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家族企业的成长机理与变迁路径
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摘要
家族企业是人类工商业史上最古老的企业组织形态之一,现代市场经济的发展史,从某种程度上讲就是一部家族企业群体演变并与之协同进化的历史。如果我们以创业家族对企业控制权的实质性占有作为识别家族企业的标准,那么家族企业就不仅是古老的,而且是现代的,不仅在家庭价值观浓厚的泛东亚新兴工业化国家中是基础和普遍的,而且在崇尚个人理性,经济成熟度高的西方市场经济国家中也同样是基础和普遍的。基于“家族企业”与“非家族企业”长期共存,企业的“家族化”现象与企业的“非家族化”现象长期共存的客观事实,我们不仅有必要解释家族企业何以生成,同时还有必要解释家族企业何以变迁,更为重要的是,我们有必要把这两个看似相互矛盾的论题放在一个统一的分析框架内加以逻辑一致的解释。
     改革开放以来,家族企业制度在中国经济生活中的“复兴”与“复归”已经成为一个不争的事实。之所以称之为“复兴”,是因为上世纪80年代后新兴崛起的个体私营企业,其大多数都是由相互间具有亲族关系的家族成员所有并控制的家族企业。而这一企业制度特征又与我国自宋以来所形成的传统家族制度(以族谱、族田和族长为标志)和自近代以来所形成的民营家族企业传统一脉相承;之所以称之为“复归”,是因为伴随着“国退民进”和集体企业“二次改制”进程的不断深化,一大批由原公有制企业(含国有和集体所有)改制而来的新兴民营企业在要素构成、产权状态和治理机制等方面也不同程度地呈现出“家族化”的组织倾向,这两股力量共同作用的结果,使得家族企业制度已经或正在成为中国民营企业最为重要的企业组织形态之一。因此,不对家族制企业的生成和变迁做出合乎逻辑的解释,将无以把握中国民营企业的制度演进方向和成长前途,这些构成了本文研究的现实基础。
     本文拟以家族资本在企业组织过程中的“嵌入”与“退出”为研究线索,结合现代企业理论和现代家庭经济学的相关研究成果,探讨典型家族制企业的经济性质、生成机理和变迁路径。本文研究的核心问题可以归结为:(1)家族企业与非家族企业的本质性区别是什么?(2)家族企业为何产生,它们如何促进企业秩序的形成,什么决定了它们的企业适用边界;(3)家族企业的变迁动
    
    因是什么?什么因素决定和影响着它们的变迁方向、变迁路径以及最终的变迁
    结果?。这些纯理论问题与中国市场化改革进程中的民营企业的具体实践相结
    合,又可以引申出本文在应用层面所重点关注的另外三个子问题:(1)如果家
    族企业是一种绩效低下的古典企业组织形态,那么为什么中国的民营企业还会
    普遍选择向“古典”回归并自愿锁定于这一制度结构中?(2)如果企业组织从
    家族控制型向支薪经理控制型的变迁是一个历史必然,那么阻碍中国民营企业
    实践这一企业制度变迁的动力机制和制约因素又是什么?(3)在我国目前外生
    即定的制度环境下,民营家族企业的成长是否存在与规范性“两权分离”道路
    相异的其他制度变迁路径?
     本文除第1章导论之外,其余篇幅分为理论和应用两个部分。理论部分由
    第2章和第3章构成,主要是提出一个分析家族企业生成机理和变迁路径的理
    论框架,第二部分由第4章所构成,主要是应用这个理论框架讨论中国民营家
    族企业现实成长过程中的一些基本问题。第5章是分析结论以及由此引申出的
    一些规范性命题。
     第2章主要是对“现代企业理论”和“现代家庭经济学”这两大相关研究
    领域的理论成果进行述评,并据此提出对“家族企业”经济性质的系统认识。
    我们首先考察了新古典分析框架中的“企业”和“家庭”,然后在此基础上,疏
    理了现代企业理论发展过程中值得关注的四条主要研究线索,再后是回顾了家
    庭经济学中与家庭内部生产组织相关的一些代表性理论观点,最后是从家族企
    业研究的角度出发,对以上这两个研究领域的学术成果进行总评,并就此引申
    出我们对家族企业经济性质的系统认识。在本文中,“家族企业”被处理为一个
    由“家族资本”和“非家族资本”所共同组成的复合要素契约结构。作为这一
    企业契约结构的“核心签约人”,企业家(家长)将在企业组织的“家族化”与
     “非家族化”之间进行理性选择。
     第3章主要是对家族企业合约的缔结、执行、维护和变更过程进行理论实
    证,并据此得出关于家族企业生成及变迁的一些一般性结论。我们首先考察了
    不对称信息条件下的企业家缔约过程,证明由于财务和人力资本市场上所固有
    的“柠檬车效应”,家族企业契约结构是企业家(家长)创业阶段最为经济与现
    实的选择;然后我们构建了一个“要素逃逸”模型,用以说明家族企业合约的
    第2贞
    
    特殊执行和维护机制,再后,我们分析了企业家(家长)能力在家族企业成长
    过程中的核心作用,并由此解释家族企业的变迁动因;最后,我们引入一个委
    托一代理模型,用以探讨决定家族企业产权变迁路径的各种局限条件。
     第4章主要是运用前两章的理论研究成果并结合中国民营企业所处的具体
    宏观制度背景,探讨中国民营企业家族化组织倾向的内在原因。我们首先对经
    济转型期中国新兴家族企业(简称NFB)与成熟市场经济国家中的家族企业(简
    称MFB)进行比较
Family business is one of the oldest enterprise organizations in the history of business industry. The development of modern market economy, to a certain degree, is a history of family business evolution. The family business is not only ancient, but also modern if it is identified by the ownership. The family business plays a universal and basic role not only in the Pan-East Asia with a thick family value of Confucianism culture, but also in the mature rational market economies. In China, with the emergence of family business and the deepening of the transformation of SOEs, it is inevitable that the private sector rejuvenates and develops fast. These are the reality basis of my research.
    The paper develops with the "embedding" and "withdrawing" of family capital in the orgalizational process of firm. Together with the relevant research fruits of modern firm theories and modern family economics, the paper aims to discuss the economic nature, growth mechanism and its path of change of typical family business. The core questions of this paper are the following: (1) what is the natural distinction between family business and non-family business? (2) How the family originates, how it promotes the form of the firm order and what decides the boundary of family business. (3) What is the reason of the change of family business and what decides and influences the trends and the path of changes, and what is the result of these changes.
    These pure theoretical problems hand closely with the practice of private sector in the Chinese eoconomic reform, and three other sub-questions will be extended: (1) If family business is an ineffective classical enterprise organization, why Chinese private enterprise will commonly choose to voluntarily lock in this classical institution structure? (2) If the transition from family-controlling type to manager-controlling type is inevitable, what hinders this transition from happening? (3) Is there another change path of the development of private family business, different from the normative growth type-separation of ownership and execution, if the institutions are exogenously given?
    The paper is divided into two parts . In the first part, which includes two chapters (Chapter2 and chapter 3), a theoretical framework is developed for analyzing the structures , operations and evolutions of classical family-firm . The second part consisting of chapter 4 explored a more convincing explanation for the past process and for the future Path about family business in china . in the fifth chapter , we make a summary at the end of the paper and present a brief prospect about research on family busniess.
    In Chapter Two, a literary review will be given about the "modem firm theory" and "modern family economics " as well as the systematic cognition of "family business" based on the above theories. Firstly we examine the concepts of "firm" and "family" in the neo-classical analytic frame. Secondly four main research paths in the development of modern firm theory are discussed on the base of classical ideas. Some relevant representative ideas about production organization within
    
    
    
    family in family economics are reviewed. At last, a general evaluation about the ideas concerning those two research fields will be given, and the systematic cognition of the family business will be extended. "Family business" is regarded as a composite contract structure with "family capital" and "non-family capital" in this paper. Entrepreneur (or patriarch) plays a role of "central contract signatory" and he makes a choice between "familization" and "non-familization".
    In Chapter Three, the theoretical positive analysis about the establishment, enforcement, maintaining, and change of the family business contract is conducted, based on which, some general conclusions concerning the forming and change of family business are drawn. Firstly we examine the process of contract establishment under information asymmetry and prove that family business contract structure is the most economical and realistic choice that the entrepreneur c
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