电子市场中第三方中介的演化研究
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摘要
信息技术对于经济组织演化的影响重大而深远，在第三方中介演化方面，更是带来了去中间化、再中间化、去——再中间化的理论与实践层面的广泛讨论与争议。本文以国家社科基金项目为依托，对电子市场上的第三方中介演化问题进行了较为深入和系统的理论研究。
本文以分工理论、交易成本理论和信息不对称理论为基本理论分析基础，以超边际分析方法为基本工具，围绕以下几个基本问题：(1)中介产生与演化的理论探讨；(2)电子市场的理论探讨；(3)面向电子市场的第三方中介演化分析；分别建立了数学模型，得到了相应的结论。
研究结果表明：分工状态下的专业化水平提高是中介产生与演化的重要条件。并且，中介演化受到分工方向的影响，不同的分工方向导致中介演化方向的不同：纵向分工产生的效率效应导致去中间化，横向分工产生的协同效应导致了中间化，而横向分工对中介演化的影响大于纵向分工。因此，分工影响下，中介演化呈现去中间化、再中间化以及去——再中间化的多重路径表现。
交易成本是中介产生与演化的必要条件。因此，仅从交易成本的角度来研究电子市场的中介演化问题虽然必要与合理，但实际上却不是一个能够得出正确结论的研究方向，要得出正确的结论，必须综合考虑分工与信息不对称因素。
信息是否对称对中介演化具有决定性影响。信息不对称是中介演化的重要条件，信息完全对称将导致去中间化，信息不对称则导致中间化。研究表明，电子市场上同样存在着信息不对称问题，电子市场的某些局部，信息不对称可能相比传统市场更为突出和严重，由信息不对称所产生的机会主义行为，制约着电子市场及其市场结构的演化。
基于投入要素的不同，文章把中介分为劳动密集型、资本密集型和知识密集型三大类，不同类型的中介，其中介演化的趋势并不相同：劳动密集型中介演化的基本趋势是去中间化；资本密集型中介演化的基本趋势是去——再中间化；知识密集型中介演化的基本趋势是再中间化。
根据消费行为的流程，文章认为，电子市场的中介演化形式主要有四种：信息中介、搜索中介、信用中介和交易中介。消费者的信息搜索行为导致搜索中介和信息中介必定存在和有价值。而对于安全便利交易的需求导致交易中介的演化，对于商家信用的需求将导致信用中介的发展。
电子市场的团购行为则在一定程度上使得信息不对称程度降低，使得某些传统中介价值降低，从而被去中间化，但团购同时导致了某种新型的中介产生，因而中介在去中间化、再中间化以及去——再中间化之间不断演化。
The debate of disintermediation, reintermediation and dis-reintermediation have emerged with the development of electronic markets.According to the existing literature, this paper try to research the problem of the evolution of traditional intermediation in electronic markets.
Based on the theories of labor division, transaction cost and asymmetric information, the following three problems are researched in this paper. The first is the emergence and evolution of intermediation. The second is the theoretical argumentation of electronic markets.And the third is the evolution of traditional intermediation in electronic markets.Based on relevant mathematical models, some useful conclusions are drawn.
These conclusions show: the promotion of the level of specialization is an important condition to the emergence and evolution of intermediation. Further more, the direction of the labor division is vital to the evolution of intermediation.The vertical labor division leads to disintermediation. On the contrary, the horizontal labor division will lead to intermediation. Importantly, the effect of the horizontal labor division is more than the vertical labor division. So, under influence of labor division, the evolution of intermediation show the ways of disintermediation, reintermediation and dis-reintermediation in electronic markets.
Transaction cost is a necessary condition to the emergence and evolution of intermediation. Certainly, it isn't a appropriate way to research the emergence and evolution of traditional intermediation in electronic markets.
Asymmetric information is an important condition for the evolution of intermediation. Perfect information will lead to disintermediation. However, electronic markets don't bring us perfect information.In some parts of electronic markets, asymmetric information may be more serious than in traditional markets. The change of asymmetric information shall cause the evolution of intermediation to disintermediation or reintermediation or dis-reintermediation.
Then, on the level of application study, the paper classifies the firms to labor-intensive firms, capital-intensive firms and knowledge-intensive firms. In electronic markets, each kind firm'intermediation has its evolved way. For the evolution of labor-intensive firms'intermediation, its trend is disintermediation. The trend is dis- reintermediation for the evolution of capital-intensive firms' intermediation. And the trend is reintermediation or electronic intermediation for the evolution of knowledge -intensive firms' intermediation.
Lastly, according to the flow of consumption behavior, four kinds of intermediation are coming forth, they are information intermediary, search intermediary, credit intermediary and medium of exchange. Consumer's behaviors of information searching show the value of information intermediary and search intermediary that lead to their existence. The demands of security and convenience accelerate the evolution of medium of exchange. And the facts that consumers always want to make sure the online shop lead to the development of credit intermediary.
Group buying make asymmetric information reduce in some kind of degree, so, some traditional intermediations may lost their value and be disintermediation. However, Group buying will lead to the appearance of some new kind of intermediations that cause the evolution of intermediation from disintermediation to reintermediation and dis-reintermediation.
本文以分工理论、交易成本理论和信息不对称理论为基本理论分析基础，以超边际分析方法为基本工具，围绕以下几个基本问题：(1)中介产生与演化的理论探讨；(2)电子市场的理论探讨；(3)面向电子市场的第三方中介演化分析；分别建立了数学模型，得到了相应的结论。
研究结果表明：分工状态下的专业化水平提高是中介产生与演化的重要条件。并且，中介演化受到分工方向的影响，不同的分工方向导致中介演化方向的不同：纵向分工产生的效率效应导致去中间化，横向分工产生的协同效应导致了中间化，而横向分工对中介演化的影响大于纵向分工。因此，分工影响下，中介演化呈现去中间化、再中间化以及去——再中间化的多重路径表现。
交易成本是中介产生与演化的必要条件。因此，仅从交易成本的角度来研究电子市场的中介演化问题虽然必要与合理，但实际上却不是一个能够得出正确结论的研究方向，要得出正确的结论，必须综合考虑分工与信息不对称因素。
信息是否对称对中介演化具有决定性影响。信息不对称是中介演化的重要条件，信息完全对称将导致去中间化，信息不对称则导致中间化。研究表明，电子市场上同样存在着信息不对称问题，电子市场的某些局部，信息不对称可能相比传统市场更为突出和严重，由信息不对称所产生的机会主义行为，制约着电子市场及其市场结构的演化。
基于投入要素的不同，文章把中介分为劳动密集型、资本密集型和知识密集型三大类，不同类型的中介，其中介演化的趋势并不相同：劳动密集型中介演化的基本趋势是去中间化；资本密集型中介演化的基本趋势是去——再中间化；知识密集型中介演化的基本趋势是再中间化。
根据消费行为的流程，文章认为，电子市场的中介演化形式主要有四种：信息中介、搜索中介、信用中介和交易中介。消费者的信息搜索行为导致搜索中介和信息中介必定存在和有价值。而对于安全便利交易的需求导致交易中介的演化，对于商家信用的需求将导致信用中介的发展。
电子市场的团购行为则在一定程度上使得信息不对称程度降低，使得某些传统中介价值降低，从而被去中间化，但团购同时导致了某种新型的中介产生，因而中介在去中间化、再中间化以及去——再中间化之间不断演化。
The debate of disintermediation, reintermediation and dis-reintermediation have emerged with the development of electronic markets.According to the existing literature, this paper try to research the problem of the evolution of traditional intermediation in electronic markets.
Based on the theories of labor division, transaction cost and asymmetric information, the following three problems are researched in this paper. The first is the emergence and evolution of intermediation. The second is the theoretical argumentation of electronic markets.And the third is the evolution of traditional intermediation in electronic markets.Based on relevant mathematical models, some useful conclusions are drawn.
These conclusions show: the promotion of the level of specialization is an important condition to the emergence and evolution of intermediation. Further more, the direction of the labor division is vital to the evolution of intermediation.The vertical labor division leads to disintermediation. On the contrary, the horizontal labor division will lead to intermediation. Importantly, the effect of the horizontal labor division is more than the vertical labor division. So, under influence of labor division, the evolution of intermediation show the ways of disintermediation, reintermediation and dis-reintermediation in electronic markets.
Transaction cost is a necessary condition to the emergence and evolution of intermediation. Certainly, it isn't a appropriate way to research the emergence and evolution of traditional intermediation in electronic markets.
Asymmetric information is an important condition for the evolution of intermediation. Perfect information will lead to disintermediation. However, electronic markets don't bring us perfect information.In some parts of electronic markets, asymmetric information may be more serious than in traditional markets. The change of asymmetric information shall cause the evolution of intermediation to disintermediation or reintermediation or dis-reintermediation.
Then, on the level of application study, the paper classifies the firms to labor-intensive firms, capital-intensive firms and knowledge-intensive firms. In electronic markets, each kind firm'intermediation has its evolved way. For the evolution of labor-intensive firms'intermediation, its trend is disintermediation. The trend is dis- reintermediation for the evolution of capital-intensive firms' intermediation. And the trend is reintermediation or electronic intermediation for the evolution of knowledge -intensive firms' intermediation.
Lastly, according to the flow of consumption behavior, four kinds of intermediation are coming forth, they are information intermediary, search intermediary, credit intermediary and medium of exchange. Consumer's behaviors of information searching show the value of information intermediary and search intermediary that lead to their existence. The demands of security and convenience accelerate the evolution of medium of exchange. And the facts that consumers always want to make sure the online shop lead to the development of credit intermediary.
Group buying make asymmetric information reduce in some kind of degree, so, some traditional intermediations may lost their value and be disintermediation. However, Group buying will lead to the appearance of some new kind of intermediations that cause the evolution of intermediation from disintermediation to reintermediation and dis-reintermediation.
引文
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