研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学硕士论文,2006,12.
[181]陈学习,吴立新,车德福等.基于钻孔数据的含断层地质体三维建模方法[J].煤田地质与勘探,2005,33(5)：5-8.
[182]雄祖强,贺怀建,夏艳华.基于TIN的三维地层建模及可视化技术研究[J].岩土力学,2007,28(9)：1954-1958.
[183]李敏.铁路隧道三维地质建模系统研究[D].成都理工大学硕士论文,2009,5.36,43.
[184]王守中,王伟.浅谈三维协同设计[J].河北水利,2011(5)：36,43.
[185]庞明勇,卢章平.鼠标跟踪球技术的简单类实现[J].计算机工程,2004,30(17)：182-183.
[186]王明生；黄琳；闫小勇.探索城市公交客流移动模式[J].电子科技大学学报，2012,41(1)：2-6.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |